ABSTRACTS. from. XII. World UMAU Congress 5th June 8th June 2012 Nitra, Slovakia

Transcripción

1 ABSTRACTS from XII. World UMAU Congress 5th June 8th June 2012 Nitra, Slovakia

2 Content 1. THE SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION OF AGRARIAN CONTRACT Lucas Abreu Barosso 2. LAND USE, BIOENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY Mariagrazia Alabrese 3. THE PROBLEM OF UNEQUAL BARGAINING POWER IN THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN Franci Avsec 4. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR AND AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT. CONTRACT BASIS OF ACTIVITY AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE GERM GENERATING HUMAN RIGHTS Liliana Bellez de Sanmarco Arriazu 5. FOREST SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESS TO THE RURAL LAND Alba Esther de Bianchetti 6. LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR AGRICULTURAL BIOENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CHOSEN MEMBER STATES COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLISH, GERMAN AND FRENCH LEGISLATION Kamila Błażejewska 7. THE NEW EUROPEAN AND FRENCH CONTRACTUAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORM OF THE MILK SECTOR: SPIRIT AND LIMITS. Luc Bodiguel 8. COMPRAVENDITA DELLE TERRE, DIRITTO ALLA SOPRAVVIVENZA E FAME NEL MONDO Antonino Caccetta 9. TRANSMISSION OF SEEDS AND PLANT VARIETIES GENETICALLY MODIFIED. LICENSE AGREEMENT AND INTEGRATION CONTRACT Dra. María José Cazorla González 10. THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE WATER MANAGEMENT IN SPAIN Mariano Cirone 11. MARKETING OF FARM PRODUCTS COVERED BY STANDARD AGREEMENTS SELLER- BUYER FOR AGRIFOOD (CONTRATO TIPO) AND ROLE OF THE ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION IN RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES. Gloria Domenech

3 12. LA TUTELA JURÍDICA DE LOS SUELOS AGRÍCOLAS Y SU SIGNIFICADO EN LA EVOLUCIÓN DOGMÁTICA AGRARISTA (DE LA PRODUCCIÓN A LA PRODUCTIVIDAD) Enrique Guerra Daneri 13. LA ACTUALIDAD DE LOS CONFLICTOS DE POSESIÓN EN PRECARIO DE TIERRAS EN COSTA RICA (A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO CONCRETO) Max Fernandéz 14. STATE TRADING ENTERPRISES: THE CURIOUS STORY OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD Jane Matthews Glenn 15. LAND, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, AND FOOD: A VIEW FROM THE UNITED STATES Margaret Rosso Grossman 16. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: CERTAIN ASPECTS IN SPANISH AND EUROPEAN LAW Ángel Sanchéz Hernandéz 17. PROCEDIMIENTOS COMPARADOS DE ACESO A LA TERRA Y SU TRANSMICION NA AFRICA AUSTRAL Eduardo Chiziane 18. THE AGRIBUSINESS WEBSITES AND THEIR IMPACT ON COMPANIES OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR Federico Santiago Díaz Lannes; María Adriana Victoria 19. THE NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN THE FOOD: INFORMATION AND UNCERTAINTY Alessandra Di Lauro 20. PERFILES JURÍDICOS DEL CONTRATO TIPO AGROALIMENTARIO EN ESPAÑA Pablo Amat- Llombart 21. AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE Y ALIMENTOS EN EL MARCO DEL ALBA Miriam Velazco Mugarra 22. FOOD SAFETY, FOOD SECURITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Roberto Grassi Neto 23. ORDEN PÚBLICO EN LOS CONTRATOS AGRARIOS Y AGROINDUSTRIALES Leonardo Pastorino 24. CURRENT ASPECTS FOR THE JURIDICAL REGULATION OF THE UNIT OF AGRARIAN EXPLOITATION Rita Graciela Pernizza

4 25. CONSUMER PREFERENCES AND BIOTECH FOODS IN EU AND US LAW Ludivine Petetin 26. THE FUNDAMENTAL SOCIAL RIGHT TO FOOD Gustavo E. K. Rezek, Marcela Müller 27. AGRONEGOCIOS Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA Roxana Beatriz Romero 28. LIMITING AGRICULTURAL LAND CONSUMPTION TO GUARANTEE FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Giuliana Strambi 29. AGRIBUSINESS IN ARGENTINA. CONTRACTUAL FRAMEWORK OF AGRICULTURAL Maico Trad 30. ANALISE DA FUNCAO SOCIAL DOS CONTRATOS AGRARIOS DO SAG DO ETANOL: TENDENCIAS DO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTICA DO ESTADO DE SAO PAULO (BRASIL) Flavia Trentini 31. AGRO-BUSINESS OF SPECIALITIES AND ITS LEGAL INSTRUMENTATION María Adriana Victoria 32. LEGAL ISSUES OF CORPORATIZATION OF AGRICULTURE Domenico Viti 33. EL BIENESTAR ANIMAL EN ARGENTINA. SU ESTADO ACTUAL Y LEGISLACIÓN ACORDE A LOS REQUERIMIENTOS DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA Hugo Carlos Wilde 34. CLUSTERS AS TOOLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST BUSINESS Maria Victoria Gallino Yanzi 35. ELEMENTOS PARA UNA TEORÍA PURA DEL DERECHO AGRARIO CONTEMPORÁNEO Ricardo Zeledon Zeledon 36. THE EXPORT CONTRACTS IN THE FIELD OF AGRIBUSINESS Claudia R. Zemán

5 THE SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION OF AGRARIAN CONTRACT Lucas Abreu Barosso Pontificia Universida Católica de Sao Paulo (Brazil), The environmental theme has established itself as a political, economic, social and legal paradigm in postmodernity, decisively influencing the conception of the rule of law, the ethical matrix of economic systems, the behavior of citizens and the legal system in force. Meanwhile, the functionalization of legal institutions has concretized a stream of thought that no longer allows jurists to consider the realization of law without, at the same time, being concerned about knowing the economic and social outcomes of their interpretive activity. It would not be different, thus, for the contract, which eventually developed a third functional dimension (besides the economic and regulatory ones): the social function. However, the social function is not able to encompass the demands that are imposed on the contractual instrument today, with emphasis on preservation and conservation of the environment for present and future generations. In this context, the socio-environmental function of agrarian contracts stands out. It is a legal principle which constitutes the central axis of the discussion presented in this academic work, inserted in the interdisciplinary field of study of the Agrarian Law called agro-environmental law. LAND USE, BIOENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY Mariagrazia Alabrese Scuola Sant'Anna (Italy), m.alabrese@sssup.it The reform of energy regimes is a matter of great urgency for nations all over the world. Energy is just as strict a necessity for everybody as the state of the environment and sustainable development. To speak about energy and the environment from a legal point of view principally means to refer to the course taken by energy law and energy policies to evaluate environmental issues and emergencies and to aim for economic, social and environmental sustainability. The paper considers the most important stages of this process paying particular attention to renewable energies and, among them, to bioenergy. The European Commission adopted an ambitious strategy for bioenergy in order to boost production of fuels from agricultural raw materials. Its declarations show an awareness of the fact that growing demand for bioenergy crops may lead to great competition for land and water between food-oriented agricultural activities, energy production and the use of agricultural land for nature conservation and urbanization needs. At the international level, the first global agreement was approved last year. An agreement was reached amongst world governments to establish a set of voluntary, scientific indicators for assessing sustainable production and the use of bioenergy. As a consequence of WTO regulations, it is not legally binding but its importance is clear both for the international consensus and for the holistic approach to assessing important aspects of the intersection of bioenergy and sustainability, including land use.

6 THE PROBLEM OF UNEQUAL BARGAINING POWER IN THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN Franci Avsec Universidad de Ljubljana, Union de cooperativas de Eslovenia (Slovenia), The widening gap between dispersion of agricultural production and growing concentration in the related upward and downstream industries results in unequal bargaining power of agricultural producers, food processing industry and retail trade. The problem may be legally addressed by the general provisions of contractual law, the antitrust law and the law of fair competition. However, the legislators in many countries tried or try to tackle the problem also with special provisions, which may have different scope: in some countries, they relate prevalently to contractual relationships of agricultural producers (for instance, in USA), in other countries to suppliers of agricultural and food products (for instance, in the Czech Republic) or suppliers of grocery products to great retailers (for instance, in Great Britain). The paper analyses the acts and ommissions which the legal norms declare to be unfair and therefore forbidden to one or both contractual parties. The common problem of the unequal bargaining power is that the weak party, being more or less dependent on the other, is seldom ready to disclose the unfair contractual terms and claims, that abuse of power may assume very different expressions in practice and that it is difficult, in the case of special provisions, to draw a clear line between the general and special regulation. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR AND AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT. CONTRACT BASIS OF ACTIVITY AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE GERM GENERATING HUMAN RIGHTS Liliana Bellez de Sanmarco Arriazu National University of Santiago del Estero (Argentina), lisanmarco@yahoo.es As soon as they are born and begin operating in agribusiness, business, large or small, wherever they stand or the geographical area in which they sit, or the link or stage of the process they choose to develop and hold, it is indubitable that the legal relationship with workers of various kinds that wishes to include is the first contractual framework that the enterprise will face. From a very limited and selfish point of view, this world of relationships can be analyzed and explained as a simple issue that could be accomplish by a restricted process of interpretation and application of existing legislation on labor law and social security, under the Conventions of the International Labor Organization.. The objective of this paper seeks to consider labor relations from a very different point of view that applies the light of the traditional concept of rules and principles imbued with values such as justice and ethics. Since from this perspective the employment contract, on which agribusiness is based, gives rise to a style of economic activity through respect for the environment, good agricultural practices, fair trade principles and qualification of personnel production processes become germ generating the revaluation of human rights. Human

7 development, human rights and agribusiness can walk together in order to build a better world to live. FOREST SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESS TO THE RURAL LAND Alba Esther de Bianchetti Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Argentina), albadebian@gmail.com The humanity needs of the culture of forests, because the products and forest by-products are still essential indispensable and in some cases irreplaceable. To realize forest plantations, it is needed of lands in sufficient and available extension by a long term, in order to obtain the awaited benefits. Countries with suitable surfaces for this culture, have taken diverse measurements in order to stimulate the investment for cultivated forests, since it is the case of the Argentina. On the other hand, the land as finite resource, has provoked juridical measures of protection or restriction, according to sovereign aims of the countries. In this presentation we are going to develop the current collision of procedure that stimulate the forest activity, with others that impose restrictions or border to the domain and the need to overcome such antinomies, in the frame of a sustainable development. LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR AGRICULTURAL BIOENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CHOSEN MEMBER STATES COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLISH, GERMAN AND FRENCH LEGISLATION Kamila Błażejewska Adam Mickiewicz University (Poland), camille.blaz@gmail.com The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive outline of current and future legal frameworks for sustainable bioenergy from agriculture in the European Union (the EU) and three chosen EU Member States. It explains why production of agricultural biomass - considered a valuable renewable source of energy - is a subject of growing political and legal concerns. This paper covers main legislative acts recognizing that the use for energy purposes of the biodegradable fraction of products, wastes and residues from agriculture is inclined to promote the rural development and fight against climate change. Yet, biomass energy use is liable to have also adverse environmental, economic and social consequences (i.e. energy vs. food production competiton, land use change). The paper finishes with a discussion how the legal and administrative instruments can address these opportunities and risks in the context of sustainability of agriculture and rural development, and explains why binding sustainability criteria for biomass are needed. An extensive analysis of the EU and national legal orders is presented, and special attention is drawn to the draft Common Agricultural Policy regulations presented in October 2011 by the European Commission and the first Polish Renewable Energy Act. A comparative study of Polish, French and German regulatory frameworks for bioenergy production in rural areas is provided.

8 THE NEW EUROPEAN AND FRENCH CONTRACTUAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORM OF THE MILK SECTOR: SPIRIT AND LIMITS. Luc Bodiguel University of Nantes (France), From the Single CMO Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 of 22 October 2007 establishing a common organization of agricultural markets and on specific provisions for certain agricultural products), the european common law is looking for a new challenge when the French law has been already partially reformed (Law n of 27th of July 2010 and Décret n of 30th of December 2010). In both cases, Legislators would like at first to fight against the dispersion organizing farmer s concentration in front of distributors; secondly, they try to make more transparent the contracts requiring writing forms. Thus, it deals with the way the milk sector ( interprofession ) and mainly the farmers (farmers Organizations) organize their relationships: what are the opportunities and limitations, what are the new points and specificities in this institutional law? It also deals with contracts requirements, options and freedom partners may have. Overall this work may be a way to think about the meanings and the spirit of the common organization of agricultural markets reform, particularly for the milk sector: will it be the good answer face to the successive agricultural economic crises; it is not sure... COMPRAVENDITA DELLE TERRE, DIRITTO ALLA SOPRAVVIVENZA E FAME NEL MONDO Antonino Caccetta (Italy), caccettaprofantonino@hotmail.com Nell era della globalizzazione, specialmente se intesa quale libera o estremamente facile circolazione di capitali, persone, merci e servizi, assume un rilievo di grande importanza il controllo del capitale terra. La possibilità di disporre della terra sotto qualunque forma giuridica o di fatto, rappresenta la nuova frontiera evolutiva del dominio di uomini da parte di altri uomini. Fino a qualche decennio fa, la conquista delle terre e il dominio dei popoli che su di esse vi erano insediati avveniva in forme quasi sempre cruente, nell era della globalizzazione, tale fenomeno si realizza attraverso la compravendita, un modo più civile e nello stesso più convincente per ottenere il consenso del venditore. Lo scambio effettuato non sempre si perfeziona con la consegna al venditore del mezzo universale di scambio, cioè del danaro, che gli dà la certezza o l illusione di poterlo destinare secondo proprie scelte autonomamente decise. Il prezzo pagato per l acquisto a volte si può concretizzare in forme spesso subdole (discutibili titoli di credito, pagamenti protratti nel tempo, partecipazioni varie in altre società) al punto che, talvolta, il venditore risulta, nella sostanza, spogliato del proprio bene. In ogni caso, il venditore, se non ha altre forme o mezzi per procurarsi gli alimenti, rischia di non avere più neanche quel minimo di possibilità di sopravvivenza che prima gli era garantita perché titolare di un diritto (proprietario, possessore, usuario,ecc.) sulla terra ceduta.

9 In relazione all ordinamento giuridico (eventualmente esistente nel Paese ove è ubicata la terra acquisita) o in base alla situazione di fatto, si adattano le forme contrattuali necessarie per la conduzione del fondo. Una volta istaurato il rapporto giuridico che definisce le forme di proprietà ed eventualmente di gestione del bene terra, ne conseguono gli aspetti economici e di mercato relativi ai prodotti ottenuti. Facendo leva sulla rendita della terra e sul reddito da essa fornito, sorge il problema della distribuzione dei prodotti agricolo-alimentari dalla disponibilità dei quali dipende, in primo luogo, la sopravvivenza degli individui e, conseguentemente, il loro sviluppo economico, sociale e culturale. L acquisizione della terra da parte di imprenditori stranieri, soprattutto nei PVS e specialmente in quelli nei quali non esiste un ordinamento giuridico consolidato, rispettoso dei diritti fondamentali dell uomo, può determinare rapporti di produzione e di distribuzione sbilanciati a scapito delle popolazioni locali più povere. La distribuzione dei prodotti ottenuti dalla coltivazione della terra, prescinde infatti da parametri morali, umanitari, ecc. per cui, i riverberi sulle popolazioni più deboli sono facilmente intuibili e la sopravvivenza della maggior parte di loro risulterà sempre più legata alle attività caritative meritoriamente svolte dalle organizzazioni umanitarie. Una riflessione approfondita sul fenomeno di acquisizione della terra sia di quella posta nei Paesi avanzati, che di quella ubicata nelle parti più impensate del mondo, innesca un analisi critica sulle politiche sin qui adottate dai Paesi Sviluppati e dalle loro Organizzazioni, per debellare il triste fenomeno della fame nel mondo. Considerato che le scienze applicate all agricoltura hanno determinato enormi incrementi qualitativi e quantitativi dei prodotti agricolo-alimentari al punto da far venir meno il teorema Malthusiano, è evidente che il fenomeno della fame nel mondo è legato ad aspetti politicostrategici intercorrenti tra i singoli Paesi. Ed è perciò che le nuove forme di acquisizione delle terre, i nascenti problemi della loro distribuzione e la conseguentemente disponibilità dei prodotti da esse ottenuti abbiano stretta attinenza con le politiche volte al superamento della fame e della malnutrizione che, purtroppo, ancora oggi investono una moltitudine di persone, mietendo milioni di vittime. TRANSMISSION OF SEEDS AND PLANT VARIETIES GENETICALLY MODIFIED. LICENSE AGREEMENT AND INTEGRATION CONTRACT María José Cazorla González, Universidad de Almería (Spain), mcazorla@ual.es The issue that we are now proposing as an object of study are contracts, their implementation and compliance by the parties and the effects in order to ensure industrial property of seeds and transgenic plant varieties in countries whose regulation is this area is more flexible and multinationals consider their rights as holders of the patent are injured. The license agreement becomes the contract framework from which the multinational fixed conditions guarantee of the industrial and property control of its monopoly which is then incorporated as clauses in contract of integration in which genetically modified seeds are marketed to entrepreneurs (agricultural cooperatives) or farmers whose nature is atypical and contains from the sale with purchase of fruits Pact (good quality seeds that have occurred in) (the field of the farmer) through distribution and agency contracts.

10 THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE WATER MANAGEMENT IN SPAIN Mariano Cirone (Argentina), Generally, the agriculture is often viewed as an activity connected with nature, as the opposite to the industry. However, currently the intensive agriculture is producing important environmental impacts. Within the various water uses, the irrigation is one of the most significant in Spain for the economic, social, and legal aspects. In this country, irrigation means almost 80% of total consumption, positioning it as the state with the largest irrigated area in the European Union. Nevertheless, there is no strict control regime about it. In addition, because the agriculture is a diffuse source of environmental pollution, the efficiency of the state control becomes more complicated. For that reason, the adoption of good practices for the conservation of water resources often depends only on the voluntariness of farmers. In this context, the promotion of the sustainable agriculture can be seen as a useful strategy for the water protection, addressed to do a more rational and efficient use of this natural resource. However, although there s no a clear and non questionable idea of what sustainable agriculture means, clearly it production method should contribute to a better management of the water resources. MARKETING OF FARM PRODUCTS COVERED BY STANDARD AGREEMENTS SELLER- BUYER FOR AGRIFOOD (CONTRATO TIPO) AND ROLE OF THE ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION IN RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES. Gloria Domenech Universidad Politéchnica de Valencia (Spain), gloriadomenech@hotmail.com Under our research approach, the three relevant economical factors in the farming systems are: the available land [Usable Agricultural Area}, the job performed by the farm holder (including nonsalaried family workers) and the placing on the market of the farm output. Concerning the placing on the market, we consider as a key factor the improvement of the knowledge of the market and the marketing channels, where the producers, individually or associated, shall play a essential role through signing combined agreements with relevant stakeholders of the food chain (dealers of the food industry, retailers, distributors, etc) in order to set up common and profitable conditions for the marketing of their agricultural products. In this area, we face the so-called contractual agricultural economy, which has been encouraged by the Spanish government in the past years by the enhancement, by law, of the standard- contracts (contrato-tipo) which involved farmers and dealers in the optimisation of the agricultural marketing. Those types of contracts are analyzed here from the perspective of the Spanish positive law, where we also propose the inclusion in this framework of specific arbitration and mediation procedures to solve disputes between the parties.

11 LA TUTELA JURÍDICA DE LOS SUELOS AGRÍCOLAS Y SU SIGNIFICADO EN LA EVOLUCIÓN DOGMÁTICA AGRARISTA (DE LA PRODUCCIÓN A LA PRODUCTIVIDAD) Enrique Guerra Daneri (Uruguay), legal@adinet.com.uy Desde hace ya un tiempo considerable, es posible apreciar la presencia de contenidos legislativos que vienen pautando un nuevo fundamento jurídico para la agricultura y con ello, una nueva etapa de la evolución dogmática agrarista. Otra más. De la tierra (vale decir del derecho de cosas) se pasó al trabajo y de éste a la producción tal vez la etapa más fructífera del desarrollo agrarista- y ahora le toca turno a la productividad, que no es más que una avanzada de la anterior que apela a la eficiencia, referida entre otros (visto los variados aspectos que comprende), a la capacidad sustentable de la actividad agraria conforme los recursos naturales que utiliza. Se aprecia no sólo en los nuevos textos que incorporan a los ordenamientos positivos la noción de desarrollo sustentable, sino también -y de modo bastante nítido- en la intensa tutela jurídica desplegada más recientemente, respecto a esta nueva categoría de bienes. Voy a referirme a este fenómeno, que entiendo de gran trascendencia en el proceso evolutivo de nuestra disciplina, desde la legislación uruguaya; en particular respecto a los suelos agrícolas, ámbito donde se puede apreciar claramente. La regulación jurídica de los suelos agrícolas en la legislación uruguaya, no es un fenómeno nuevo, pues se remonta a la década de los años sesenta. Comprende dos aspectos que se fueron perfeccionando con el tiempo y que constituyen el centro de su disciplina: uno, relativo a la determinación de su tipología en base a su calidad; otro, relativo a la determinación de las reglas que gobiernan su uso y manejo. Sin embargo recientemente, el ordenamiento jurídico se ha visto en la necesidad de intensificar los cometidos de control y los poderes de policía administrativa, tratando de compatibilizar lo más rápido posible, el sistema productivo natural con objetivos ambientales y otros de carácter social, al grado tal, que la capacidad productiva de los suelos condiciona ahora jurídicamente a la agricultura. LA ACTUALIDAD DE LOS CONFLICTOS DE POSESIÓN EN PRECARIO DE TIERRAS EN COSTA RICA (A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO CONCRETO) Max Fernandéz Universidad de Costa Rica (Costa Rica), maxfernandezl@hotmail.com El presente ensayo tiene como fin analizar el trámite administrativo que tienen que realizar los poseedores en precario ante el Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario (IDA), para este haga la declaratoria de conflicto de posesión en precario y ver los criterios jurisprudenciales que se han vertido sobre dicho trámite, para determinar si en la realidad existe una congruencia entre la teoría y la práctica cuando surgen estos conflictos de tierra en Costa Rica, que siguen siendo muy frecuentes en la actualidad, como el caso que se comentará. Previo a dicho análisis, se hará una sinopsis muy generalizada de la normativa y los criterios jurisprudenciales del instituto de la posesión especial agraria en Costa Rica y sus principales similitudes y diferencias con relación a la posesión civil, agraria, forestal y ecológica, para poder enmarcar la temática y tener una mejor compresión.

12 Por último, se analizará el caso concreto del conflicto de posesión en precario del pueblo de Caño Castilla, el cual despertó el interés de la opinión pública en el año 2011, porque según los medios de comunicación era la primera vez que se iba a rematar un bien inmueble donde yace una comunidad en precario desde hacía más de 30 años según su dicho. STATE TRADING ENTERPRISES: THE CURIOUS STORY OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD Jane Matthews Glenn McGill University (Canada), jane.glenn@mcgill.ca State Trading Enterprises (STEs) have increasingly come under scrutiny for their possible role in distorting free trade, with proponents and opponents holding widely different views about this. STEs are important in agricultural commodity marketing, and the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) is said to be a prime example. The CWB was created in 1935, in response to the disastrous effects of the Great Depression, coupled with a prolonged drought, on the livelihood of Prairie farmers and thus on the economy of the region and, by extension, Canada as a whole. Although initially set up as a voluntary marketing agency, it was given mandatory powers in These mandatory powers became increasingly contested by some farmers and questioned by some analysts, and controversial legislation dismantling the CWB has now been adopted. Several court cases challenging the process are pending. This paper examines the story of the past development and present dismantlement of the CWB, and considers what this might be the future effects of this on Canadian farmers. What is curious about this story is the decision to dismantle the CWB, and the way in which it has been done. LAND, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, AND FOOD: A VIEW FROM THE UNITED STATES Margaret Rosso Grossman University of Illinois (USA), peggyg@illinois.edu International principles recognize food as a basic human right, but people suffer from hunger. As the global population increases, with higher demand for food, sustainable agricultural practices can minimize harmful environmental impacts of food production. Sustainability varies with context but generally requires good agricultural practices. In the US, large land areas are devoted to crops and livestock under both intensive and extensive production systems. Agricultural legislation encourages sustainable practices, including those that mitigate climate change, with financial and other incentives. Programs to encourage specialized agriculture, including organic production, local foods, and other diversified practices, also foster sustainability. US producers must affirm their commitments to contribute to the 3 Pillars of Sustainability by being good stewards of land, air, and water as they earn a living and enhance the quality of life for themselves and their communities.

13 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: CERTAIN ASPECTS IN SPANISH AND EUROPEAN LAW Ángel Sanchéz Hernandéz Universidad de a Rioja (Spain), angel.sanchez@unirioja.es The ever increasing integration of environmental issues in the CAP favours soil conservation and protection agricultural techniques. Consequently, faced with the growing concern on soil degradation processes in the EU, a community soil protection policy is needed, that will be translated as a specific legislative proposal on the matter, in which a prominent role will be played by conservation agriculture, based on a permanent soil cover consisting of living vegetation or dead plant remains-, crop rotation and the reduction or elimination of tillage. Its function is to physically protect the soil from rain, wind and sun, in addition to providing food for the fauna of the land. Tillage, which was previously achieved through the use of tools, is now carried out by these organisms. PROCEDIMIENTOS COMPARADOS DE ACESO A LA TERRA Y SU TRANSMICION NA AFRICA AUSTRAL Eduardo Chiziane Universidad "Eduardo Mondlane" (Mozambique), eduardochiziane@hotmail.com A Africa Austral encontra-se localizada na sul do continente africano e é constituido por 15 países. Os seus membros não comungam uma historia colonial comum, e possuem orientaçoes politicas e normativas sobre a terra diferenciadas. Com efeito, hoje a grande preocupaçao comum daqueles países é estimular o investimento interno e estrangeiro no ambito das politicas de combate a pobreza. Ora, parece me, pois, justificado uma descriçao e analise comparativa dos procedimentos de acesso e transmissão de direitos à terra, hoje, entre aqueles paises. O objectivo geral deste estudo é contribuir para a conhecimento dos mecanismos de acesso e transmissao da terra na Africa Austral. Mais especificamente, o estudo visa examinar as vulnerabilidades que afectam aqueles dois procedimentos e propor soluçoes para estimular o acesso e circulaçao da terra nesta zona, com vista a estimular o investimento nas actividades rurais.

14 THE AGRIBUSINESS WEBSITES AND THEIR IMPACT ON COMPANIES OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR Federico Santiago Díaz Lannes 1 ; María Adriana Victoria 2 1 Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. fdlannes@gmail.com 2 Universidad Católica de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. E- mail:mariaadrianavictoria@gmail.com In the age of globalization, it's a remarkable fact the commerce developed through information technologies. Agribusiness is not an exception, and the use of these instruments may increase the competitiveness of the companies, since multimedia and audiovisual techniques contribute to this purpose. The agri websites, created all over the world, contain a lot of information very useful for the daily and specific duty of these firms, but also to encourage the communication and commerce with other companies and consumers. The information provided includes not only goods, but all kind of services, machinery, chemical products and other supplies related to the operations of the enterprises. We can also find in these websites real-time information about international marketplaces of commodities, cattle and other products. Modern technologies caused a revolution in the way of buying and selling, and so on agribusiness. Nevertheless, e-agribusiness is not exempt from some difficulties that can be examined from the vision of civil law. THE NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN THE FOOD: INFORMATION AND UNCERTAINTY Alessandra Di Lauro University of Pisa (Italy), a.dilauro@tin.it The international planning for food sovereignty relates in dynamic way the food, land, market, resources, cultures. The movements of food sovereignty consider a clear and exact information about food the decisive measure in order to imposer the sustainable systems of food, to offer consumers a choice suitable to the demanded quality and to create the environmental, social and cultural preferences informed of products. The information role about the nanoscience end nanotechnologies use in the food production is very interesting. PERFILES JURÍDICOS DEL CONTRATO TIPO AGROALIMENTARIO EN ESPAÑA Pablo Amat- Llombart Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (Spain), pabamllo@urb.upv.es Con el objetivo de favorecer la transparencia y sencillez en las transacciones comerciales de productos agroalimentarios, la Ley 2/2000 regula el contrato tipo agroalimentario.

15 Se trata de un formato de contrato que debe surgir del máximo consenso posible entre las organizaciones representativas de los sectores implicados, sobre todo el sector productivo, transformador y comercializador. Si bien es un contrato de adhesión voluntaria por las partes, cuenta con una homologación oficial por parte del Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, y también dispone de un sistema de seguimiento y con un procedimiento ágil de solución de los conflictos y controversias que pudieran surgir entre los contratantes a la hora de aplicar el contrato. AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE Y ALIMENTOS EN EL MARCO DEL ALBA Miriam Velazco Mugarra Universidad de La Habana, Cuba, mir_vel@yahoo.es Me gustaría participar en el XII Congreso de la UMAU con esta comunicación que persigue el singular objetivo de compartir el resultado de una investigación dedicada al análisis de la agricultura sostenible y de los alimentos en el marco de la Alianza Bolivariana para los pueblos de nuestra América, ALBA. En el ámbito seleccionado, se intenta valorar el enfoque jurídico de países miembros del ALBA en la búsqueda de soluciones normativas adecuadas al problema que plantea la carencia de tutela legislativa para la sostenibilidad de la agricultura cubana y de la política alimentaria. El tema se aborda principalmente desde lo jurídico pero se procura integrar lo social, económico, territorial y ambiental porque son aspectos esenciales de la sostenibilidad de la agricultura y la alimentación en cualquier contexto. Para ello, se analiza la política agraria de países en desarrollo a partir de la política de desarrollo endógeno del ALBA y contrastar las dificultades comunes que se presentan en lo referido al relativo atraso del medio rural frente al urbano que aconseja priorizar políticas públicas dirigidas a lograr la equidad y la cohesión social con respaldo en el Derecho. FOOD SAFETY, FOOD SECURITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Roberto Grassi Neto Universidade de Sao Paulo; Instituto Brasil Ambiental Agrário; Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (Brasil), rgrassineto@uol.com.br The purpose of the present article is to analyze the contribution of biotechnology in the development of seeds both conventional and transgenic and the issue of food security and food safety in the reality of agrarian production and consumer s protection, which concerns country s food self-sufficiency, availability, and also quality.

16 ORDEN PÚBLICO EN LOS CONTRATOS AGRARIOS Y AGROINDUSTRIALES Leonardo Pastorino Universidad de la Plata (Argentina), pastorinoleonardo@yahoo.com.ar Hemos sido convocados por la UMAU ha exponer sobre dos temas significativos, como siempre, seleccionados con sumo cuidado para abordar las máximas preocupaciones de interés académico y social actual y universal. También, como siempre, ambas temáticas podrían relacionarse en varios puntos. Sin embargo, y a pesar del gran interés que me genera el primero de los temas, me he decidido por el segundo pero tratando de encuadrar el tema de los contratos agrarios y el del orden público que se propone asignar a los mismos desde la doctrina, en un contexto superior que englobe a toda la materia. Por dicha razón, al hablar de contratos agrarios no me voy a referir exclusivamente a aquellos vinculados con la cesión del uso y goce del suelo, sino que lo haré respecto a todos los contratos que involucren el desarrollo de la actividad primaria como también de las actividades conexas. CURRENT ASPECTS FOR THE JURIDICAL REGULATION OF THE UNIT OF AGRARIAN EXPLOITATION Rita Graciela Pernizza Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Argentina), rpernizza@hotmail.com During the course of last decades, in the rural spaces of Latin America (and of the world) a dynamic process of transformations has taken place as being: changes organizacionales, particularities of the agricultural market in the international area, implementation of technology - between others - that one demonstrates in multiple aspects, between which the Earth does not escape as unit of agricultural exploitation. The present work investigates on the precedents and the normative evolution of the Institute of the Unit of Agrarian Exploitation or Economic Agrarian Unit, both in the Argentine right and in the compared right; indicating the current aspects that imperatively are modifying the conception that for years has been had of the minimal ideal unit for the agricultural production, trying to demonstrate the necessary implications between the Agricultural law and the Environmental Law in pursuit to achieve a suitable regulation of the Unit of Agrarian Exploitation, to reach sustainable productions. CONSUMER PREFERENCES AND BIOTECH FOODS IN EU AND US LAW Ludivine Petetin University of Hull (United Kingdom), ludivinepetetin@yahoo.com There is growing consumer unwillingness towards biotech foods in both the EU and the US. Consumers have ethical, moral, social and societal concerns over biotech foods such as GM and cloned foods. They want to know where their food comes from and how it is produced. Such opposition has been demonstrated by the increased reliance on various means to accommodate consumer preferences: direct democracy and institutions listening to the public.

17 In both the EU and the US, citizens initiatives the process whereby the public can file a petition to request new legislation seems to be expanding. In the EU, the European citizens initiative (ECI) entered into force in April The ECI is a new tool created by the Lisbon Treaty which gives one million citizens the right to ask the Commission to consider drafting new EU laws. It could lead to greater participatory democracy and consumers being heard. For example, at the end of 2010, two NGOs, Greenpeace and Avaaz, filed a petition signed by over 1 million European citizens calling upon the European Commission to put a moratorium on the introduction of GM crops into Europe. In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), who regulates biotech foods and ensures that they are safe and correctly labelled, can be petitioned to possibly change the law. Under 553(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), the public can provide impetus for rulemaking. Citizens have exercised this right in order to require the FDA to assess the GE AquaBounty Salmon as a food additive rather than a drug and to request the mandatory labelling of GM and nanotech foods. This rulemaking has some similarities with the ECI even though in the US a more individual approach is adopted. As such a provision already existed in the US, it might have inspired the EU to establish a similar one. Both processes allow direct democracy and the involvement of the public in the rulemaking process, creating a direct dialogue between the government and the public. Second, institutions in the EU and the US have provided momentum to enhance the accommodation of consumer preferences. In the EU, the 2010 GM crop cultivation proposal from the Commission allows Member States to restrict or prohibit GMO cultivation based on environmental, health and socio-economic considerations. Such a proposal could provide an opportunity for the public to be heard. In contrast, the US courts have shown willingness to listen to consumer preferences. In the 2010 Boggs case, the Court of Appeals 6th Circuit found that the Ohio ban at the heart of the case which prohibited dairy processors from making claims about the absence of artificial hormones (growth hormones) in their milk products breached dairy processors First Amendment rights to free speech. Thus, consumers have an interest in knowing how their food was produced and manufacturers should be allowed to tell them. THE FUNDAMENTAL SOCIAL RIGHT TO FOOD Gustavo E. K. Rezek 1, Marcela Müller 2 1 (Brazil) 2 (Brazil), marcelamuller_adv@yahoo.com.br The human right to adequate food (DHAA) has been inserted in democratic constitutions as a fundamental (social) right. Nevertheless, its realization still depends on intense cooperation between the State and society, once its mere provision in legal statutes is insufficient. From another perspective, the right to food can never be thought of outside the minimum conditions of existence of every human being (existential minimum). And it is essential to meet food needs in a healthy and varied way, respecting the culture and customs of each people. Thus, the whole international community becomes responsible for taking necessary measures to eliminate or reduce hunger, even in situations of natural disasters, and to ensure a food supply in quantity and quality sufficient to the entire world population. The Constitution of 1988 was the first in Brazil to introduce social rights in the category of fundamental rights. In its turn, the Constitutional Amendment 64/2010 raised food to the level of social right. Due to this, food as a fundamental value assumed a place never before destined for the theme in the social

18 and legal experience of the country. Such is the context of the discussion presented in this academic work, inserted in the interdisciplinary field of study of Agrarian Law called agrifood law. AGRONEGOCIOS Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA Roxana Beatriz Romero Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Argentina), rb_romero@hotmail.com Las relaciones entre la agricultura y la industria asumen nuevos aspectos organizativos, porque hasta hace poco tiempo los agricultores para comercializar la producción destinada a la elaboración industrial, recurrían naturalmente a relaciones contractuales individuales sobre la base de contratos del derecho común, generalmente la compraventa; actualmente a nivel mundial se precipitan las directrices confortantes de la llamada cadena agroindustrial y por ende se incrementan las actividades conexas o bien la conformación de contratos integrativos sin descuidar los aspectos ambientales, de preservación, conservación y sustentabilidad de los recursos naturales, como así también de la progresiva consolidación de mecanismos que tiendan al afianzamiento y eficacia total de los controles de las cadenas agroindustriales de alimentos.esta nueva estrategia de producción cuya finalidad es la obtención de productos industrializados, en muchos países cuentan con leyes que regulan dicha situación, la Argentina no posee aun normativa (configuración legal) especifica al respecto, solo en forma sectorial, ademas se percibe ausencia de control estatal, produciendo en la práctica una marcada asimetría en perjuicio del productor. Es necesario encontrar un modelo que mejor responda a la demanda de todos los actores involucrados en la producción, industrialización, comercialización y consumo de los productos agrícolas y que los mismos sean inocuos, seguros y de calidad. LIMITING AGRICULTURAL LAND CONSUMPTION TO GUARANTEE FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Giuliana Strambi National Research Council (Italy), g.strambi@fi.191.it For many years the importance of soil protection has been recognized at international, European and State, level, according to its productive (primarily, food), environmental and landscape functions. Nevertheless, in many countries there is an increase in the allocation of fertile lands to non-agricultural uses, which reflects governments actual inability to develop adequate tools for limiting the main traditional causes of fertile agricultural land reduction: urbanization (overbuilding and infrastructure) and the so called suburban sprawl. The paper focuses on the review of a "new" cause, represented by the installation of large photovoltaic systems in agricultural land, and on legislation recently adopted in France and Italy in order to oppose the phenomenon, at the same time trying to reconcile the policy of promoting renewable energy sources (in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions) with policies aimed at protecting food production, landscape and environmental interes

19 AGRIBUSINESS IN ARGENTINA. CONTRACTUAL FRAMEWORK OF AGRICULTURAL Maico Trad Universidad Nacional del Sur (Argentína), In order to better understand the reality of agribusiness in Argentina, it is necessary to refer to the social, political, and economic situations the country went through until a contract law in agriculture was reached. This requires doing a little history of the country, which has been characterized primarily by agricultural activities from its origins to the present. At first with an insipid activity in this area, through historical processes that began to consolidate its form of state, periods of decline, and interruption of constitutional periods to the present, where the policies in relation to agriculture, are not going through the best moment, disagreements between the government, rural organizations, and agricultural activity, increased by climatic factors, had been the deterioration of it, characterized by low crop yields and loss of cattle stock in all its forms. In addition to all this the law governing agricultural procurement is not in accordance with the present times, requiring a legislative update immediately. ANALISE DA FUNCAO SOCIAL DOS CONTRATOS AGRARIOS DO SAG DO ETANOL: TENDENCIAS DO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTICA DO ESTADO DE SAO PAULO (BRASIL) Flavia Trentini Universidade de Sao Paulo (Brasil), trentini@usp.br This study aims to analyze contracts in which are parts sugarcane producers and ethanol industries. The principle of "social function", included in the Brazilian Civil Code of 2002, changes the General Theory of Contracts. The research describes the contracts negotiated between sugarcane producers and ethanol industries and then it analyzes the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo, regarding the application of the principle of "social function" on those contracts. AGRO-BUSINESS OF SPECIALITIES AND ITS LEGAL INSTRUMENTATION María Adriana Victoria Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (Argentina), mariaadrianavictoria@gmail.com Nowadays, the agro-alimentary enterprises take on more commitments on production and conditioning of the food, offering a differentiated product". They also conform to attributes of quality, defined for each type of product, which are explicit in the quality protocols and then are certified. The agreement between the entrepreneur and the holder of the certification scheme forms the conventional and contractual base, without legal rules relating to it. Nevertheless, it must comply with the requirements; otherwise, it can t be certify the production process or product, under the management system adopted. These are contracts without legal typing, only social, held between the agro-alimentary entrepreneur and the certifier enterprises, whether private or public, according to the ruling

20 regime. Its main purpose is the certification process of certain alimentary specialties, around the object of disciplining a series of obligations in charge of the producer, referred to that process, involving issues of time, place, techniques, ingredients, labelling, packaging, etc. validating that certification on the product to obtain. This is the concern of this dissertation as a contribution to the agro-business of specialties. LEGAL ISSUES OF CORPORATIZATION OF AGRICULTURE Domenico Viti University of Foggia (Taliansko), viti.dom@libero.it I processi di corporatization dell agricoltura trovano risposte diverse nei vari ordinamenti giuridici. In Europa la frammentazione delle aziende agricole ha portato ad individuare forme giuridiche per far raggiungere alle imprese agricole misure idonee a concorrere in un ambiente economico sempre piu globalizzato. Per lungo tempo la cosiddetta contrattualizzazione dei poteri di controllo sull impresa agricola, in particolare sulla family farm, ha reso non necessari interventi normativi per limitare la proprieta dei terreni agricoli da parte delle societa, in particolare di quelle di capitali. Recentemente, a partire dagli USA, il dibattito nella letteratura giuridica ha ripreso consistenza, anche per la crisi di modelli considerati fondamentali nello sviluppo socio-economico delle aree rurali, come l impresa familiare, in particolare quella condotta da coltivatori diretti. La concentrazione dell interesse degli investimenti nelle aree piu fertili porta in rilievo anche la possibilita dell accentuazione delle differenze di sviluppo tra un agricoltura industrializzata ed un declino irreversibile delle campagne meno idonee a sostenere la concorrenza dei mercati. La scienza giuridica, come quella economica, si deve fare carico di individuare un governo efficace di processi che sembrano ineluttabili, al fine di individuare risposte istituzionali a processi che altrimenti sarebbero gestiti dal semplice dominio del mercato. L integrazione tra politica delle regole proprietarie e sostegno degli agricoltori sui mercati rappresenta una sfida per l agricultural law. EL BIENESTAR ANIMAL EN ARGENTINA. SU ESTADO ACTUAL Y LEGISLACIÓN ACORDE A LOS REQUERIMIENTOS DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA Hugo Carlos Wilde Universidad Nacional del Litoral (Argentina), wildehug@arnetbiz.com.ar Conforme el objeto de este Congreso, es el intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias de los miembros participantes, en sus respectivos países, sobre los temas que ocupan, y uno de ellos es Suelo, Agricultura Sostenible y Alimentación, dentro de este aspecto, traigo al presente, la experiencia, actividad y legislación actual en Argentina, sobre el Bienestar Animal.- Este trabajo, explica la situación actual de la aplicación de normas tecnicas y legislativas respecto al Bienestar Animal, La situación de Argentina, y los condicionamientos que propone la UE, especialmente a los paises del Mercosur.- Un detalle de la situaron actual. Se ha propuesto una legislación base, sobre este aspecto de la producción, ya que no existe en nuestro país. Solo encontramos normas técnicas, consejos técnicos de profesionales sobre el sistema de producción, tendiente a proteger la salud del