What we will learn. Vocabulario

Transcripción

1 Medical Spanish Lesson 4 October 9 th, 2014 Course created and taught by Saturnino Nino Rodriguez, Ph.D rodri231@msu.edu What we will learn Conjugation The correct use of ser and estar The word hay 1 st Conjugation: verbs ending in ar To need: Necesitar +noun Necesitar + infinitive Practice/exercise Vocabulario Qué? What? Quién? Who? Dónde? Where? Cuándo? When? Cada Cuánto? How Often? Cuánto? ( a)? How much? Cuántos? ( as)? How many? Cuántas veces? How many times? Cómo? How? Cuál? Which? Por qué? Why? 1

2 Estar ivamos a aprender el verbo estar! Let s learn the verb estar ( to be ) an indispensible verb for expressing states of being, illness, wellness, and existence in general. It is slightly irregular, but only in the yo form. 58 Estar to be (yo) estoy I am (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal) (nosotros/as) estamos We are (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural) Estar is used for: To express location of people, places, or objects. Ejemplo: El doctor está en el hospital. The doctor is at the hospital. El paciente está en la emergencia. The patient is in the emergency. To talk about physical or emotional conditions. Ejemplo: Cómo está Ud.? How are you? Estoy nervioso. I am nervous. 2

3 Práctica Substitute the correct form of the verb estar and finish the sentence. EJEMPLO Yo estoy enfermo 1. Nosotros/as 2. Ellos/as 3. Juan 4. Los pacientes 5. Rafael y Armando 6. Los doctores 1. Dónde está Ud. hoy? Práctica Provide possible answers in Spanish. ( Favor de contestar en español!) 2. Dónde está Lansing en Michigan o en California? 3. Dónde están los pacientes en el hospital o en la farmacia? 4. Estamos en la clínica o en la casa? 5. Está en una cantina o en una oficina? 6. Quién está en el hospital? 7. Cómo está Ud? Expressions with estar denoting emotion and health. Singular estar contento ( a) estar alegre estar nervioso( a) Plural estar contentos( as) estar alegres estar triste estar deprimido ( a) estar tristes estar deprimidos ( as) estar emfermo ( a) = no estar bien estar borracho ( a) = tomar mucho licor o alcohol 3

4 Ejercicio Write or say a complete sentences (Escriba o diga frases completas.) Ejemplo (Yo) estoy contento y no estoy enfermo. (I m happy and I m not sick.) 1. (Ella) 2. (Uds.) 3. (Martín y yo) 4. (Nosotras) 5. (Los pacientes) 6. (El doctor) 7. (Las doctoras) Ser: to be (yo ) soy I am (él, ella) es He/she/it is (Ud.) es You are (formal) (nosotros/as) somos We are (ellos/ellas) son They are (Uds.) son You are Use Ser Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics. To identify yourself and others. Soy Ana. (I am Ana) Soy Juan. Es José. To indicate profession El doctor es bueno. (The doctor is good). To describe personality traits and physical features. Somos altos y delgados. (We are tall and thin). Somos estudiantes buenos. (We are good students). To give time and date. Es la una. Hoy es miércoles. (It is one o clock. Today is Wednesday. 4

5 Use Ser Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics To indicate nationality and origin Es mexicano? Si, soy de México. To express possession with de. Este perro es de Anita. This is Anitas dog. To indicate color * De qué color es la blusa (blouse)? La blusa es blanca. Size Religión * Este cuarto es pequeño. *Juan es católico. This room is small. Juan is catholic. Ejercicio Practiquémos con el verbo ser. Ejemplo: Yo soy médico. 1. La leche (color). 2.Ellos (México). 3.Ella (profesión). 4. Mi hermano (tamaño). 5. Las medicinas (posesión). 6. Mis padres (personalidad). 7. las cuatro de la tarde (time). 8. Juan (religión). Ejercicio Practiquémos con el verbo ser. 1. Ellos. 2. Los doctores. 3. Mis pacientes. 4. El turista. 5. Nosotros. 6. Los mexicanos. 7. Mi hermano. 5

6 Ser vs. Estar Here we can compare both forms of the verb to be (ser and estar). Note their conjugations in the examples and the differences in their usage. Estar to be (yo) estoy I am (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal) (nosotros estamos) We are (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural) Ejercicio: Practiquémos la forma de ser o estar! 1. Rosa católica. 2. La aguja (needle) en la mesa. 3. Pedro enfermo. 4. Marcela de méxico. 5. El señor Ruiz médico. 6. Dónde la farmacia? 7. Hoy miércoles, 9 de octubre. 8. Elena contenta. 9. Los enfermos en el hospital. 6

7 Hay One of the most useful words in Spanish is hay, which means both there is and there are, is there? and are there?. You don t have to learn any endings or make any changes. Hay There is Hay una tableta There is one tablet. There are Hay tres tabletas. There are three tablets. Hay? Is there? Hay una tableta? Is there a tablet? Are there? Hay tabletas? Are there tablets? 83 Cuánto? Cuánta? How much Cuántos? Cuántas? How many Cuántas pastillas hay? EJEMPLO: Hay dos pastillas 1. (10).(doctores) 2. (15). (doctoras) 3. (75). (enfermeras) 4. (300). (pacientes) Conjugation Now, We ve finally arrived what you ve been so enthusiastically awaiting: conjugating! It s really quite simple. Just think, for example, of conjugated estrogen. You merely take a basic molecular structure and change that base by adding on different molecules, or in this case, adding on different endings to the base root of the verb. 7

8 First, let s being by refreshing our memories. Do you remember what an infinitive is? An infinitive in English consists of the word to and a verb: to take, to eat, to examine, to walk, to run, and so on. However, in Spanish, an infinitive is comprised of only one action word, which ends in either ar, er, or ir. In Spanish, there is no equivalent of the separate word to. To conjugate an ar verb: drop the ar ending. Tomar the ending = tom Take the stem tom and add: (yo) tomo I drink (él, ella, Ud.) toma he, she,you (formal) drinks (nosotros/as) tomamos we drink (ellos, ellas, Uds.) toman they (m., f.), you (pl) drink Hablar, caminar, estudiar From the standpoint of a healthcare professional, you would use Tú Ud. Ellos Ellas to address a child or teenager To address an adult to refer to a group of males and females or a group of males only. to refer to a group of females only In general, tú is called the familiar form of you, and Ud./Uds. Is called the formal form of you. 8

9 Take any regular ar verb, drop the ar and add these endings to the stem to form the present tense: o amos a an Conjugate the following. (Conjugue lo siguiente) Hablar (to speak) (yo) habl (él) habl (ella) habla (Ud.) habl nosotros habl (ellos) habl (ellas) habl (Uds.) habl Common ar verbs There are many ar verbs that you will be using in your medical practice. Remember that to conjugate them in the present tense, simply drop the ar and add the appropriate endings. ar endings: present tense O AMOS A AN Common ar verbs Caminar to walk Preguntar to ask Comprar to buy Recetar to prescribe Defecar to defecate Regresar to return Descansar to rest Respirar to breathe Hablar to talk Sacar to take out, to take Lavar to wash (i.e. Xrays) Llamar to call Tocar to touch Orinar to urinate Vomitar to vomit Visitar to visit 9

10 Ejercicio Quién toma Tylenol? Who takes Tylenol? Cuántas medicinas compra ella? How many medicines does she buy? Respira su hijo bien? Does your son breathe well? Llaman al doctor todos los días? Do they call the doctor every day? Más ejercicios 1. Quién camina al hospital? Who walks to the hospital? 2. Habla español? Do you speak Spanish? 3. Quiénes visitan al doctor? Who visits the doctor? 4. Cuándo vomita Ud más? When do you vomit more? Necesitar Now that you know something about conjugating verbs, let s look at the verb necesitar (to need),one of the most useful and important ar verbs. 10

11 Necesitar Qué necesita? What do you need? While you may not necessarily ask your patient this question, this is an effective way to learn how to use regular ar verbs in a simple and somewhat painless manner. Necesito un gotero, por favor. I need a dropper, please. Necesito una receta, por favor. I need a prescription, please. Necesito. I need Necesita. You need Necesita? Do you need? Qué necesita? What do you need? Necesitar Necesito and necesita come from the infinitive verb, necesitar (to need). All you need to do to activate the verb is drop off the ar ending; simply add o to say I need or add a to say You need. You can do this with all regular ar verbs, as seen in previous lectures. Remember: for health care professionals, the most important regular ar verb conjugations are those that end in o, implying I, or a, implying you (for your patient). And there is no need to use the personal pronoun (yo I, usted you, etc.), as this is indicated by the ending. Necesitar Another exciting and simple aspect of the Spanish language is that there are essentially no auxiliary verbs such as do, does, did, etc. as there are in English. For example, to ask: Do you need.?, just as Necesita? In an inquiring tone, which literally means, Need? (both the words do and you are understood). What do you need?, just say Qué necesita? Or, literally, What need? ( You is understood from the a ending.) 11

12 Necesitar Continued: What do I need, just say Qué necesito? or, literally, What need? (The word I is understood from the o ending.) Where do I need.?, just say Dónde necesito.? Or, literally, Where need? (The word I is understood from the o ending.) Práctica Read and then listen to the following brief monologue, and then answer the questions. (Favor de leer y escuchar el siguiente monólogo y de contestar las preguntas.) Doctor Juan, Ud. Necesita dos inyecciones cada día, en el brazo, por diez días. 1. Qué necesita Juan?. 2. Cuántas veces al día necesita las inyecciones?. 3. Dónde necesita las inyecciones?. 4. Quién necesita las inyecciones?. Necesitar + Infinitive There is another extremely helpful use of the verb to need. With the form necesito, you can simply add any infinitive verb. For example: Necesito tomar la temperatura Necesito examinar el oído Necesito recetar medicina I need to take your temperatura. I need to examine your ear. I need to prescribe medicine. 12

13 Just as in English, when two verbs are used together, the first one is conjugated (necesito, I need ) and the second verb remains untouched in its infinitive form (examinar, to examine ). Therefore, I need to examine becomes, in Spanish, necesito examinar. (So, in Spanish as in English, you would not conjugate both verbs by saying I need I examine. ) Necesitar + Infinitive Once you get the hang of this simple concept, you can begin to talk up a storm! For example, Necesito escuchar los pulmones Necesito examinar el brazo. (Usted) necesita tomar su medicina. Necesita cuidar la infección. Necesita regresar en dos semanas. Necesita examinar los (sus) senos en casa. Necesito pesarle. Necesitar + Infinitive This simple concept broadens your horizons considerably as far as what you can now ask and answer! It also makes conjugating immeasurably easier for you. Just conjugate the first verb (necesito, for I need ; necesita for you need, do you need? ) and leave the second verb alone in its infinitive form. The other wonderful advantage of this is that it doesn t matter if the second verb is regular or irregular you don t need to conjugate it. This is a fantastic shortcut! 13

14 Práctica Translate into Spanish. (Favor de traducir al español.) 1. I need to examine your ear.. 2. I need to take your pulse.. 3. I need to prescribe pills. 4. You need to take your medicine. 5. You need to examine your breast at home.. Diálogo In this dialogue, we will hear a conversation between a doctor and the mother of a patient. Doctor (a): Buenos días Señora Valdez. Cómo está Ud? Y su hijo? Señora: Muy bien, doctor (a). Todos estamos muy bien, excepto José. Está con tos y está triste. Doctor (a): Ah, comprendo señora. Necesito examinar a José. Mirar los oídos, la garganta, y necesito escuchar los pulmones y el corazón. Señora: Hay un problema, doctor (a)? Doctor (a): No, no hay. Cómo es la tos? Es una tos fuerte y con flemas (phlegms)? Señora: Es una tos muy fuerte. Doctor (a): Hay otras personas enfermas en su casa? Señora: No, todos estamos bien. Qué necesita mi hijo, José? Doctor (a): Voy a recetar una medicina para José. 14