Exploring the Social Context of a Listing Decision: Local Knowledge, Perceptions & Planned Response
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1 1 Exploring the Social Context of a Listing Decision: Local Knowledge, Perceptions & Planned Response Corrine Noel Knapp, PhD Candidate at the University of Alaska Fairbanks
2 2 2 Management Knowledge Perception of Impact Biology & Ecology Society
3 Research Questions What do local experts know about Gunnison Sage-grouse? Is their knowledge similar to the scientific literature? Can they offer any novel insights? What social and ecological impacts will the listing have? How do people perceive the listing? How are people planning to respond to the listing?
4 Outline Background Project 1: Local knowledge Project 2: Rancher survey Conclusions Questions?
5
6 Endangered Species Act GOAL Protect species from extinction 3 CRITIQUES Linked social-ecological systems 6 Thresholds in system behavior (ex: climate change) 7 Single-species focus 8 PRIOR RESEARCH Focus on effectiveness or impact Lack of focus on interactions
7 4 Successes: Local and range-wide conservation plans County land use regulations On the ground conservation efforts Conservation easements CCA and CCAA participation What we know: Identified as separate species (2000) 9 Few scientific studies Most on Greater sage-grouse
8 PROJECT #1 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
9 Rangeland Ecol Manage 62: November 2009 Knowledge in Practice: Documenting Rancher Local Knowledge in Northwest Colorado Project 1: Local Knowledge Corrine Noel Knapp1 and Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez2 Authors are 1Graduate student and 2Associate Professor, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship, 1472 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO , USA. Abstract For more than 150 years, ranchers in the West have gained insight about natural systems through daily interaction and management of landscapes, but this knowledge has never been systematically documented and analyzed. We interviewed 26 ranchers from a single watershed to understand how ranchers acquire their knowledge, document what they know about rangeland ecosystems, and explore how this knowledge varies within the ranching community. This exploratory study offers insight into the types of knowledge ranchers possess without attempting to survey all rancher knowledge or ascribe this set of knowledge to all ranchers. We identified three major knowledge categories in interviews: active knowledge applied to management decisions, embedded knowledge from living in place, and integrative knowledge that links ecological, economic, and social aspects of rangeland systems. We found rancher knowledge complemented scientific knowledge in its ability to provide site-specific information on management practices and ecological responses, and insight regarding potential indicators of rangeland health. Knowledge varies widely within the ranching community, and knowledgeable ranchers are readily identified through community referrals. Ranchers gained their knowledge primarily through experience and social interactions, and this knowledge is an untapped source of context-specific information. We did find that economic constraints, social norms, and proximity to the system might limit application of knowledge to practice. There is also a danger that this accumulated and dynamic knowledge base will be lost over the next generation, as many family ranches are sold to new ranchers or for nonranching uses. Based on our findings, we propose that more dialogue within ranching communities and between ranchers and scientists may lead to more sustainable land management practices and effective outreach efforts, and could expand and strengthen the informal social networks through which much rancher knowledge is shared and on which the social sustainability of ranching communities depends. Resumen Durante ma s de 150 an os, los productores del oeste de los Estados Unidos han acumulado conocimiento sobre los sistemas naturales a trave s de la interaccio n diaria con los paisajes que manejan. Sin embargo, esta sabidurı a nunca ha sido documentada y analizada sistema ticamente. Entrevistamos a 26 productores de una u nica cuenca hidrogra fica para comprender como adquieren conocimientos, documentar lo que saben sobre los ecosistemas de pastizales naturales, y explorar como esta sabidurı a varı a dentro de la comunidad de productores. Este estudio exploratorio provee una comprensio n ma s profunda de los tipos de conocimiento que poseen los productores, sin embargo no procura describir la totalidad del conocimiento poseı da por los mismos ni atribuir este conjunto de conocimientos a todos los productores. Nuestras entrevistas identificaron tres categorı as principales de conocimiento: conocimiento activo aplicado a las decisiones de manejo, conocimiento proveniente de vivir en un lugar, y conocimiento integrador que vincula aspectos ecolo gicos, econo micos, y sociales de los sistemas de pastizales naturales. Encontramos que el conocimiento de los productores complementa el conocimiento cientı fico por su capacidad para proveer informacio n especı fica sobre las pra cticas de manejo y las respuestas ecolo gicas de un determinado sitio, y perspectivas sobre potenciales indicadores del estado de salud de los pastizales. El nivel de conocimiento varı a ampliamente dentro de la comunidad de productores, y aquellos que poseen mayores conocimientos son fa cilmente identificables por referencias provistas por pares de la comunidad. Los productores adquieren conocimiento a trave s de la experiencia y las interacciones sociales, no obstante, encontramos que limitaciones econo micas, normas sociales y la proximidad al sistema podrı an limitar la puesta en pra ctica de dicho conocimiento. El conocimiento de los productores es una fuente de informacio n contexto-especifica sin explorar, sin embargo, existe el peligro de que esta base de conocimiento dina mico acumulado se pierda en el transcurso la pro xima generacio n, dado que muchos establecimientos familiares se esta n vendiendo a nuevos productores o esta n siendo utilizadas para usos no productivos. Sobre la base de nuestros resultados, proponemos que mayor dia logo dentro de la comunidad de productores y entre productores e investigadores podrı a redundar en pra cticas de manejo de la tierra mas sustentables, en mayor efectividad en los esfuerzos de transferencia y podrı a expandir y fortalecer las redes sociales informales a trave s de las cuales se transmite el conocimiento de los productores y de las que depende la sustentabilidad de las comunidades de productores. Key Words: adoption of innovations, knowledge networks, local knowledge, management, ranchers, rangeland health, semistructured interviews Research was funded by the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and a Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation Innovation Grant. Correspondence: Maria Fernandez-Gimenez, Associate Professor, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship, 1472 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO , USA. Maria.Fernandez-Gimenez@colostate.edu Manuscript received 23 July 2008; manuscript accepted 3 September INTRODUCTION The United States has over 770 million acres of rangelands (US Forest Service 2008); however, these systems often lack sitespecific research or long-term ecological monitoring to understand ecosystem processes and inform best management RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 62(6) November
10 Project 1: Local Knowledge Methods Gunnison Sage-Grouse Strategic Committee Mapped expert network with UCInet Semi-structured interviews with individuals with over three referrals Record, transcribe & code Comparisons within interviews, across interviews and with existing literature.
11 Project 1: Local Knowledge Who are the experts? Recommended Experts on Gunnison Sage-Grouse Blue: Ranchers, Green: Biologists, Grey: Long-time Residents
12 Project 1: Local Knowledge Who are the experts? Recommended Experts on Gunnison Sage-Grouse Red: Interviews conducted, Blue: No interviews 26 Interviews: 12 biologists 5 ranchers 5 long-time residents 4 agency employees
13 Project 1: Local Knowledge Habitat 2
14 Project 1: Local Knowledge Novel Insights: Habitat Importance of hay meadows Importance of serviceberry islands Different landscape-habitat patterns Observations of use at high elevation and in edge habitat
15 Project 1: Local Knowledge Behavior GUSG flush easier than GSG GUSG behave differently on leks GUSG-cattle interactions 6
16 Project 1: Local Knowledge Results: Threats All groups: AGREE Habitat modification is a high threat (all groups) DISAGREE Biologists: Historic grazing pressure moderate-high threat Drought moderate-high threat Ranchers: Elk and deer grazing high threat Predation high threat
17 Project 1: Local Knowledge Results: Conservation strategies AGREE Better Science CCAA (Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances) Conservation easements DISAGREE Predator Control Sagebrush Treatments Fire
18 Project 1: Local Knowledge Results: Impacts of Listing Concern listing would frustrate local efforts (42%) But NOT inevitable Little change with listing (31%) Benefit of CCA and CCAA efforts Managing as if listed already Impact for GuSG Positive(42.5%) Neutral(42.5%) Negative (15%)
19 Project 1: Local Knowledge Summary: Value of local knowledge Deeper temporal perspective Complementary observations Appropriate local application Assessment of local values/motivations Assessment of local controversies Important future research directions Limitations need to be acknowledged Shows commitment to building off prior work Suggests that collaboration democratizes knowledge (at local level).
20 PROJECT #2 RANCHER SURVEY
21 Project 2: Rancher Survey Methods 1. Population of interest (N=89) 1. Over 100 acres 2. Local ownership 3. Active agricultural operations 2. Conducted mixed-methods survey with 41 ranching families 3. Analysis 1. Quantitative (SPSS) 2. Qualitative (NVIVO)
22 Table 1. Total population and sample of agricultural landowners by private landholdings Project 2: Rancher Survey Private Landholdings Small acres Medium acres Large 1,000-1,999 acres Extra Large 2,000-4,999 acres Largest 5,000 + acres TOTAL POPULATION N=89 INTERVIEWS N=41 PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SAMPLE PERCENTAGE OF OPERATION SIZE % 29% % 50% % 71% % 71% 3 2 5% 66% TOTAL %
23 Participant Characteristics Project 2: Rancher Survey 1. Average Age: Average Experience: Education: 75% college or above 4. Income: 43% have most from agriculture. 5. Average private acres owned: 1,452 acres 6. Public lands permits (61%: 25) 7. Adjacent to public lands (92%: 38) People like us that have been in the business for four or five generations and we are not real apt to give that up because we ve spent basically hundreds of years working on this thing and we are not likely to turn loose that easy. (Survey participant)
24 Project 2: Rancher Survey Conservation Action CCAA program Change in management for GuSG Adaptive management Allow monitoring of GuSG NRCS conservation programs Conservation easements Participation in Conservation Programs 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percentage of participants We have tried to improve our grazing and water situations and that is a win-win for us and the birds. We have been trying to be sensitive to what would help the bird and we will try to continue that. (Survey participant)
25 Project 2: Rancher Survey
26 Project 2: Rancher Survey
27 Project 2: Rancher Survey
28 Opinions about GuSG Project 2: Rancher Survey Important they survive (90%: 37). AT RISK OF EXTINCTION In the Gunnison Basin (24%: 10/41) In the satellite populations (96%: 22/25) BUT Tradeoffs (42%: 17) Not adaptive (17%: 7) Targeting wrong threats (39%: 16) SHOULD THEY BE LISTED? 5% (2) agree If the bird can t adapt, I don t know what more we can do. Can we recreate economically and viably the environment they survived in? I don t know if we know enough (Survey participant)
29 Project 2: Rancher Survey Table 2. Perceptions of how a listing decision will impact social and ecological attributes in the Gunnison Basin
30 Project 2: Rancher Survey Perceived Impacts on Public Lands I am concerned about my ability to manage grazing in a productive manner. Before: 24% After: 49% I am concerned about my ability to renew my leases. Before: 27% After: 44%
31 Project 2: Rancher Survey
32 Project 2: Rancher Survey
33 Project 2: Rancher Survey
34 Responses to Listing Project 2: Rancher Survey Conservation Practices Adopt a conservation easement. Before: 15% After: 7% Participate in NRCS conservation programs. Before: 59% After: 54% Willingness to allow monitoring on private lands. Before: 61% After: 46%
35 Responses to the Listing Project 2: Rancher Survey Land and Water Sales Plan to sell land. Plan to sell water. Before: 10% Before: 0% After: 17% After: 10%
36 Summary Project 2: Rancher Survey 1. Identify potential feedbacks. 2. Suggest need for transparent communication about impacts. 3. Identify why support is lacking for a listing decision. 4. Livelihoods and landscapes are linked. 5. Perceptions are bound by context.
37 Project Conclusions Interactions Project 1: Local Knowledge n=26 (Biologists, Agency, Ranchers, Residents) Qualitative Project 2: Survey n=41 (Ranchers) Qualitative and Quantitative
38 Conclusions 1. Effective conservation requires understanding of both social and ecological systems. 2. Existing network of local formal and observational experts to build upon. 3. Need to question our underlying narratives and use science to help inform the debates. 4. Potential shifting of ownership from local to non-local. 5. Some potential unintended consequences. 6. Need for more transparent communication.
39 Thank you!! Lodging: Butch Clark My committee: F.S. (Terry) Chapin, Gary Kofinas, Courtney Carothers and Nancy Fresco. 2
40 Literature Cited 1. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Endangered status for the Gunnison Sage Grouse. Federal Register. 78(8): Storch, I Conservation status of grouse worldwide: an update. Wildlife Biology 13: Jackson and Seward Gunnison Basin Gunnison Sage-Grouse Lek Count Summary and Population Estimate. Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Denver, CO. 4. Gunnison Sage-grouse Rangewide Steering Committee Gunnison sage-grouse rangewide conservation plan. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado, USA. 5. Czech, B., Krausman, P. R Public opinion on Endangered Species Conservation and Policy. Society and Natural Resources. 12: Chapin, F. S., Kofinas, G. P., Folke, C., and M. C. Chapin (2009) Principles of ecosystem stewardship resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. Springer, New York, NY, USA. 7. Meek, C Putting the US polar bear debate into context: The disconnect between old policy and new problems. Marine Policy. 35: Rolhf, D. J Six biological reasons the Endangered Species Act doesn t work and what to do about it. Conservation Biology. 5(3): Young, J. R., Braun, C. E., Oyler-McCance, S. J., Hupp, J. W., and T. W. Quinn A new species of Sage-grouse (Phasianidae : Centrocercus) from southwestern Colorado. Wilson Bulletin 112: Knapp, Corrine & Maria Fernandez-Gimenez Knowing the Land: A Review of Local Knowledge Revealed in Ranch Memoirs. Rangeland Ecology and Management 61(2): Knapp, Corrine & Maria Fernandez-Gimenez Changes on the Land: Integrating Rancher Knowledge into State-and-Transition Models. Rangeland Ecology and Management 62(6): Photo Credits 1. www. western.edu 2. Photo by Corrie Knapp com Knapp, C. N. and M. Fernandez-Gimenez Knowledge in practice: documenting rancher local knowledge in Northwest Colorado. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 62:
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