Tenses. Present Tense (there are 13 other tenses) Action in present time, habitual, routine, present situation, continuity. formal you he she it

Transcripción

1 Tenses Conjugation of verbs Present Tense (there are 13 other tenses) Action in present time, habitual, routine, present situation, continuity English I informal you Spanish ar verbs er verbs ir verbs yo tú o o o as es es formal you he she it usted el /ella a e e we nosotros amos emos imos they ustedes an en en Verbs change to indicate WHO is performing the action. (yo, tú, él/ella, Ud., nosotros, Uds., ellos/ellas --- I, you, he/she/it, we, plural you, they, them) Present Tense AR verbs - drop -ar and add - o yo (I) as tú (you) (informal) a Ud. él, ella (you, he, she, it,) (formal)) amos nosotros (we) an Uds., ellos, ellas (you, plural) ER verbs drop er and add - o yo es tú e Ud. él, ella emos* nosotros en Uds., ellos, ellas IR verbs - drop -ir and add - o yo es tú e Ud. él, ella imos* nosotros en Uds., ellos, ellas *Note: ER- and IR- verbs are the same except in the nosotros (we) form. Examples: Regular verbs Some irregular verbs Comer hablar escribir tener ser estar ir (to eat) (to talk) (to write) (to have) (to be) (to be) (to go) como(i eat) hablo escribo tengo soy estoy voy comes (you eat) hablas escribes tienes eres estás vas come (he eats) habla escribe tiene es está va

2 2 comemos (we ) hablamos escribimos tenemos somos estamos vamos comen (they ) hablan escriben tienen son están van Pretérito (Past Tense) Action completed at some time in the past English I informal you Spanish ar verbs er and ir verbs yo tú é í aste iste he she it usted el /ella ó ió we nosotros amos imos they ustedes aron ieron Note: Er and Ir verbs are the same AR verbs - drop -ar and add - é yo (I) aste tú (you informal) ó Ud. él, ella (You, he, she, it singular, formal) amos nosotros (we) aron Uds., ellos, ellas (you, she, it plural) (or y all as we say in Texas) ER verbs drop -er or ir and add: í yo iste tú ió Ud. él, ella imos nosotros ieron Uds., ellos, ellas Examples Regular verbs Irregular verbs comer hablar escribir tener ser estar ir (to eat) (to talk) (to write) (to have) (to be) (to be) (to go) comí hablé escribí tuve fui estuve fui comiste hablaste escribiste tuviste fuiste estuviste fuiste comió habló escribió tuvo fue estuvo fue comimos hablamos escribimos tuvimos fuimos estuvimos fuimos comieron hablaron escribieron tuvieron fueron estuvieron fueron Note: In the pretérito, ser and ir are the same. In Spanish some words have a different meaning when used in the pretérito. Eg., poder (to be able to) pude means succeeded in doing. There are lots of others.

3 3 Look for words like Ayer Anteayer Anoche El otro día Hace dos días La samana pasada El año pasado Durante tres siglos Mientras yesterday day before yesterday last night the other day two days ago last week last year for three centuries meanwhile Important words in the pretérito AR verbs drop the -ar and add ER and IR verbs drop the -er and -ir and add -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -aron -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -ieron (yo) (tú) (el, ella, Ud.) (nosotro) (ellos, ellas, Uds.) Buscar busqué buscaste buscó buscamos buscaron Contribuir contribui contribuiste contribuyó contribuimos contribuyeron Dar dí diste dio dimos dieron Dormir dormí dormiste durmió dormimos durmieron Empezar empecé empezaste empezó empezamos empezaron Jugar jugué jugaste jugó jugamos jugaron Leer leí leiste leyó leimos leyeron Oír oí oiste oyó oimos oyeron Preferir preferí preferiste prefirió preferimos prefirieron Sentir sentí sentiste sintió sentimos sintieron Sugerir sugerí sugeriste sugirió sugerimos sugirieron Note -i changes to y in oir, leer and contribuir, in the third person singular and third person plural. Future (Futuro) tense Used to express an action or a state of being that will take place at some time in the future. English I you he she we they

4 4 Spanish Add to the end of all infinitives, whether -ar, -er, or -ir yo tú it usted él /ella nosotros é ás á emos án ustedes éllos /ellas Add these endings to the whole infinitive: é, ás, á, emos, án Note that these Future endings happen to be the endings of haber in the present indicative: he, has, ha, hemos, han. Also note the accent marks on the future endings except for the we form, emos. hablar --hablaré, hablarás, hablará, hablaremos, hablarán beber --beberé, beberás, beberá, beberemos, beberán Lo haré. I shall do it. I will do it. Iremos al campo la semana que viene. We will go to the country next week. In Spanish, the future is also used to indicate. (a) (b) (c) Conjecture regarding the present Qué hora será? I wonder what time it is. Quién será a la puerta? I wonder who is at the door. Probability regarding the present. Serán las cinco. It is probably five o clock. It must be five o clock. Tendrá muchos amigos. He probably has many friends. He must have many frieds. An indirect quotation. María dice que vendrá mañana. Mary says that she will come tomorrow. Remember that the future is never used in Spanish after si when it means if. Imperfect Tense Imperfect suggests incomplete. An action or a state of being that was continuous in the past and its completion is not indicated. (I think used to, as well as was..) English I you Spanish yo tú he she it usted él /ella we nosotros they ustedes éllos /ellas

5 5 ar verbs aba abas aba ábamos aban er and ir verbs ía ías ía íamos ían This tense is used to express: a. An action that was going on in the past at the same time as another action: Mi hermano leía y mi padre hablaba. My brother was reading and my father was talking. b. An action that was going on in the past when another action occurred. Mi hermana cantaba cuando yo entré. My sister was singing when I came in. c. An action that a person did habitually in the past. 1. Cuando estábamos en Nueva York, ibamos al cine todos los sábados. When we were in New York, we went to the movies every Saturday. 2. Cuando vivíamaos en California, ibamaos a la playa todos los días. When we lived in California, we went to the beach every day. (habitual action in the past.) d. Also mental, physical, emotional condition in the past. Quiería ir al cine (mental. I would like to go to the movie) Estaba contento de verlo. (emotional - happy to see it.) Mi madre era hermosa cuando era pequeña. (physical when she was small). e. Time of day in the past. Qué hora era? f. An action or state that occurred in the past and lasted for a certain length of time Hacía tres horas que miraba la television cuando mi hermano entró. (I had been watching TV for 3 hours when my brother came in.) AR verbs drop ar and add aba yo abas tú aba Ud. él, ella ábamos nosotros aban Uds., ellos, ellas ER IR verbs drop er/-ir and add ía yo ías tú ía Ud. él, ella íamos nosotros ían Uds., ellos, ellas Examples: Regular verbs Some irregular verbs Comer hablar escribir tener ser estar ir (to eat) (to talk) (to write) (to have) (to be) (to be) (to go) comía hablaba escribía tenía (had) era (was) estaba iba (went)

6 6 comías hablabas escribías tienías eras estabas ibas comía hablaba escribía tienía era estaba iba comíamos hablábamos escribíamos teníamos eramos estábamos íbamos comían hablaban escribían tieníen eran estaban iban Ser (was) Ir (went) Ver (saw) Estar (used to be) Tenía (had) ver (to see) veía (saw) veías veía veíamos veían Look for words like: Siempre Cada... Cuando Todas A veces Antes de Muchas veces Con frequencia Frequentemente A menudo (often) De vez en cuando (sometime, from time to time) Present Progressive (adding-ing to a verb) Present Participle The present participle of -ar verbs consists of the root verb plus -ando. The present participle of the -er and -ir verbs consist of the root verb plus -iendo Hablar hablando (talking) jugar jugando (playing) Comer comiendo (eating) volver volviendo (returning) Salido saliendo (going out) escribir escribiendo (writing) Many stem-changing -ir verbs also have a stem change in the present participle: Sentir Pedir Decir sintiendo pidiendo diciendo

7 7 Venir Dormir Ir viniendo durmiendo yendo (going) Verbs such as construir, leer, and creer which have a y in the preterito also have the y in the present participle: Contruir Leer Creer Oír construyendo leyendo creyendo oyendo Present Progressive Tense The action of the verb is taking place right now In order to form the progressive tense of the auxiliary verb, estar is used along with the present participle (Tells who is doing the action) Hablar (to talk) Comer (to eat) salir (to go out) Estoy hablando estoy comiendo estoy saliendo Estás hablando estás comiendo estás saliendo Está hablando está cominedo está saliendo Estamos hablando estamos comiendo estamos saliendo Están hablando están comiendo están saliendo Estoy hablando con mi amiga. Ellos están saliendo al cine. El niño está comiendo un sándwich. Estamos caminando en la playa. I am talking with my friend. They are going out to the theater. The boy is eating a sandwich. We are walking on the beach. Reflexive Pronouns Denotes action self-to-self (me, te, se, nos, se) me (myself) te (yourself) informal se (yourself) formal* nos (ourselves)

8 8 se (plural yourselves y all)* *Single and plural you are the same. Use reflexive pronouns only when you, he, or she does something to him-her-yourself. Pronoun can be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive. Juan se lave el pelo. Juan le gusta ducharse Me lavo la cara todos los días. Yo lavo el perro. I wash the dog. John washes his(the) hair ( se himself) John likes to shower (himself se) I wash my(the) face myself every day. You wash the dog, not yourself. In that instance you would not use a reflexive pronoun. NOTE: When adding endings (pronouns) to reflexive verbs, you must count back three vowels from the end and insert an accent on the third vowel Estoy lavándose. Estamos lavándonos el pelo. Estoy peinándome el pelo. I am washing myself. We are washing our hair (ourselves) I am combing my hair (myself) If Juan puts on shoes that he borrowed from you, you would then say --- Juan se pone tus zapatos. (Juan himself puts your shoes on himself) Conditional Potential Simple The following endings are added to the whole infinitive. (-ar, -er and -ir verbs) ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían The usual translation in English is: I would talk, you would talk, etc.; would drink, you would drink, etc.; I would receive, you would receive, etc. The conditional is used in Spanish and in English to express: a. An action that you would do if something else were possible Irá a España si tuviera dinero. I would go to Spain if I had the money. b. A conditional desire. This is a conditional courtesy. Me gustaría tomar una limonada. I would like (should like) to have a limonade (if you are willing for me to have it.) c. A direct quotation María dijo que vendría mañana. Mary said she would come tomorrow.

9 9 María decía que vendría mañana. Mary was saying she would come tomorrow. María había dicho que vendría manana. Mary had said that she would come tomorrow. d. Conjecture regarding the past. Quién sería? I wonder who that was. e. Probability regarding the past. Serían las cinco cuando salieron.. It was probably five o clock when they went out. Imperativo Imperative or Command (This is only a brief explanation) An indirect command or deep desire expressed in the third person singular or plural is in the subjunctive mood. We use let or may in the English translation: Qué introduces this kind of command in Spanish. Qué lo haga Jorge! Let George do it! Qué Dios se lo pague! May God reward you! Qué vengan pronto! Let them come quickly! Qué entre Robereto! Let Robert come in. Qué salgan! Let them leave! In the affirmative command, lst person, plural, vamos a (Let s or Let us) + an infinitive may be used. Vamos a comer. Let's eat. Vamos a cantar. Let's sing. Vamos al cine. Let's go to the movies. However if the negative (Let's not go) is used, the present subjunctive of ir must be used: No vayamos el cine. Let's not go to the movies. Note: Vámanos means let s go or let s leave. Object Pronouns (direct, indirect, or reflexive) with an imperative (command) verb form in the affirmative are attached to the verb form. Hágalo (Ud.)! Do it Díganaoslo (Ud.)! Tell it to us! Levántate (Ud.)! Get up! Siéntese (Ud.)! Sit down! Démelo (Ud.) Give it to me! Object Pronouns (direct, indirect, or reflexive) with an imperative (command) verb form in the negative are placed in front of the verb form. No lo hága(ud.)! No nos lo diga (Ud.)! Don t do it! Don t tell it to us!

10 10 No me lo digas (tú)! No se siente (Ud.)! No me lo dé (Ud.)! Don t tell it to me! Don t get up! Don t give it to me!