TTheactualuseofinvestigative pthysiopsycthologicalexaminations

Transcripción

1 EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH Volume Number2(28) UDOUNDEUTSCH * MarcinGołaszewski * AndrzejFrycz ModrzewskiKrakowUniversity. Krakow Poland TTheactualuseofinvestigative pthysiopsycthologicalexaminations DilemmasandRecommendations ingermany PolygrapThExaminationofPregnant Women: Key Words:polygrapTh,pregnancy,examination Introduction PracticeofpolygrapThexaminationsmayrequiretThatexpertssubjectapregnant womantosucthanexamination,witthe.g.statesecurityin mindordueto aburningneedofverifyinginformationtthatissignificantfortthethealtthandlife ofotthers.sometimesexpectingwomentthemselvesinsistonbeingexamined,for example,wthenttheyapplyforajob,wanttobeenroledinuniformedservices, ortrytoacquireexculpatoryevidenceinacriminalprocedure.canapregnant womanbesubjectedtoapolygrapthexamination?everysucthprocedure requiresinformedconsentofttheexaminee,pregnantwomenincluded. No ottherquestionsrelatedtotthisthigthlyspecialgroupofexamineesaredefined bylaw. NeitThertThestandardsoftTheAmericanPolygrapThAsociation,being * marcin.golaszewski@wp.pl

2 70 MARCINGOŁASZEWSKI ttheworld slargestprofesionalorganisation,norofttheastminternational (AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials),beingaworldwidestandardisation organisation,envisageanydetailedregulationintthearea. 1 Similarly,literature ontthesubjecttholdsnoproofsontthepsycthopthysiologyofapregnantwoman posingasignificantobstacleinconductingsucthanexamination. AltThougTh accordingtoacustomprevalente.g.inpolandtthetimeofpregnancyisnot suitableforsucthaprocedure,ttheproblemthasnotbeenanalysedindetail. ItseemstThateverycaserequiresanindividualapproacTh, wthilegeneraly ttherearenoetthicalorlegalobstaclestthatwouldunconditionalyruleouttthe posibilityofsubjectingpregnantwomentopolygrapthexaminations. WThat remainsaretecthnicalquestions,especialytthoserelatedtottheneedofsiting motionleslytthrougthoutttheexamination,andplacementoftthepneumograpth pipesontthebodyofttheexaminee. AnotTheradditionalencumbrancein advancepregnanciescanbetthemovementsoftthefoetustthatareindependent ofttheexaminee swil.anexperimentwasconducted,especialywitthaviewto tecthnicalcircumstances,todecidewthettherawomaninadvancedpregnancy canbesuccesfulyexaminedonapolygrapth. DescriptionoftTheexperiment InJuly2013,twoPolisThcertifiedexperts,includingtTheautThoroftThearticle, conductedexperimentaltestsonawomaninttheeigthtthmontthofpregnancy (figure1). TecThnologiesInc.(Paragon)andLafayeteInstrument Co.(LX 4000)computerpolygrapThsystems,wereusedfortThestudy. Fig.1. ApregnantwomanwitThParagon(LimestoneTecTh)polygrapThsensors. 1 See:AmericanPolygrapThAsociation,ModelPolicyfortTheEvaluationofExamineeSuitability forpolygrapthtesting,[online],thtp:/ model_policy_for_tthe_ evaluation_of_examinee_suitability_for_polygrapth_testing.pdf[accesedon ]. More onapastandards: M. Gołaszewski,WspółczesnestandardybadańpoligraficznycTh, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, Warszawa2013.

3 POLYGRAPHEXAMINATIONOFPREGNANTWOMEN:DILEMMASANDRECOMMENDATIONS 71 Th eexaminee spresurebeforeandduringtestingdidnotdivergefromtthe norm. NordidtTheexamineecomplainabouttThearmsleevepumpedup to60 mmhgfortthedurationofsuccesivetestslastingfrom3to5 min. Alternatively,tThesleevewasalsoplacedontThetThumb.AstTheexamination forcedsitingontthecthair,andpregnantwomenneedtopasurine more often,a10-minutebreakwasorderedafterevery30 minofttheexperiment. Th ep1pneumograpth(lower) wasfirstplacedbetweentthecthestandtthe abdomen(fig.2),andintthesecondpthaseofttheexperiment directlyontthe abdomen(fig.3). TheexperimentprimarilymadeuseoftTheclasicalpeakof tension(pot)testswitthanumber. Fig.2. PneumograpThbetween tthecthestandabdomen. Fig.3. PneumograpThontTheabdomen (Lafayete). SignificantcThangesofpThysiologicalreactionsoftThesubjectwereobserved duringttheexamination wtheneversthefelttthecthild moving. These were primarilyreactionstthat were morecloselyconnectedtottheemotional reactionstthatafuture mottherdisplaysinsucth momentstthanonesresulting fromtthemovementstthemselves. TherespondentinformedabouttThemwitTh anagreedgesturebotthduringtthetestandaftertthecompletionofregistering examinationdata. CThangesintThereactionsarebestseenintThesudden increaseoftthegsramplitude,andalsointthebreatthingcycle(fig.4). Smal,downrigThtinsignificant,cThangesintTherecordingfromtThe moment sensor(fig.5) mayoccur,buttthisisnotarule.clearercthangesrelatedto foetalactivity maybenoticedusualyintthep1pneumograpthcurve(fig.6 and7)independentofsensorplacement(onorabovettheabdomen). Thisis wortthcomparingwitthtthep2pneumograpthcurve.specialcaremustbepaid wthileasesingtthebreatthingparameter.

4 72 MARCINGOŁASZEWSKI Fig.4.CThangesinaelectrodermalactivityandbreatThingcurvesinreaction tofoetus movements. Fig.5.MinimalcThangesintTherecordingfromtThe movementsensorduring cthild movementssensedbyttheexaminee.

5 POLYGRAPHEXAMINATIONOFPREGNANTWOMEN:DILEMMASANDRECOMMENDATIONS 73 Fig.6.CThangesintTheP1pneumograpThcurveresultingfromtThecThildkicking intthewomb. Fig.7.HigThlyvisibledeformitiesoftThecurvefromtTheP1breatThingsensorin pregnantwomencausedbycthild movements. DespitetThenon-standardpolygramrecordingsresultingfromtThecThild movingintthewombdiscusedabove,tthecthartsofpthysiologicalreactions registeredalowedfuly meaningfulasesmentofanswerstotthequestions, andidentificationoftthe mostsignificantteststimulus.itwasalsoposible tocolectcthartswitthoutanydisturbancefrom movements.polygramsofan 8-montThs-pregnantwomanweresimilartotThatofaregularexaminee(see: Fig.8and9).

6 74 MARCINGOŁASZEWSKI Fig.8.AfragmentoftThenumbertestconductedonapregnantwomanwitTha ParagonpolygrapThmanufacturedbyLimestone(tThekeystimulusisquestion No.3,andpeaktensionisclearlyvisible). Fig.9.AfragmentoftThenumbertestconductedonapregnantwomanby anottherexpertwitthanlx4000polygrapthfromlafayeteinstruments.

7 POLYGRAPHEXAMINATIONOFPREGNANTWOMEN:DILEMMASANDRECOMMENDATIONS 75 ItiswortThquotingThereaninterestingexperimenttThatwasconductedon9tTh May2014,wThenRaymondNelson,curentPresidentElectoftTheAmerican PolygrapThAsociationpresentedpolygramsof10examinees,wThosenumber includedpregnantandnon-pregnantwomen,and men,duringa meeting witthpolisthpolygrapthexpertsin Warsaw. NoneoftTheparticipants was capableofdiscriminatingcorectlywthicthcthartsconcernedwthicthcategories ofexaminees. ThisisanotTherproofcoroboratingtThattTherearegeneralyno significantdifferencesintthecourseofttheregisteredpthysiologicalreactions betweenpregnant womenandottherpeople.stil,evenifsucthdifferences werepresent,onesthouldnotrejectttheposibilityofconductingtthestudy inadvance,astthediscoveryofproblematicbethavioursbasedonpolygrams isnotttheonlygoalofpolygrapthexaminations.equalyimportantistthe opportunityofacquiring moreinformationfromttheexamineetthan witth ttheuseofottherpreviouslyapplied metthods. ThistakesplaceduringtThe interviewprecedingtthetests,ttheconversationbetweentthetestsseries,and intthepthaseofdiscusingttheresultsofttheexamination. WitThtTheaboveinmind,itcanbeasumedtThatifapregnantwomanexpreses TherinformedconsenttoundergoapolygrapThexamination,tThereareno obstaclesinperformingsucthaprocedure(especialyinttherelativelysafest andleastcumbersomesecondtrimesterofpregnancy).itis,thowever,wortth totakeintoaccounttthecommentsandrecommendationspresentedfurtther intthisarticle. Commentsandrecommendations I. WThensThouldapregnantwomannotbesubjectedtoapolygrapThexamination? 1. WThentThepregnancyiscompromised,and/orwThentThereareanycounterindicationsfromtThepThysician. 2.IftTheinterviewcoroboratesintenseemotionsoftThepotentialexaminee,and/orsignificantpThysicalailments(strongacThes,weaknes,etc.). 3. WitThtooThigThortoolowvaluesofarterialbloodpresureandTheartrate (corectbloodpresurerangesfrom110/60to140/90mmhg,yetsmal sthortlastingvariationsrelatedtoemotionalstimulationarealowed.on ttheottherthand,atheartrateincreasedby15-20beatsmustbeconsidered normalduetotthevolumeofbloodconstantlygrowingintthewoman s organism.

8 76 MARCINGOŁASZEWSKI I.LimitationsandpThenomenatThat mustbetakenintoconsiderationwthile subjectingpregnantwomentopolygrapthexaminations 1. Avoidingstrongstres. Apregnantwomanisgeneraly moresensitivetoemotionsbecauseof tthethormones. Coming firstinadifficultsituationisasthorttermreaction vegetative stimulationofttheorganisminreactiontoastresor.triggeredlaterare consciousandunconsciousmecthanismsofcopingwitthtthesituation.in Lazarus stres-copingmodel, 2 aneventisnotstresfulinitself,andtthe senseofburdenrelatedtoitisdeterminedbyttheconsequenceasigned totthesituationduringttheoriginalcognitiveasesment(beingananswertotthequestion WThatdoesitmeantome? ). 3 Anindividualmay asestthesituationastharm,tthreat(anxietyreactions),los(regret,sorrow),orcthalenge(mobilisation). Theconditionofapregnantwoman mustbepaidspecialatentiontowthenttheobservedanddeclaredfear istoogreat,orwthenttheexamineeendeavourssobadlytothavesometthingexplainedortothaveafavourableresultofttheexaminationtthat Theremotionalstimulationexceedslevelsconsideredsafebycommon sense. UndertTheimpactofstres,tTheconcentrationofcortisolandadrenaline, organiccompoundscommonlyknownas stresthormones isgrowing. TooThigThconcentrationofcortisolcontributestocThild malformations (includingtheartandtthenervoussystem).inextremeconditions,tthere isariskof miscariageintthefirsttrimesteror,inalaterperiodoftthe pregnancy,ofaprematurelabouractivitycausedbytoothigthlevelof adrenaline. AsuddenandsignificantincreaseofbloodpresuremayleadtoplacentaldetacThment AnincreasedexertionoftTheorganism,tirednes,andsleepines(especialyintThefirsttrimester),increasedTheartrate. 3. Consequencesofdistendedmatrixandabdomen: sthiftedcentreofmasoftthewoman agreaterburdenontthe musclesandjoints;posiblepainintthespine (alsobecauseoftthelooseningoftthejointscausedbytthethormones). 2 R.S.Lazarus,PsycThologicalStresandtTheCopingProces, McGraw-Hil,NewYork J.Krzyżanowska-Zbucka,Problemyemocjonalnekobietwokresieokołoporodowym,Fundacja RodzićpoLudzku, Warszawa2008,pp M.PucThowska,Stres wciąży, Mamazone.pl,[online],Thtp:/ ciaza-i-porod/uczucia/2010/stres-w-ciazy.aspx[accesedon ].

9 POLYGRAPHEXAMINATIONOFPREGNANTWOMEN:DILEMMASANDRECOMMENDATIONS 77 Needfor morefrequenturination,becauseoftthepresureoftthebody ofttheuterusontthebladder. 4. MovementsoftThefoetus: firstsensedbytthewomanbetweentthe16tthand22ndweekofpregnancy uncoordinated,arthytthmical movementsincludingstraigthteningup, stretcthing,sucking,catcthing,andkicking ttheymayresultindistortionsofpolygramcurves,andinemotionalreactionsofttheexaminee. I.GeneralguidelinesforapolygrapThexpertconductinganexaminationof apregnantwoman 1. MakesurewThetThertTheexaminationisnecesaryattThe moment.does itmakesensetowait?iftthisisaroutineemploymentprocedure,tryto convincetthewomantopostponeittilaftertthebirtth.stil,tthefuture mottherwilthavetospendatleastafewmontthstakingcareoftthenewborn. 2.IfanexaminationThasbeendecided,trytoperformitclosetotTheplace wtherettheexamineelivessoastoavoidlongtravelandadditionalanxietycausedbybeingfarfromthome. 3. Theroom wtherettheexaminationisconductedsthouldbeair-conditioned. 4. TheentireexaminationsThouldnotexceed2or3Thours,andanindividualtestseries(cThart) nomoretthanafewminutes. 5. AttThebeginning,askabouttThegeneralwel-being,emotionalstate,and posiblesleepdisturbanceswitthin24thoursbeforettheexamination. 6. Asalways,buildupanatmospThereoftranquilityandtrustfortTheexpert.TrytobeevenmoretactfultThanusualy. 7. DonotstretcThtThepneumograpThsexcesively. 8. PumpuptThecardiosleevetotThemaximumof65mmHg. 9. Makefrequentbreaks(payatentiontopThysiologicalneeds,andalso totthefactsitingforalongerspeloftimeaggravatestthebackactheof apregnantwoman). 10.DuringtThebreaks,regularly monitorbloodpresureandpulseoftthe examinee. References AmericanPolygrapThAsociation,ModelPolicyfortTheEvaluationofExaminee Suitability for PolygrapTh Testing, [online], Thtp:/

10 78 MARCINGOŁASZEWSKI files/5_pg model_policy_for_tthe_evaluation_of_examinee_suitability_for_ polygrapth_testing.pdf[accesedon ]. Gołaszewski M.,Ibek A., Widacki M., Współczesnestandardy badań poligraficznycth,ed. M.Gołaszewski,AgencjaBezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, Warszawa2013. Krzyżanowska-Zbucka J., Problemy emocjonalne kobiet w okresie okołoporodowym,fundacjarodzićpoludzku, Warszawa2008. LazarusR.S.,PsycThologicalStresandtTheCopingProces, McGraw-Hil,New York1966. PucThowska M.,Stres wciąży,serwis Mamazone.pl,[online],Thtp:/www. mamazone.pl/artykuly/ciaza-i-porod/uczucia/2010/stres-w-ciazy.aspx [accesedon ].