NEOTROPICAL CERVIDOLOY Biology and Medicine of Latin American Deer

Transcripción

1 NEOTROPICAL CERVIDOLOY Biology and Medicine of Latin American Deer Edited by José Maurício Barbanti Duarte Susana González Supported by Sponsored by Published by

2 Copyright 2010 by Funep / IUCN Published by: Funep / IUCN Funep - Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/nº Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil Designer: Renato Trizolio Cover illustration: Paulo Antonio Tosta (red brocket deer from Amazonia, Brazil) Map designer: Giordano Ciocheti N438 Neotropical cervidology. Biology and medicine of Latin Amercian deer / Editors José Maurício Barbanti Duarte and Susana Gonzalez -- Jaboticabal: Funep/IUCN, p. : il. ; 29 cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN: 1. Deer. 2. Neotropics. 3. Cervidae. 4. Biology. 5. Medicine. I. Duarte, José Maurício Barbanti. II. Gonzalez, Susana. III. Title CDU All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Funep Funep Home Page:

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Authors... I Associate Editors... XIII SECTION 1 EVOLUTION, GENETICS, MORPHOLOGY, FISIOLOGY Chapter l Origin, Systematics, and Morphological Radiation... 2 Chapter 2 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution...12 Chapter 3 Chromosome Evolution...18 Chapter 4 Biochemical Genetics...27 Chapter 5 Hematology...31 Chapter 6 Male Reproduction...39 Chapter 7 Female Reproduction...51 SECTION 2 NEOTROPICAL SPECIES BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Marsh deer Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger 1815) Chapter 9 Taruka Hippocamelus antisensis (d Orbigny 1834) Chapter 10 South Andean huemul Hippocamelus bisulcus (Molina 1784) Chapter 11 White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann 1780) Chapter 12 Pampas deer Ozotoceros bezoarticus (Linnaeus 1758) Chapter 13 Northern pudu Pudu mephistophiles (De Winton 1896) Chapter 14 Southern pudu Pudu puda (Molina 1782) Chapter 15 Red brocket deer Mazama americana (Erxleben 1777) Chapter 16 Brazilian dwarf brocket deer Mazama nana (Hensel 1872) Chapter 17 Central American red brocket deer Mazama temama (Kerr 1792) Chapter 18 Small red brocket deer Mazama bororo (Duarte 1996) Chapter 19 Dwarf red brocket deer Mazama rufina (Pucheran 1951) Chapter 20 Merida brocket deer Mazama bricenii (Thomas 1908) Chapter 21 Peruvian dwarf brocket deer Mazama chunyi (Hershkovits 1959) Chapter 22 Brown brocket deer Mazama gouazoubira (Fischer 1814) Chapter 23 Amazonian brown brocket deer Mazama nemorivaga (Cuvier 1817) Chapter 24 Yucatan brown brocket deer Mazama pandora (Merriam 1901)...211

4 SECTION 3 FIELD AND CAPTIVE TECHNIQUES Chapter 25 Capture and Physical Restraint Chapter 26 Anesthesia and Chemical Immobilization Chapter 27 Captive Management Chapter 28 Feeding and Nutrition Chapter 29 Assisted Reproductive Technology Chapter 30 Population Estimates Chapter 31 Radiotelemetry Chapter 32 Camera Traps Chapter 33 Fecal DNA Chapter 34 Fecal Hormones SECTION 4 MEDICINE Chapter 35 Capture Myopathy Chapter 36 Viral Diseases Chapter 37 Bacterial Diseases Chapter 38 Protozoan Diseases Chapter 39 Helminthic Diseases Chapter 40 Deer Ectoparasites Chapter 41 Clinical Examination and Therapeutics...387

5 I AUTHORS Adauto Luis Veloso Nunes (Chapter 26, 41) Parque Zoologico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros Rua Teodoro Kaisel Sorocaba SP, Brazil Adjair Antonio do Nascimento (Chapter 39) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil adjair@fcav.unesp.br Adriana Maria Schettino (Chapter 37) Departamento Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP) Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia. De Buenos Aires (UNICEN) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n Tandil (7000), Buenos Aires, Argentina aschetti@vet.unicen.edu.ar Alejandro Rubén Vila (Chapter 10, 12) Wildlife Conservation Society Jauretche (8400) Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. alevila@speedy.com.ar Alexandre Berndt (Chapter 28) Instituto de Zootecnia, APTA/SAA Rua Heitor Penteado, n o 56, Centro , CP 60, Nova Odessa-SP, Brazil alberndt@iz.sp.gov.br Alexandre N Zerbini (Chapter 30) National Marine Mammal Laboratory Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg 4 Seattle, WA, , USA / Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W 4th Ave Olympia, WA, 98501, USA alex.zerbini@noaa.gov Alexandre Vogliotti (Chapters 16, 18, 22, 31, 32) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil avogliotti@yahoo.com.br Artur Andriolo (Chapters 30, 31, 32) Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Universitário Juiz de Fora - MG, Brazil artur.andriolo@ufjf.edu.br

6 II Bruna Furlan Polegato (Chapters 07, 29, 34) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil br_polegato@yahoo.com.br Carlos A. Delgado-V. (Chapter 19) Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Apartado Aéreo 1226 Medellín, Colombia cadelv@yahoo.com Clara Mardegan de Souza Camargo (Chapter 05, 35) Autonomous Veterinary Rua Dom Pedro II, Lins-SP, Brazil camargomclara@gmail.com Claudia Dellafiore (chapter 12) Depto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología - Universidad de Sevilla Av. Reina Mercedes S/N Sevilla (España) cdelaflor7@hotmail.com Cristián Enrique Saucedo Galvez (Chapter 10, 25, 37) Wildlife Manager - Patagonia Park Conservación Patagónica, Paseo Horn 47 B Coyhaique, Chile csaucedo@conservacionpatagonica.cl, csaucedog@gmail.com Damian I. Rumiz (Chapter 21) Wildlife Conservation Society Av. Argentina, Calle Tte. Parada 155 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia confauna@scbbs.net Dante Pazzanese Duarte Lanna (Chapter 28) Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Bairro Agronomia Piracicaba-SP, Brazil dplanna@esalq.usp.br Dennis Aldridge (Chapter 10) Corporación Nacional Forestal, Dirección Regional de Aysén Los Coigües s/n, Recinto CONAF, Casilla de Correo 412 Coyhaique, Chile. aldridge@conaf.cl Diana Sandra Faride Vargas-Munar (Chapter 03) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil faridev@yahoo.com

7 III Diego J. Lizcano (Chapter 19, 20) Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Pamplona Vía Bucaramanga, Km. 1 Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia dlizcano@unipamplona.edu.co, dlizcano@yahoo.com Diego M. Varela (Chapters 08, 15, 16, 32) Conservación Argentina and Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico Salta117 Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina dvarela@conservacion.org.ar, vareladieg@gmail.com Diego G. Tirira (Chapter 13) Fundación Mamíferos y Conservación Dionisio Bras N y Mañosca Quito, Ecuador diego_tirira@yahoo.com Eddy José Francisco de Oliveira (Chapter 04) Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - LENT Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Av. Transnordestina, S/N - Novo Horizonte Feira de Santana Bahia, Brazil eddyfo@gmail.com Edgard Yerena (Chapter 20) Departamento de Estudios Ambientales Universidad Simón Bolívar Caracas, Venezuela. eyerena@usb.ve Edilberto Pardo (Chapter 21) Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor San Simón, P.O. Box 538, Calle Jordan final Cochabamba, Bolivia, edilbertopardo@yahoo.es Eduardo Juan Ramilo (Chapter 10) Delegación Regional Patagonia, Administración de Parques Nacionales Vice Almirante O Connor 1188 (8400) Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. eramilo@apn.gov.ar Estevam G. Lux Hoppe (Chapter 39) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil e.hoppe@gmail.com Eveline dos Santos Zanetti (Chapters 07, 29) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil eveline_zanetti@yahoo.com.br

8 IV Fernanda Góss Braga (Chapter 12) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal do Paraná Rua Lothário Meissner, 632 Curitiba/Paraná Brasil Fernando Adrián Milano (Chapter 37) Área de Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNICEN) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n (7000) Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. fmilano@vet.unicen.edu.ar Fernando Pacheco Rodrigues (Chapter 30) Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos Caixa-Postal 676 Rodovia Washington Luís (SP - 310), km Sao Carlos SP, Brazil fprodrigues_consgen@yahoo.com.br Gustavo Aprile (Chapter 37) Servicio de Asistencia para Animales Silvestres (S.A.S.) Asociación para la Conservación y Estudio de la Naturaleza (ACEN) Serrano, 1779 (1663) San Miguel, Buenos Aires, Argentina gustavo_aprile@hotmail.com Hernani Gomes da Cunha Ramos (Chapter 31) A Rocha Avenue Rd. Southall, London, UB1-3BL, UK. hgcramos@yahoo.com.br Hugo Fernando López Arévalo (Chapter 11) Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia A.A. 7495, Bogotá D.C., Colombia hflopeza@unal.edu.co J. Rudolf Dietrich (Chapter 20) Eulerstr. 83 CH-4051 Basel,Switzerland dietrich_j-r@gmx.net Jáder Marinho-Filho (Chapter 08) Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Brasília (UnB) Brasília DF, Brazil jmarinho@unb.br Jaime E. Jiménez (Chapter 14) Laboratorio de Ecología, Universidad de Los Lagos Fuchslocher 1305, Casilla 933 Osorno, Chile. jjimenez@ulagos.cl

9 V Jannet Benavides Fallaque (Chapter 13) Asociación Odebrecht Perú Av. Víctor Andrés Belaúnde 280. Of San Isidro Lima, Perú. Javier Adolfo Sarria-Perea (Chapter 03) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil jasarrip@yahoo.com Javier Barrio (Chapter 09, 13, 30) Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad Santa Rita 105, of. 2 - Urb. Huertos de San Antonio Lima 33, Peru javbar@gmail.com Jesús E. Maldonado (Chapter 02) Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box MRC 5503 Washington, DC , USA. maldonadoj@si.edu Jerry C. Haigh (Chapter 36) University of Saskatchewan, Wilidfe Veterinarian, Author, Stoyteller, 6, Discovery Bend, RR6, Site 601, Box 92, Saskatoon, SK S7K 3J9, CANADA jerry.haigh@usask.ca João Pessoa Araújo Junior (chapter 36) Depto. Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências Distrito de Rubião Junior, S/N. IB-UNESP Botucatu-SP, Brazil jpessoa@ibb.unesp.br Joaquim Mansano Garcia (Chapter 29) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil jmgarcia@fcav.unesp.br Joaquin Bello-Gutiérrez (Chapter 11, 17) División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Km. 0.5 carretera Villahermosa- Cárdenas Entronque a Bosques de Saloya CP Villahermosa, Tabasco, México joaquin.bello.gutierrez@gmail.com

10 VI José Eduardo Garcia (Chapters 04, 33) Núcleo de Biologia, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n - Bela Vista Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil jegarcia30@gmail.com José Eduardo Mantovani (Chapter 31) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE Centro Regional do Nordeste - CRN Rua Carlos Serrano, Bairro Lagoa Nova Natal-RN, Brazil mantovani@crn.inpe.br José Luis Cartes (Chapter 12, 16, 22) Site Conservation Manager/Guyra Paraguay Gaetano Martino 215 esq. Tte Ross. C.C Asunción, Paraguay jlcartes@guyra.org.py José Luiz Catão-Dias (Chapter 35) Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens LAPCOM Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária São Paulo-SP, Brazil zecatao@usp.br José Maurício Barbanti Duarte (Chapters 02, 03, 08, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 41) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil barbanti@fcav.unesp.br Juan Pablo Juliá (Chapter 22) Reserva Experimental Horco Molle Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina jupaju@yahoo.es Júlio Carlos Canola (Chapter 29) Depto. de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil canola@fcav.unesp.br Kathia Rivero Guzmán (Chapter 15) Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia Krivero@museonoelkempff.org Leonardo Maffei (Chapter 12, 22) Jaguar Conservation Program / Wildlife Conservation Society Av. Arias Schereiber Urbanización Aurora - Miraflores Casilla L-01844, Lima, Perú lmaffei@wcs.org

11 VII Leonilda Correia dos Santos (Chapter 05) ITAIPU BINACIONAL/UNIOESTE Av. Por do Sol, 769 Conj. Libra I Foz do Iguaçu-PR, Brazil leonildacorreia@gmail.com Liliani Marília Tiepolo (Chapter 08) Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Litoral Rua Jaguariaíva, 512 Caiobá Matinhos PR, Brazil liliani@ufpr.br Loyola L. Escamilo Boggio (Chapter 13) ProNaturaleza Pasaje Adán Mejía 165, Jesús María. Lima, Perú. loyolalucia@yahoo.com, lescamilo@pronaturaeza.org Luis Antonio Mathias (Chapter 37) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil lmathias@fcav.unesp.br Manuel Weber (Chapters 11, 24) El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. ECOSUR-Campeche Calle 10 No.264 Centro Campeche, Campeche, México. mweber@ecosur.mx Marcela Maria Uhart (Chapters 25, 37) Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Health Program Área de Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA Los Alerces 3376 Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina muhart@wcs.org Marcelo Bahia Labruna (Chapter 40) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária São Paulo-SP, Brazil labruna@usp.br Márcia Furlan Nogueira (Chapter 36) EMBRAPA Pantanal Rua 21 de setembro, Bairro N. Sra de Fátima Caixa Postal: Corumbá-MS, Brazil furlan@cpap.embrapa.br Márcio Botelho de Castro (Chapter 05) Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária - FAV Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Hospital Veterinário - Via L4, Setor de Clubes Norte Caixa Postal Brasília-DF, Brazil. mbcastro@unb.br

12 VIII María Cristina Jorge (Chapter 37) Departamento Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP) Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n Tandil (7000), Buenos Aires, Argentina mcjorge@vet.unicen.edu.ar María del Carmen Catena (Chapter 37) Departamento Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP) Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n Tandil (7000), Buenos Aires, Argentina mcatena@vet.unicen.edu.ar Mariana Cosse (Chapter 12) Genética de La Conservación Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Unidad Asociada Facultad de Ciencias-UdelaR Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo Uruguay mcosse@iibce.edu.uy Mariângela Pereira de Pinho (Chapter 26) Instituto Lina Galvani Av. Onófrio Milano, 589 Jaguaré São Paulo SP, Brazil parque@linagalvani.org.br Mariano Gimenez Dixon (Chapter 12) Anasagasti 2064, piso 6 C1425DOB Buenos Aires, Argentina mgimenezdixon@gmail.com Mariano Lisandro Merino (Chapter 01, 12) División Zoología Vertebrados Museo de La Plata / CICPBA Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata (B1900FWA), Buenos Aires, Argentina mlmerino@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Marina Salles Munerato (Chapter 26) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil marinamunerato@gmail.com Matias Pablo Juan Szabó (Chapter 05, 40) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Av. Pará, 1720/Campus Umuarama-Bloco 2T Uberlândia-MG, Brazil szabo@famev.ufu.br Orico dos Santos Balta (Chapter 31) Instituto Cisalpina Rua: Antenor Fonseca, 420 Centro Brasilândia-MS, Brazil oricosbalta@hotmail.com

13 IX Patricia Black-Décima (Chapter 22) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Miguel Lillo Tucumán, Argentina blackpatricia@gmail.com, pblack@csnat.unt.edu.ar Paulo Corti (Chapter 10, 37) Instituto de Zoología Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile paulo.corti@gmail.com Paulo Rogerio Mangini (Chapter 37) Pesquisador Associado - IPÊ Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas VIDA LIVRE Medicina de Animais Selvagens LTDA R. Petit Carneiro, Curitiba-PR, Brazil pmangini@ipe.org.br, pmangini@uol.com.br Raquel Terragno (Chapter 37) Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, - ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán Velez Sarsfield 563 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina rterragno@anlis.gov.ar, rterragno@gmail.com Rafael Reyna-Hurtado (Chapter 17) Latin American and Caribbean Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, Nueva York, NY 10460, USA rreyna@wcs.org Raul José Silva Girio (Chapter 37) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil rgirio@fcav.unesp.br Ricardo José Garcia Pereira (Chapters 06, 07, 34) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil ric_jose_garcia@hotmail.com Richard Bodmer (Chapter 23) School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom R.Bodmer@kent.ac.uk Roberto Guilherme Trovati (Chapter 15, 23) Passeio Barbacena, Ilha Solteira SP, Brazil rgtrovati@yahoo.com.br

14 X Rodrigo Martins Soares (Chapter 38) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária São Paulo SP, Brazil rosoares@usp.br Rodrigo Medellin (Chapter 24) Instituto de Ecología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria DF, México medellin@miranda.ecologia.unam.mx Rogério Vieira Rossi (Chapter 01, 15, 22, 23) Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, Cuiabá-MT, Brazil rogerrossi@gmail.com Rosângela Zacarias Machado (Chapter 38) Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil zacarias@fcav.unesp.br Salvador Mandujano (Chapter 11) Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91070, México salvador.mandujan@inecol.edu.mx Sandra Mayumi Nishi (Chapter 38) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária São Paulo-SP, Brazil smnishi@usp.br Silvia J. Alvarez (Chapter 19, 20) Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía Universidad de Pamplona Km 1, Via Pamplona Bucaramanga Pamplona, Colombia silvitaja@gmail.com Solange Maria Gennari (Chapter 38) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária São Paulo-SP, Brazil sgennari@usp.br

15 XI Sonia Gallina (Chapter 11) Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91070, México sonia.gallina@inecol.edu.mx Susana González (Chapter 02, 12, 22, 33) Genética de la Conservación Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Unidad Asociada Facultad de Ciencias-UdelaR Av. Italia Montevideo, Uruguay sugonza@iibce.edu.uy Taís Fukuta da Cruz (Chapter 36) Depto. Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências Distrito de Rubião Júnior, S/N. IB-UNESP Botucatu-SP, Brazil tfcruz@yahoo.com.br Ubiratam Piovezan (Chapter 08, 31) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Pantanal, Embrapa Pantanal Caixa Postal, 109 Rua 21 de setembro, Corumbá-MS, Brazil piovezan@cpap.embrapa.br Vanessa Veltrini Abril (Chapter 03, 16) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil van_abril@yahoo.com.br Walfrido Moraes Tomas (Chapter 08) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Pantanal, Embrapa Pantanal Caixa Postal, 109 Rua 21 de setembro, Corumbá-MS, Brazil tomasw@cpap.embrapa.br Wilham Jorge (Chapter 17) Caixa Postal Botucatu-SP, Brazil wjorge2@gmail.com, wiljorge@icb.ufmg.br

16 XIII Alan R. Walker (Chapter 05) Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, EH25 9RG, Scotland, U.K. ASSOCIATE EDITORS Budhan Pukazhenthi (Chapter 29) Department of Reproductive Sciences / Center for Species Survival Smithsonian s National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal, VA 22630, USA PukazhenthiB@si.edu Colin Groves (Chapter 01, 03) School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Building 14 Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Colin.Groves@anu.edu.au Donald E. Moore III (Chapter 27) Directorate for Animal Health and Wellbeing Smithsonian s National Zoological Park 1111 N Capitol St, NE MRC 5507 Lion/Tiger Bldg Washington, DC 20560, USA moorede@si.edu George A. Bubenik (Chapters 06, 07) Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada gbubenik@uoguelph.ca Jerry C. Haigh (Chapters 37, 38, 39) University of Saskatchewan, 6, Discovery Bend, RR6, Site 601, Box 92, Saskatoon, SK S7K 3J9, CANADA jerry.haigh@usask.ca Jesus E. Maldonado (Chapter 4, 33) Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park National Museum of Natural History / Smithsonian Institution PO Box MRC 5503 Washington, DC , USA. maldonadoj@si.edu Joshua Millspaugh (Chapter 34) Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences University of Missouri 302 Natural Resources Building Columbia, MO 65211, USA millspaughj@missouri.edu Katherine M. Kocan (Chapter 40) Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University 250 McElroy Hall Stillwater, OK, , USA Katherine.Kocan@okstate.edu

17 XIV Mariano Gimenez Dixon (Chapters 08, 09,10,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24) Anasagasti 2064, piso 6 C1425DOB Buenos Aires, Argentina mgimenezdixon@gmail.com Marissa A. Ahlering (Chapter 02) Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics National Zoological Park / Smithsonian Institution 3001 Connecticut Ave., NW Washington, DC USA ahleringm@si.edu Nigel Antony Caulkett (Chapter 26) Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science 3330 Hospital Drive NW T2N4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada nacaulke@ucalgary.ca Patricia Black-Décima (Chapter 30) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Miguel Lillo Tucumán, Argentina blackpatricia@gmail.com, pblack@csnat.unt.edu.ar Robert D. Brown (Chapter 28) College of Natural Resources North Carolina State University 2028 Biltmore Hall - Campus Box 8001 Raleigh, NC , USA bob_brown@ncsu.edu Robin Gill (Chapter 31) Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham Surrey GU10 4LH, UK robin.gill@forestry.gsi.gov.uk Sonia M. Hernandez (Chapter 35, 41) Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602, USA shernandez@warnell.uga.edu William B. Karesh (Chapter 25) Global Health Program Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx, NY U.S.A. wkaresh@wcs.org William McShea (Chapter 32) Smithsonian s National Zoological Park Conservation & Research Center 1500 Remount Road Front Royal, VA 22630, USA McSheaW@si.edu

18 101 CHAPTER 11 WHITE-TAILED DEER Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann 1780) Authors: SONIA GALLINA, SALVADOR MANDUJANO, JOAQUÍN BELLO, HUGO FERNANDO LÓPEZ ARÉVALO, MANUEL WEBER Associate Editor: MARIANO GIMENEZ DIXON GENERIC SYNONYMY (Smith 1991) Genus Odocoileus Rafinesque, 1832, Cervus Exlreben 1777: 294 not Cervus Linneus 1798 Dama Zimmermann, Type species Dama virginiana Zimmermann not Dama Frisch Mazama Hamilton-Smith, 1827b:314. Odocoileus Rafinesque, 1832 :109. Type species Odocoileus speleus Rafinesque by monotypy Dorcephalus Gogler, 1841:140. Cariacus Lesson, Proposed as a group (subgenus) of Cervus Oplacerus Haldeman, 1842:188. Replacement name of Mazama Hamilton-Smith, 1827 Reduncina Wagner, 1844:377. Macrotis Wagner, 1855:368. Proposed as a subgenus of Cervus Eucervus Gray, 1866:338. Type species Cervus macrotis Say Coassus Gray, 1874:332 Otelaphus Fitzinger, 1873:356. Replacement anme for Macrotis Wagner, 1855 Gymnotis Fitzinger, 1879a:343. Type species Gymnotis wiegmanni Fitzinger by monotypy. Odocoelus Allen, 1901:449. Unjustified emendation of Odocoileus Rafinesque Odontocoelus Sclater, 1902:209. Unjustified emendation of Odocoileus Rafinesque Palaeoodocoileus Spillmann 1931:30. Type species Palaeoodocoileus abeli Spillmann by original designation. Protomazama Spillmann 1931:41. Type species Protomazama aequatorialis Spillmann by monotypy. Aplacerus Hall and Kelson 1959:1003. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Oplacerus Haldeman, 1842 SPECIES SYNONYMY (Whitehead 1993:483) Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), Type locality Bewohnt in Carolina,USA. Cervus dama americanus Erxleben,1777 Cervus virginianus Boddaert, Type locality Virginia, USA. Cervus clavatus H. Smith, 1827 Cervus (Mazama) virginianus H. Smith, 1827 Cervus (Mazama) clavatus H. Smith, 1827 Odocoileus spelaeus Rafinesque, 1832 Mazama virginiana Jardine, 1835 Dorcelaphus virginianus Gloger,1841 Cariacus virginianus Lesson,1842. Type locality Camp Crittenden, Sta. Cruz, Co., Arizona. Reduncina virginiana Fitzinger, 1873 Cervus (Cariacus) virginianus Herrick,1892 Cariacus americanus Bangs, 1896 Dorcelaphus americanus Rhoads,1897 Mazama americana Lydekker, 1898 Odocoileus americanus Miller, 1899 Mazama (Dorcelaphus) americana Lydekker,1901 Odocoileus virginianus Stone and Cram,1903 Odontocoelus americanus Elliot, 1904 Mazama (Odocoileus) virginianus Lydekker,1914 COMMON NAMES Spanish: North America: México: acuillame, venado, venado cola blanca, venado saltón, venado real. Central America: venado cola blanca, amapá, ciervo de cola blanca, ciervo virginiano, ciervo cola blanca; Costa Rica: venado cola blanca. South America: Colombia: venado coliblanco, venado cola blanca, venado de cornamenta, venado de páramo, venado llanero, venado de racimo, venado blanco, taruca, ciervo, cierva, cuerva, ciervita, venado sabanero, venado carameludo o caramerudo, venado de ramazón, venado reinoso, venado cachiliso, venado cachiforrado, venado cachienvainado, venado grande, cucampo. cariacou, cariacú, cariacus; Perú: Lluichú; Venezuela: venao English: white-tailed deer Portuguese: veado-galheiro French: Guyana: Biche de Cayenne; biche de Louisiana, bina hert Native names (Indigenous): Apeese-mongoose, watai-ush (Cree), squinator, tah-chah-seentay-skah (Sioux); in Mexico: mazatl (Aztec),ceh,uac nac, keej, yalem keej (fawn), tankelem keej (yearling), nojoch keej (adult, Mayan names); Axuni (Tarasco), Guej (Lacandon), Macha (Huichol), muxati (Coras), phatehe (Otomi; Davila 1928 cit. Valenzuela 1991). In Colombia (Rodríguez-Mahecha et al. 1995): Síkarama, Sawáya, Mejaca ñama / Sawayá, Ejaca jama, Chomquet, Ovébi, Edúma (for juveniles),

19 SECTION WHITE-TAILED DEER Odocoileus virginianus Quenánali (for individuals with small antlers),awebi, Agébi, Agebi, Nerri: Curripaco; Rra ma, Namá, Huey, Chichica, Guahaki, Chuntahe, Sunday, Uase, Kusaru, Vima, Viisa, Irrama, Amusha. SUBESPECIES: Smith (1991) Odocoileus virginianus acapulcensis (Caton, 1877). Type locality Acapulco, Guerrero, México Odocoileus virginianus borealis (Miller, 1990).Type locality Booksport, Maine, USA. Odocoileus virginianus cariacou (Boddaert, 1784). Type locality Guyane, coastal French Guiana Odocoileus virginianus carminis Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality Botellas Cañón, Sierra del Carmen, northern Coahuila, México. Odocoileus virginianus chiriquensis (Allen, 1910). Type locality Boquerón, Chiriqui, Panamá Odocoileus virginianus clavium Barboyr and Allen, Type locality Big Pine Key, Florida, USA Odocoileus virginianus couesi (Coues and Yarrow, 1875). Type locality Rancho Santuario, northwestern Durango, México. Odocoileus virginianus curassavicus (Hummelinck, 1940). Type locality Island of Curacao. Odocoileus virginianus dacotensis Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality White Earth River, Mountrail Country, North Dakota, USA. Odocoileus virginianus goudotti (Gay and Gervais,1846). Type locality vits dans les regions elevees de la Nouvelle-Grenade. Odocoileus virginianus gymnotis (Wiegmann, 1833). Type locality British Guiana. Odocoileus virginianus hiltonensis Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina, USA. Odocoileus virginianus leucurus (Douglas, 1829). Type locality the districts adjoining the river Columbia, USA Odocoileus virginianus macrourus (Rafinesque, 1817). Type locality Mer Rouge, Morehouse county, Louisiana, USA. Odocoileus virginianus mcilhennyi Miller, Type locality near Avery Island, Iberia Parish, Louisiana, USA Odocoileus virginianus margaritae (Osgood, 1910). Type locality vicinity of Puerto Viejo, Margarita Island, Venezuela. Odocoileus virginianus mexicanus (Gmelin, 1788). Type locality Valley of México, México Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality Sierra Madre Oriental, near Miquihuana, southwestern Tamaulipas, México. Odocoileus virginianus nelsoni Merriam, Type locality San Cristobal, highlands of Chiapas, México. Odocoileus virginianus nigribarbis Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality Blackbeard Island, McIntoch County, Georgia, USA. Odocoileus virginianus oaxacensis Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality mountains 15 miles west of Oaxaca, México. Odocoileus virginianus ochrourus Bailey, Type locality Coolin, south end of Priest Lake, Idaho, USA. Odocoileus virginianus osceola (Bangs, 1896). Type locality Citronelle, Citrus county, Florida, USA. Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus (Gray, 1874). Type locality Ceuchupate, Perú. Odocoileus virginianus rothschildi (Thomas, 1902). Type locality Island of Coiba, Veraguas, Panamá. Odocoileus virginianus seminolus Goldman and Kellog, Type locality ten miles northeast of Everglades, Collier county, Florida, USA. Odocoileus virginianus sinaloae. Allen, Type locality Escuinapa,southern Sinaloa, México. Odocoileus virginianus taurinsulae Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality Bull s Island, Charleston County, South Carolina, USA. Odocoileus virginianus texanus (Mearns, 1898). Type locality Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, USA. Odocoileus virginianus thomasi Merriam, Type locality Huehuetan, Chiapas, México. Odocoileus virginianus toltecus (Saussure, 1860). Type locality Orizaba, Veracruz, México. Odocoileus virginianus tropicalis (Cabrera, 1918). Type locality La María, en el Valle del Dagua, Colombia. Odocoileus virginianus nemoralis (Hamilton-Smith, 1827). Type locality restricted to Central America, round the Gulf of Mexico to Surinam ; further restricted to From Honduras to Panamá (Lydekker, 1915). Odocoileus virginianus ustus (Trouessart, 1910). Type locality El Pelado, north of Quito (4,100 m), on the border with Colombia. Odocoileus virginianus venatorius Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality Hunting Island, Beufort County, south Carolina, USA. Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg, Type locality Chijol, northern Veracruz, México. Odocoileus virginianus virginiana (Zimmermann, 1780). Type locality Wisconsin, USA. Odocoileus virginianus yucatanensis (Hays, 1872). Type locality throughout Yucatán and the southern part of México. Note to the reader: This chapter is an attempt to summarize the most relevant information on the neotropical subspecies and populations of white-tailed deer. While recognizing that, in the northern hemisphere, it is one of the most thoroughly studied species of large mammals, this chapter provides little information on the species in the United States or Canada. MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION The white-tailed deer is a polytypic species that has become well adapted to different environments. This diversity is reflected in body weight, external dimensions, coat coloration, antler growth and assorted physiological, biochemical and behavioral distinctions. In general, the color is darker in the humid, forested areas and paler in the drier, more open brushland, reddish in subtropical and tropical environments (Baker 1984). In the northern hemisphere they undergo two complete molts per year: the summer coat consists of short, thin, wiry hairs and

20 GALLINA ET AL. 103 varies from red-brown to bright tan; the winter coat varies from blue-gray to gray-brown and has longer, thicker and more brittle hairs (Smith 1991). In the southern hemisphere, the high Andean populations may retain a grayish pelage year-round, while tropical whitetails may keep the tawny, reddish phase (Baker 1984). Fawns have a reddish-brown with white dorsal spots that disappear at 3-4 months of age (Hesselton and Hesselton 1982). Figure 1 - Male with growing antlers, with velvet, (O. v. veraecrucis) in captivity (Photo: Alberto González- Romero). External body measurements of adult males varies for each subspecies. The range of measurements is as follows: total length cm; length of tail, cm; length of hind foot, cm; height at shoulder, cm; condylobasal length of the skull, cm (Taylor 1956). Adult males weigh from 90 to 135 kg, females weigh % less in USA, but these values diminish in the tropic. Adult deer in the Florida Keys or Coiba Island may weigh 22.5 kg (Halls 1978). Antlers are found only on males from April through February, but these dates change with latitude. The metatarsal gland reaches a maximum length of about 4.1 cm, but it seems to diminish with decreasing latitude. In Venezuela, Brokx (1984) found O.v. gymnotis lacking the glands completely. Dental formula: I=0/3, C=0/1, P=3/3, M=3/3, total=32. Among the 38 subspecies there is a wide variation in size. The largest forms are found in the northern hemisphere (with some exceptions as O.v. clavium) and the smaller in the southern hemisphere. The largest of South American subspecies is O.v. cariacou of Brazil which has a shoulder height of about 80 cm. The smallest is the white-tailed deer of Margarita Island, Venezuela (O.v. margaritae), which stands only about 60 cm. The majority of white-tailed deer living at subtropical and tropical climates is very small, with bucks weighing less than 50 kg and does less than 35 kg. Subspecies from the savannas of Venezuela and Texas appear to have shifted toward classic open-landscape adaptations: they are more sexually dimorphic in weight than are forms from forest, dense shrubs, and coastal swamps, and they have larger, more complex antlers and bigger tails. The metatarsal gland increases in size with increasing aridity and seasonality of climates; in tropical white-tailed deer, this gland disappears irrespective of aridity. South American forms have smaller antlers, shorter tails, and more vestigial canines and are thus more primitive than northern deer (Brokx 1985; cited by Geist 1998). North and South American white-tailed deer are deemed to be a single species, Odocoileus virginianus. Molina and Molinari (1999) used principal components and cluster analyses to compare crania and mandibles of Venezuelan and North American forms. They found that (1) Venezuelan and North American Odocoileus differ greatly from each other; (2) differentiation of groups within Venezuelan exceeds that within North American; (3) the most divergent Venezuelan Odocoileus are those from Margarita Island and the Mérida Andean highlands; (4) the Margaritan Odocoileus does not differ in mandibular shape from its lowland congeners, but differs appreciably from other Venezuelan Odocoileus in having smaller mandibles and in cranial-mandibular characters; (5) the Mérida Andean Odocoileus contrasts markedly with other Venezuelan congeners in mandibular shape and cranial characters; (6) the remaining Venezuelan Odocoileus constitute a single group; (7) within this group, individuals from the Caribbean coast have larger mandibles and differ in some cranial characters. Thus, Molina and Molinari (1999) propose that (a) Venezuelan and other Neotropical Odocoileus are not conspecific with O. virginianus; (b) Margaritan and Andean forms are distinct species: Odocoileus margaritae and Odocoileus lasiotis, respectively; (c) the remaining Venezuelan forms must be included within one species, Odocoileus cariacou; (d) Caribbean coast Odocoileus may represent an undescribed subspecies of O. cariacou. Brokx (1984) proposed for Colombia: O.v. goudotii: Gay and Gervais, 1846, in the Colombian Andes; O.v. ustus Trouessart, 1910, Ecuatorian Andes and maybe south of Colombia; O.v. tropicalis: Cabrera, 1918, in the Western Cordillera Occidental, Pacific coast of Colombia, it seems to be extinct (Hernández-Camacho et al. 1992); O.v. apurensis: Brokx 1972, in the Eastern Colombian Andes, Eastern Llanos and Amazonía. Smith (1991) did not consider the subspecies O.v apurensis, and its distribution is attributed to O.v. goudotii. The population at caribbean lowlands, from Guajira to Cordoba department is attributed to O.v.curassavicus: Hummelink 1940 (López-Arévalo and González- Hernández 2006). GENETICS Barragán (2002) working with captive animals found all individuals analyzed presented a complement composed by 2n=70 chromosomes. The fundamental number (FN) found for this species was 74 (66 x x 2 + sexual chromosomes x 2). The IC and RB for pair one, permitted classified as submetacentric (IC=36.8 ± 4.9 and RB=1.77± 0.36). In the case of the other autosomes (pair 2-34) the IC was cero (0) and the RB (~), and were classified as autosomes telocentric (Fig. 2). Based on mtdna data, Moscarella et al. (2003) concluded that Venezuelan white-tailed deer do not warrant SECTION 2