Español Abajo. President Barack Obama The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC July 22, Dear Mr.

Transcripción

1 Español Abajo President Barack Obama The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC July 22, 2014 Dear Mr. President: As scholars of Central America and migration who are familiar with the conditions that cause so many children to flee their homelands, and mindful of the historical relationship between the United States and this region, we call on your administration to treat the unaccompanied minors at the border as refugees who are deserving of protection, due process, and humane treatment. We ask that they have access to legal representation by volunteer or government funded lawyers, in order for them to be reunited with relatives. Young migrants arriving from the Northern Triangle Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras face real and credible threats to their lives and safety in their hometowns. Further, many of them already have parents or other relatives living and working in the United States. Both the conditions of extreme insecurity in their homelands and the hardships of family separation dictate that these youth should be reunited with family members in the U.S. as swiftly as possible. The extreme violence and economic insecurity in Central America, as well as the role of migration as a survival strategy, have deep and well documented roots. The migration of children and youth from Central America is not new. Extortion and death threats from street gangs (some of which have their roots in Los Angeles) or organized criminals with ties to security forces have caused internal displacement and international migration for more than a decade. The local police cannot be trusted to protect these vulnerable communities and, indeed, are often part of the problem. While U.S. politicians apparently see this as a security problem for the U.S., to be resolved with more walls and detention centers, those who are truly living in insecurity and vulnerability are Salvadorans, Hondurans and Guatemalans. Young people whose parents migrated earlier in search of economic survival are especially vulnerable. Public schools, which should provide safety and opportunity for local youth, are often avenues of gang recruitment. In El Salvador, our research shows, 1

2 youth gangs within the public high schools are connected to one of the larger street gangs, either the 18th Street (Calle 18) or Mara Salvatrucha (or MS 13). Students who graduate from these institutes are regularly expected to join their respective gangs; those who refuse are threatened and some killed. In Guatemala, we have seen that those with migrant relatives are frequently targets for extortion. Indeed, migration often begins internally, as young people flee their homes to escape such threats. But it can be nearly impossible to escape the threats and assaults. The extortionists and gangs are present throughout all three countries, and local gang cliques can be linked to national and sometimes even transnational criminal networks; frequently, finding a job or even working as a vendor involves paying rent to the gangs. Without economic options, police protection, or basic public services, eventually many people see migration beyond national borders as the only option. While Costa Rica and México have also received an increase of asylum seekers from this region, the vast majority has come to the United States, where family ties and historical geopolitical relationships have made migration trajectories all but inevitable. Child testimonies reported recently in the media echo our long term research findings: these young people fear violence and hope to reunite with family members. Deportation would send many of them back to almost certain death and further destabilize the region, ultimately triggering more migration. We want to emphasize that the United States is complicit in the conditions that cause so many to migrate. The reasons are many: U.S. historical support for military dictatorships and regimes of violence in the region; its promotion of free trade agreements and economic policies that have undermined subsistence agriculture and eroded public services, and its increasingly harsh immigration policies and practices that have separated families and deported too many whose livelihoods and security were in the United States. We have an opportunity and a responsibility now to make up for some past mistakes by offering humane treatment and consideration to the new arrivals and swiftly reuniting them with their family members. Julio 22 del

3 Señor Presidente Barack Obama La Casa Blanca 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC Estimado Sr. Presidente: Como académicos especializados en migración y Centroamérica, familiarizados con las condiciones que causan que tantos niños huyan de sus países de origen, y teniendo en cuenta la relación histórica entre los Estados Unidos y la región, hacemos un llamado a su gobierno para tratar a dichos "menores no acompañados" en la frontera como refugiados merecedores de protección, trato humano y un debido proceso. Pedimos que estos menores tengan acceso a una representación legal, ya sea por parte de abogados voluntarios o financiados por el gobierno, para que estos puedan reunirse finalmente con sus familiares. Los jóvenes migrantes que llegan desde el Triángulo Norte Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras enfrentan en sus lugares de origen amenazas a sus vidas y seguridad que son reales y creíbles. Además, muchos de ellos ya tienen padres u otros parientes que viven y trabajan en los Estados Unidos. Tanto las condiciones de extrema inseguridad en sus países de origen como las dificultades que enfrentan al separarse de sus familias urgen para que estos jóvenes puedan reunirse con miembros de su familia en los EE.UU. lo más rápido posible. La extrema violencia y la inseguridad económica en Centroamérica, así como el papel de la migración como estrategia de supervivencia, tienen raíces profundas y bien documentadas. La migración de los niños y jóvenes Centroamericanos no es algo nuevo. Extorsiones y amenazas de muerte provenientes de las pandillas callejeras (algunas de las cuales tienen sus raíces en Los Ángeles) o de la delincuencia organizada que tienen vínculos con las fuerzas de seguridad nacional, han causado desplazamiento interno y migración internacional desde hace más de una década. No se puede confiar en la policía local para proteger a estas comunidades vulnerables y, de hecho, a menudo la policía es parte del problema. Mientras que los políticos estadounidenses, aparentemente, ven esto como un problema para la seguridad de los EE.UU., que debe resolverse con más muros y centros de detención, los que realmente viven en inseguridad y vulnerabilidad son Salvadoreños, Hondureños y Guatemaltecos. 3

4 Los jóvenes cuyos padres ya han emigrado en busca de la supervivencia económica son especialmente vulnerables. Las escuelas públicas, que deben proporcionar seguridad y oportunidades para la juventud local, son a menudo vías de reclutamiento para las pandillas. En El Salvador, de acuerdo a nuestra investigación, las pandillas juveniles en las escuelas públicas están conectadas a pandillas callejeras más grandes, ya sean la 18 (Calle 18) o la Mara Salvatrucha (MS 13). Generalmente, existen expectativas sobre los estudiantes que se gradúan de estos institutos para que se unan a las pandillas correspondientes; aquellos que se niegan son amenazados y algunos asesinados. En Guatemala se ha visto que aquellos que tienen familiares migrantes son frecuentemente objeto de extorsión. De hecho, el proceso de migración a menudo comienza internamente, ya que los jóvenes abandonan sus hogares para escapar de este tipo de amenazas. Es casi imposible escapar a las amenazas y agresiones. Los extorsionadores y las pandillas están presentes a lo largo de los tres países, y las hermandades entre estas pandillas locales pueden ser vinculadas a redes criminales nacionales y, a veces, transnacionales; con frecuencia, encontrar un trabajo o incluso trabajar como vendedor implica pagar "renta" a las pandillas. Con el tiempo, sin opciones económicas, sin la protección de la policía y sin acceso a los servicios públicos básicos, muchas personas ven la migración como la única opción. Mientras que Costa Rica y México también han recibido un aumento de los solicitantes de asilo procedentes de esta región, la gran mayoría ha llegado a los Estados Unidos, donde los lazos familiares y las relaciones geopolíticas históricas han hecho que las trayectorias migratorias sean casi inevitables. Los recientes testimonios de niños, reportados en los medios de comunicación, hacen eco a los hallazgos de una investigación a largo plazo: estos jóvenes temen la violencia y tienen la esperanza de reunirse con sus familiares. La deportación enviaría muchos de estos jóvenes de regreso a una muerte casi segura y podría desestabilizar la región aún más, desencadenando una mayor migración. Queremos enfatizar que los Estados Unidos es cómplice con las condiciones que fuerzan a muchos a emigrar. Las razones son múltiples: el apoyo histórico por parte de los EE.UU. a las dictaduras militares y regímenes de violencia en la región; su promoción de acuerdos de libre comercio y políticas económicas que subestiman la agricultura de subsistencia y erosionan los servicios públicos, así como sus políticas y prácticas de inmigración cada vez más duras, que han separado familias y han deportado a demasiadas personas cuyos medios de vida y seguridad se encontraban en los Estados Unidos. Ahora tenemos una oportunidad y responsabilidad para rectificar algunos errores del pasado, ofreciendo consideración y un trato humano a los recién llegados, para poder reunirlos rápidamente con sus familiares. 4

5 SIGNATURES: NAME AND AFFILIATION (university, institution, profession, etc.) FIRMAS: NOMBRE Y AFILIACIÓN (universidad, institución, profesión, etc.) 1. Andrea Dyrness, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2. Lisa Maya Knauer, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 3. Ellen Moodie, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 4. Debra Rodman, Randolph Macon College 5. Héctor Perla Jr., University of California, Santa Cruz 6. Molly Todd, Montana State University 7. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Yale University 8. Evelyn Galindo Doucette, University of Wisconsin Madison 9. Elana Zilberg, University of California San Diego 10. Sonja Wolf, Institute for Security and Democracy (INSYDE) 11. Karl Offen, University of Oklahoma 12. Florence E. Babb, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 13. Jon Shefner, University of Tennessee 14. Colleen M. Avedikian, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 15. Ann De Leon, University of Alberta 16. Ella Schmidt, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg 17. Fina Carpena Mendez, Oregon State University 18. Pablo Domínguez Galbraith, Princeton University 19. John Gledhill, University of Manchester, UK 20. Christine Wade, Washington College 21. Beth Baker, California State University, Los Angeles 22. Olga Vásquez Monzón, independent researcher and writer, El Salvador 23. Irina Carlota Silber, City University of New York 24. José A. Muñoz, California State University San Bernardino 25. Daniel Serravalle de Sá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 26. Timothy Wadkins, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 27. Patricia Martin, Université de Montréal, Canada 28. Alexander Main, Center for Economic and Policy Research 29. Susan Berger, Fordham University, NY 30. Brent Metz, University of Kansas 31. Elizabeth Sáenz Ackerman, Stanford University 32. Bruce Mannheim, University of Michigan 33. Juanita Darling, San Francisco State University, CA 5

6 34. Rachel Hatcher, University of Saskatchewan 35. Mary O Connor, University of California, Santa Barbara 36. Rosaleen Howard, Newcastle University 37. Jacqueline Caraves, University of California, Los Angeles 38. Alberto Martín Álvarez, Instituto Mora, México 39. Kendra McSweeney, Ohio State University 40. Heidi Reid, University of Manchester 41. Jorge E. Cuéllar, Yale University 42. William Stanley, University of New México 43. Shannon Speed, University of Texas at Austin 44. Ignacio Aguiló, University of Manchester 45. George Yudice, University of Miami 46. Alex M. Nading, Franklin & Marshall College 47. Susana S. Martinez, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 48. Leo R. Chavez, University of California, Irvine 49. Vanessa Martinez, Holyoke Community College 50. Elizabeth C Martinez, DePaul University, Chicago 51. Luján Menazzi, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina 52. Frederick B. Mills, Bowie State University 53. Janet L. Bauer, Trinity College 54. Abigail Adams, Central Connecticut State University, CT 55. Timothy Sieber, University of Massachusetts Boston 56. Jenny Pearce, University of Bradford, UK 57. Jeremy Rayner, Hunter College CUNY 58. Linda Green, University of Arizona 59. Maurice R. Magaña, University of California, Los Angeles 60. Erick Castellanos, Ramapo College of New Jersey 61. Adriana M Foiles Sifuentes, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 62. Pauline Lipman, University of Illinois at Chicago 63. Stephane Tonnelat, Center for International Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences 64. Mateja Celestina, University of Manchester 65. Ellen Hertz, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland 66. Tamar Diana Wilson, University of Missouri, St. Louis 67. Alejandra Navarro Smith, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México 68. Glenn Jacobs, University of Massachusetts Boston 69. Jennifer N. Collins, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point 70. Jon Horne Carter, Le Moyne College 71. Nancy K. Shute, Methodist Theological School in Ohio 6

7 72. Robert E. Birt, Bowie State university 73. Jennifer Goett, Michigan State University 74. Rhonda L. Neugebauer, University of California, Riverside 75. Linda Rabben, American University 76. Angélica Cabezas Pino, University of Manchester, UK 77. Adrian Bergmann, Don Bosco University, El Salvador 78. Claudia Fernán, University of Richmond, VA 79. René Olate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 80. Graciela Cabana, University of Tennessee 81. Alcira Forero Pena, The City University of New York (CUNY) 82. Manuela Camus Bergareche, Universidad de Guadalajara, México 83. Santiago Bastos Amigo, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS), México 84. Kathleen Coll, University of San Francisco 85. Laura Matthew, Marquette University 86. Virginia Garrard Burnett, University of Texas, Austin 87. Jorge Juárez, Universidad de El Salvador, El Salvador 88. Rachel Sieder, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS), México 89. Alisse Waterston, John Jay College, City University of New York 90. Beth C. Rubin, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 91. Jaime Rivas Castillo, Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, El Salvador 92. Jennifer Erickson, Ball State University 93. Robin Maria DeLugan, University of California, Merced 94. Maria Roof, Howard University, Washington D.C. 95. Adrienne Pine, American University 96. June Carolyn Erlick, Harvard University 97. Laura Chinchilla, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 98. Norma Chinchilla, California State University Long Beach 99. Beatriz Manz, University of California, Berkeley 100. Aynn Setright, SIT Study Abroad, Nicaragua 101. Lara Putnam, University of Pittsburgh 102. Walter Little, University at Albany, SUNY 103. Nicole Caso, Bard College, Annandale on Hudson, New York 104. Mark Overmyer Velázquez, University of Connecticut 105. Hans Buechler, Syracuse University 106. Jennifer Casolo, Universidad Rafael Landívar, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala 7

8 107. Emilio del Valle Escalante, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 108. Eliza Willis, Grinnell College 109. Richard Stahler Sholk, Eastern Michigan University 110. Sheila R. Tully, San Francisco State University 111. Jayne Howell, California State University Long Beach 112. Mónica Toussaint, Instituto Mora, México 113. Douglass Sullivan Gonzalez, University of. Mississippi 114. Katherine Borland, Ohio State University 115. Caitlin Fouratt, California State University Long Beach 116. Nora Hamilton, University of Southern California 117. Edward Schortman, Kenyon College 118. Robert R. Alvarez, University of California San Diego 119. Angela Stuesse, University of South Florida 120. Elizabeth Maier, Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, México Andrés Medina, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, UNAM, México Philippe Bourgois, University of Pennsylvania 123. Valeria Grinberg Pla, Bowling Green State University, Ohio, USA 124. Carmen Elena Villacorta, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Argentina 125. Richard Grossman, Northeastern Illinois University 126. Hatem Bazian, University of California Berkeley and Zaytuna College 127. Aviva Chomsky, Salem State University 128. Natalicia Tracy, University of Massachusetts Boston 129. Werner Mackenbach, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica 130. Margarita Huayhua, Royal Anthropological Institute, London, UK 131. José Miranda, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Guatemala 132. Curtis D. Holder, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs 133. Stephanie Aubry, Ohio State University 134. Carlota McAllister, York University, Canada 135. Andrew T. Bentley, Michigan State University 136. Louise Pisano Simone, Georgetown University 137. Aaron Pollack, Centro de Investigaciones y Educación Superior en Antropología Social (CIESAS) Sureste, México 138. Gustavo Lopez Angel, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, México 139. Kari Marska Pries, University of Glasgow, UK 140. Shannon Drysdale Walsh, University of Minnesota Duluth 141. Guillermo Carrasco Rivas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México Dorothy Mosby, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts 8

9 143. Chris Chiappari, St. Olaf College, Minnesota 144. Maribel Nicasio González, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México 145. Tanya Golash Boza, University of California, Merced 146. Armando Vazquez Ramos, California México studies Center, Long Beach 147. Deborah T. Levenson, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 148. Oscar Ulloa, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México 149. Karen Kampwirth, Knox College 150. Cindy Forster, Scripps College 151. Miriam Aldasoro, independent researcher, México 152. Laura Espejel López, Dirección de Estudios Histórica del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (DEH INAH), México 153. Saul Baños, Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho, El Salvador 154. Claudia Milian, Duke University 155. Nathalie Boucher, University of Ottawa 156. Rebecca Galemba, University of Denver 157. Vanesa Tomasino Rodríguez, York University, Toronto 158. Gerardo Chavez Cornejo, York University, Toronto 159. Maria Benciolini, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, UNAM, México 160. Lok Siu, University of California at Berkeley 161. Jeffrey L. Gould, Indiana University, Bloomington Indiana 162. Geoff Thale, Washington Office on Latin America 163. M. Gabriela Torres, Wheaton College, MA 164. Betsabe Martínez, Colegio de Michoacán (COLMICH), México 165. James Quesada, San Francisco State University 166. Natalia Radetich, Universidad Autónoma de México, México 167. Morna Macleod, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México 168. Robert Reinauer, Rollins College 169. Mayo C. Toruño, California State University, San Bernardino 170. Ruti Talmor, Pitzer College 171. Anahi VIladrich, Queens College & The Graduate Center, CUNY 172. Jennifer Shoaff, University of Alabama 173. LaDawn Haglund, Arizona State University 174. Enrique Sepúlveda, University of Saint Joseph, Connecticut 175. Xavier Echarri, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth 176. Sylvia Tesh, University of Arizona 177. Abraham Ávila, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro 178. Regina Day Langhout, University of California at Santa Cruz 9

10 179. Alicia Estrada, California State University, Northridge 180. Juliet Hooker, University of Texas at Austin 181. Leva Jusionyte, University of Florida 182. Norah Schwartz, Colegio de la Frontera Norte 183. Mneesha Gellman, Centre for Global Cooperation Research 184. Jim Costanzo, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY 185. Anita Isaacs, Haverford College 186. Ana Patricia Rodriguez, University of Maryland, College Park 187. Benedicte Bull, University of Oslo 188. Christopher Loperena, University of San Francisco 189. Hilary Francis, University of Aberdeen, UK 190. Karen Smith Rotabi, Independent Researcher 191. Martha Bustos Torres, Antropóloga Independiente, México 192. Sonia Roitman, University of Queensland, Australia 193. Bruce O Neill, Saint Louis University, MO 194. Par Kumaraswami, University of Manchester, UK 195. Nick Anguelov, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth 196. Alison Lee, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla 197. Philip Kretsedemas, University of Massachusetts Boston 198. Ralph Sprenkels, Utrecht University, Netherlands 199. Patricia Lenci, St. Dominic s Sixth Form College, Middlesex, UK 200. Haley Duschinski, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 201. Valdi Astvaldsson, University of Liverpool, UK 202. Angela Romero Astvaldsson, University of Liverpool, UK 203. Beatriz Cortez, California State University, Northridge 204. Michael Allison, University of Scranton 205. Michael B. Wise, Willamette University 206. Juan Luis Recio, Emeritus, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 207. Sarah Hunt, University of Manchester, UK 208. Rafael Jose Gude, University of Oxford, UK 209. Ana Cristina Ramírez Barreto, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, México 210. Irene Rodríguez, Uruguay 211. Gretel H. Vera Rosas, California State University, Northridge 212. Elvira Pruneda, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, CINAH, México 213. Debra J. Pelto, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 214. Kristin E. Yarris, University of Oregon 215. Claudia Ferman, University of Richmond 10

11 216. Ryan Long, University of Maryland 217. Rose Marie Galindo, University of Wisconsin Colleges 218. Consuelo Hernandez, American University, Washington D.C Kirsten Dean, Friends Meeting of Austin,Texas 220. Yansi Pérez, Carleton College 221. Maritza Cárdenas, University of Arizona 222. Roberto Rivera Pérez, Multiversidad Mundo Real Edgar Morin, México 223. Peter Wade, University of Manchester, UK 224. Laura Nussbaum Barberena, University of Illinois at Chicago 225. Daniel Renfrew, West Virginia University 226. Julie A. Charlip, Whitman College 227. Luciana Chamorro, Columbia University, 228. Lucinda Foote Short, University of Oxford, UK 229. Leigh M. Campoamor, Lafayette College, Pennsylvania 230. Jose Juan Colin, University of Oklahoma 231. Marvin DeLos Reyes, American University, Washington D.C Sophie Esch, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 233. Justin Wolfe, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 234. Jo Marie Burt, George Mason University & the Washington Office on Latin America 235. Laura A. Valdiviezo, University of Massachusetts Amherst 236. Jan Nespor, The Ohio State University 237. Rebecca Mitchell, Boston College 238. Patricia Penn Hilden, University of California, Berkeley 239. Erin S. Finzer, University of Arkansas at Little Rock 240. Michelle A. Watts, American Public University System 241. Olivia T Ruiz Marrujo, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte 242. Susanne Jonas, University of California, Santa Cruz 243. Emily F. Davidson, Pacific Lutheran University 244. Cecilia Gosso, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy 245. Kathia Núñez Patiño, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH), México 246. Mark Anner, Penn State University, PA 247. Sergio Tischler, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México 248. Bridget Hayden, University of Southern Mississippi 249. Gabriele Kohpahl, East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park, CA 250. Jennifer Abercrombie, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 251. LeighAnna Hidalgo, University of California Los Angeles 252. Carla Guerrón Montero, University of Delaware 253. Richard J. Panofsky, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 11

12 254. Enrique C. Ochoa, California State University, Los Angeles 255. Eduardo González Di Pierro, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México 256. Ester Hernández, California State University, Los Angeles 257. Wendy Vogt, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 258. Fiona Wilmot, Texas A&M University 259. Joseph Wiltberger, California State University, Northridge 260. Ann Jefferson, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 261. Meredith Wegener, University of California, Los Angeles 262. Kate Brannum, American Public University System 263. Jean Franco, Columbia University 264. Corinne Smith, Monterey Institute of International Studies 265. Margaret Power, Illinois Institute of Technology 266. Margaret Wilder, University of Arizona, Tucson 267. Paul V. McDowell, Santa Barbara City College 268. Elaine M. Miller, Christopher Newport University, Virginia 269. Evelyn Nakano Glenn, University of California, Berkeley 270. Robson Corrêa de Camargo, Universidade Federal de Goiás 271. Osvaldo Jordán, Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo, Panamá 272. Aldo Guevara, Worcester State University, Massachusetts 273. Leticia Calderón Chelius, Instituto Mora/ Migrantologos, México 274. Mariela Nuñez Janes, University of North Texas 275. Cecilia Menjivar, Arizona State University 276. Jaime Preciado, Universidad de Guadalajara, México 277. Sally Campbell Galman, University of Massachusetts at Amherst 278. Patricia Zamudio Grave, CIESAS Golfo, México 279. Diana Adams Elrod, University of North Texas 280. Ignacio Ramos Vidal, Departamento de Psicología Social (Universidad de Sevilla), Spain 281. Kathy Powell, National University of Ireland Galway, UK 282. Ignacio Medina, Universidad de Guadalajara, México 283. Nanci Buiza, Swarthmore College 284. James Phillips, Southern Oregon University 285. Sofia Villenas, Cornell University 286. Ruben Medina, University of Wisconsin Madison 287. Anne Kirschmann, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 288. Charles Doucette, University of Wisconsin Whitewater 289. Marilyn Jones, Cardinal Stritch University 290. Hilda Irene Cota Guzmán, Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana, México 12

13 291. Gabriel A. Torres, University of Notre Dame 292. Amanda Zac, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. La Escuela Bio Itza, Petén, Guatemala 293. Cornelia Butler Flora, Kansas State University 294. Rebecca Nelson, University of Connecticut 295. Irma A.Velásquez Nimatuj, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala 296. Arturo Arias, The University of Texas at Austin 297. Edgar R. Mojica, University of California, Berkeley 298. Kristin Koptiuch, Arizona State University 299. Gerard Koot, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 300. Stephanie Huezo, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 301. Maria Lagos, The City University of New York 302. Claudia Garcia, University of Nebraska at Omaha 303. Gloria E. Chacon, University of California, San Diego 304. Luis E. Cárcamo Huechante, The University of Texas at Austin 305. Gloria Cáceres, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México 306. Shari Huhndorf, University of California, Berkeley 307. Erik Ching, Furman University 308. Kency Cornejo, Duke University 309. Jose Zapata Calderon, Emeritus Professor, Pitzer College 310. Nancy Pérez, Arizona State University 311. Shannon Gleeson, Cornell University 312. Britt Rios Ellis, California State University Long Beach 313. Edward O. Kennedy, Jr., Florida International University 314. Martha Cecilia Dietrich, University of Manchester 315. Fabio Armao, University of Turin, Italy 316. Sofía Vindas Solano, Universidad de Costa Rica 317. Susan Fitzpatrick Behrens, California State University 318. Nanneke Winters, IOB, University of Antwerp, Belgium 319. Alicia Re Cruz, University of North Texas 320. Fazila Bhimji, Senior Lecturer, University of Central Lancashire, UK 321. Nigel Thomas, Professor of Childhood and Youth Research, University of Central Lancashire, UK 322. Marc Edelman, Hunter College & the Graduate Center, City University of New York 323. Latefa Narriman Guemar, London School Of Economics, UK 324. Adilia Solis Reyes, Universidad de Costa Rica 325. Christine Moon, Brown University 13

14 326. Christine Sleeter, California State University Monterey Bay 327. Nadine Jubb, York University, Canada 328. Federico Cintron Moscoso, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico 329. Alyshia Gálvez, Lehman College, City University of New York 330. Gloria Alicia Caudillo Félix, Universidad de Guadalajara, México 331. Chris Zepeda Millan, University of California, Berkeley 332. Nick Copeland, Virginia Polytechnic 333. Jill Anderson, Independent Researcher in Ciudad de México 334. Irene B. Hodgson, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio 335. Arpi Misha Miller, University of California, Los Angeles 336. Misha Kokotovic, University of California, San Diego 337. Tania Pleitez Vela, UEB, University of Barcelona 338. Yajaira Padilla, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 339. Jennifer Larkum, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 340. Leisy Abrego, University of California, Los Angeles 341. Carlos Cañas Dinarte, Independent Researcher, El Salvador 342. María L. Cruz Torres, Arizona State University 343. William Paul Simmons, University of Arizona 344. Xochitl Itzel Hernández, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, México 345. Juan Carlos Cisneros, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brasil 346. Megan Ybarra, University of Washington 347. Jennifer Burrell, SUNY Albany 348. M. Brinton Lykes, Boston College 349. Natalie Zacek, University of Manchester 350. Airín Denise Martínez, Arizona State University 351. Dennis H. Young, Independent Researcher 352. Rachel M. Hershberg, Tufts University 353. J. T. Way, Georgia State University 354. Katherine N Welchlin, University of Arizona 355. Rossana Reguillo, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara (ITESO), México 356. Rachel Bowen, The Ohio State University 357. Marcela Ibarra Mateos, Ibero Puebla, México 358. Gabriele Rabenbauer, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) Occidente, México 359. Julio de Freitas Taylor, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 360. María Graciela Rodríguez, Universidad de San Martín, Argentina 361. Flora Calderón, Writer, México 362. Linda J. Craft, North Park University, Chicago, IL 14

15 363. Ajna Palacios Gámaz, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH), México 364. Roxana Martel, Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, UCA, El Salvador 365. Gabriela Ruvalcaba, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México 366. Carolina Mata Miranda. Colegio de Michoacán, Mich, México 367. Ivonne Vidaña 368. Roberto José Leiva, El Diario de Hoy, El Salvador, América Central 369. Claudia Torres, Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, UCA, El Salvador 370. Celina Hernández Palomo, Universidad José Simeón Cañas, UCA, El Salvador 371. Eduardo Martínez, Guadalajara, México 372. Thomas Offit, Baylor University 373. María Soledad Forcadell, De Pauw University, Indiana 374. Margarita Garza, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara ((ITESO)), México 375. Rosibel Pacheco, Universidad de El Salvador, El Salvador 376. Silvia Alvarez Curbelo, Universidad de Puerto Rico 377. Carlos Lara Martínez, Universidad de El Salvador 378. Carla María De León, El Salvador 379. Carmen López Portillo, Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana, México 380. Kate Fischer, University of Colorado Boulder 381. Teresa Abbruzzese, York University, Toronto, Canada 382. Miranda Cady Hallett, Otterbein University 383. Terry Karl, Stanford University 384. Mario Domínguez García, México Distrito Federal 385. Heather S. Williams, Metropolitan State College, Denver 386. Jesse S. MacDonald, Tucson, AZ 387. Paul T. McKay, Ecumenical Project for International Cooperation, Allenspark, CO 388. Carlos A. Cruz Santiago, Cauce Ciudadano AC, México Distrito Federal 389. Ricardo A. Langlois, Universidad Dr. José Matías Delgado, Santa Tecla, El Salvador 390. Jorge Valente García, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara (ITESO), México 391. Karla Lottini, Writer and Journalist in exile in Canada 392. Andrea Pérez Olivares, Guadalajara, México 393. Ligia Elizabeth Mazariegos Ramos, Morelia, México 394. Czarina Aggabao Thelen, University of Texas at Austin 395. Pedro Caldentey del Pozo, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Spain 15

16 396. Fredy Barahona, Universidad de El Salvador, El Salvador 397. Ivania S. Olivares, Vancouver, Canada 398. Carmen Alcantara, Fisiatra y fisioterapeuta retirada en Canada Carlos Brito, Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales, México 401. Maine Astonitas, The University of Auckland 402. Gustavo Acosta, Incuba Social, México 403. Rosa López Aguilar, Universidad de Guadalajara, México 404. Jeannette Aguilar, Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública, El Salvador 405. Autumn Knowlton, University of British Columbia, Canada 406. Patricia Gutiérrez Otero L, México 407. Alexandra Tomaselli, EURAC, Italy 408. Prof Lúcia Sá, University of Manchester, UK 409. Matt Benwell, Newcastle University, UK 410. Lolita Bosch, Escritora y Directora de Nuestra Aparente Rendición, Barcelona, Spain 411. Patience A. Schell, University of Aberdeen, Scotland 412. Tanja Bastia, University of Manchester, UK 413. Julie Hearn, Lancaster University, UK 414. Jenny Pearce, University of Bradford, UK 415. Carol Pearson, North Dakota State University, Fargo 416. Tecia Xifaras, University of Massachusetts School of Law 417. Leonor Kennell, Albuquerque, NM 418. Rhonda Taube, Riverside City College, Riverside, California 419. Karl Taube, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 420. Elia Armacanqui, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point 421. Clifford T. Brown, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 422. Alexandre Da Costa, Queen's University, Canada 423. Julie Cupples, University of Edinburgh, UK 424. Mary E. McKay, Dunamis Peace Institute, Allenspark, CO 425. Claudia Rueda, Texas A&M Corpus Christi 426. Joanne Garfield, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 427. Clara Pérez Fabregat, Universitat de Barcelona 428. Josiah Heyman, University of Texas at El Paso 429. Hugo Ceron Anaya, Lehigh University 430. Sandra Aguilar Rodriguez, Moravian College 431. Amada Armenta, University of Pennsylvania 432. Vikki Katz, Rutgers University 433. Dario Borim, UMass Dartmouth 16

17 434. Sandhya Shukla, University of Virginia 435. Eduardo Domenech, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina 436. Adrian Ricardo Tio, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 437. Marisa Ruiz Trejo, New York University 438. Eric Larson, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 439. Julie Stewart, University of Utah 440. Sofia Rodriguez, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 441. Citlali Quecha Reyna, México 442. Timothy Wedig, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 443. Jacinta Escudos, Independent Writer, El Salvador 444. Antonio Sotomayor, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 445. José Raúl Guzmán, New York University 446. Hilson Aguiar, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth 447. Vania Loredo, New York University 448. Kate Williams, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 449. Parker Cleveland III, Georgia Institute of Technology 450. Alisa Garni, Kansas State University 451. Juan Guillermo Pérez Castillo, México 452. Yvette Aparicio, Grinnell College 453. Millie Thayer, University of Massachusetts Amherst 454. Kristen Kalbrener, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 455. Marilyn S. Noll, Dunamis Peace Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 456. Suyapa Portillo Villeda, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA 457. Maria Eugenia Brockmann, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 458. Camilla Querin, New York University 459. William Clary, University of the Ozarks, Clarksville, AR 460. Laura Stephanía Torres DGiesecke, Laureate International Universities 461. Roselyn Constantino, Pennsylvania State University 462. Victoria Sanford, Lehman College, CUNY 463. Miguel Huezo Mixco, United Nations Development Programme, El Salvador 464. Charles R. Hale, University of Texas at Austin 465. Lynn Stephen, University of Oregon 466. James P. Winship, University of Wisconsin Whitewater 467. Sixto C. Soto, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign 468. Anna María Escobar, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign 469. Karla Preciado Robles, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara (ITESO), México 470. Christina L. Sisk, University of Houston 471. Julie A. Gibbings, University of Manitoba 17

18 472. Gerardo Calderon, Lehigh University 473. Joaquin M. Chavez, University of Illinois at Chicago 474. James Loucky, Western Washington University 475. Andrew Orta, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 476. Hossein Ayazi, University of California, Berkeley 477. Tasha Hauff, University of California, Berkeley 478. Mariana Assis, The New School for Social Research, New York 479. Gustavo E. Lara, El Paso, Texas 480. Verónica Ruiz Lagier, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México 481. Israel Arroyo García, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México 482. Bea Scharpenberg, Riells i Viabrea, Spain 483. Gloria Rudolf, University of Pittsburgh 484. Rachel Afi Quinn, University of Houston 485. Amanda Ciafone, The University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 486. Gloria de Sá, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 487. Kathy Velasco, New York University 488. Brant Roberts, University of Houston 489. Joe Bryan, University of Colorado, Boulder 490. Veronica Castillo Munoz, University of California, Santa Barbara 491. Jenna Nobles, University of Wisconsin, Madison 492. Bradley Hilgert, Ohio State University 493. Roger Atwood, Contributing Editor, Archaeology, London and San Salvador 494. Uriel Quesada, Loyola University New Orleans 495. Miguel Huanca, University of Chicago, Illinois 496. Cristina Hunter, Boston College 497. Cornelia Gräbner, Lancaster University, UK 498. Deborah A. Boehm, University of Nevada, Reno 499. Mariel Ibarra, Ciudad de México 500. Erica Vogel, Saddleback College 501. Patricia Foxen, American University 502. Carmen Norela Espinosa Dueñas 503. Mariana Marín Romero, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California 504. Anne Boisvert, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 505. Ricardo Ramirez, University of Texas at El Paso 506. Julie Nieset, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign 507. Tania Ionin, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 508. Gail Ament, Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa 509. Nelly S. Gonzalez, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 510. Marnie Thomson, University of Colorado Boulder 18

19 511. Gabriel Medina, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México 512. Vilma Santiago Irizarry, Cornell University 513. Maria Lorena Cook, Cornell University 514. Pablo Martínez Lozada, Editor, Ciudad de México 515. Inés Hernández Avila, University of California, Davis 516. Carole McGranahan. University of Colorado, Boulder 517. Fernando Gutiérrez Champion, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara (ITESO), México 518. Kim V. Kosakowski, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 519. Yolanda Alfaro Aramayo, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, México 520. Steffi Rojas, Binghamton University 521. Maribel Campos Muñuzuri, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México Úrsula Ramírez, Universidad de Guadalajara, México 523. Joyce Bennett, Connecticut College 524. Ageeth Sluis, Butler University, Indianapolis 525. Hana Muzika Kahn, Temple University 526. Marc Zimmerman, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Houston 527. Katherine Hoyt, Nicaragua Network 528. Melissa Guy, Arizona State University 529. Liisa North, York University, Canada 530. Sarah England, Soka University 531. Michael Cangemi, Binghamton University 532. Eva Kalny, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany 533. Miguel Ángel Castillo, El Colegio de México 534. Eduardo Rey, Universidad de Santiago Compostela 535. Sarah Stephens, Center for Democracy in the Americas 536. Liza Grandia, University of California Davis 537. Fern Edwards, Dunamis Peace Institute 538. Eduardo Ledesma, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 539. Jocelyn Yow, University of California, Berkeley 540. Carol.Pearson, North Dakota State University, Fargo 541. Sean Downey, University of Maryland 542. Kristin Edquist, Eastern Washington University 543. Susan Coutin, University of California, Irvine 544. Rubén G. Rumbaut, University of California, Irvine 545. Connie McGuire, University of California, Irvine 546. Antonio Manuel Tlaloc Torres, New York University 547. Ezequiel Reyes, Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica, México 19

20 548. Myriam Chicas, Universidad Rafael Landívar, Guatemala 549. Gwendolyn Ferreti, University of Texas at Austin 550. Faranak Miraftab, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign 551. Elizabeth O Brien, The University of Texas at Austin 552. Brianna Briones, The University of Texas at Austin 553. Maria Cristina Garcia, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 554. Edna A. Viruell Fuentes, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign 555. Raquel González Loyola Pérez, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México 556. Laura Vargas Pulido, New York University 557. Gladys Trujillo, Freelance Journalist, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México 558. Catherine Tracy Goode, México Research Network, Ciudad de México 559. Fortino Domínguez Rueda, Universidad de Guadalajara, México 560. Brian L. Price, Brigham Young University 561. Shalyn E. Shanks, University of Texas at Austin 562. Martha Y. Bohrt, University of Texas at Austin 563. Isabel Vericat, ciudadana democrática, México, DF 564. May ek Querales Mendoza, CIESAS D.F Cyntia Ayala, Guadalajara, Jalisco México 566. Nancy Landa, Los Otros Dreamers Collective, México 567. José Cal, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Héctor Domínguez Ruvalcaba, University of Texas at Austin 569. Axel Kohler, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas 570. Argán Aragón, Universidad Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris Cissi Montilla, Querétaro, México 572. Gabriela Magdaleno del Río, Instituto Mora 573. Sheila Cosminsky, Rutgers University, NJ 574. Marcela Arteaga, Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica, México 575. Paulo Neves, Universidade Federal de Sergipe Brazil 576. José Antonio Foronda Farro, Prevención, Capacitación y Defensa del Migrante (PRECADEM A.C.), México 577. Gennaro Avallone, University of Salerno, Italy 578. Vanessa Marie Fernández, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh USA 579. Virgilio Briones, The University of Manchester, UK 580. MAriana Chang, The University of MAnchester, UK 581. Primitivo Rodríguez Oceguera, Investigador Asociado, El Colegio de México 582. Catherine Jaskowiak, Journalist and Family Therapist, London, UK 583. Laura Velasco Ortiz, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, México 20

21 584. Graciela Malgesini, European Anti Poverty Network, Spain 585. Isabel Rosales, GIGA Institute of Latin American Studies, Germany 586. Federico Lenzerini, University of Siena, Italy 587. Jennifer F. Reynolds. University of South Carolina 588. Ana Troncosos, Georg August Universität Göttingen 589. Patricia Brogna. FCPyS, UNAM 590. Florencia Quesada Avendaño, University of Helsinki 591. Devin T. Molina, Bronx Community College of the City University of New York 592. Rebecca Isabel Jackson, University of Texas at Austin 593. Rosa María Aguilera Guzmán, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México 594. Francis Mestries, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, México, D.F Joseph L. Love, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign 596. Sara María Lara Flores, UNAM, México 597. María Dolores Paris Pombo, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, México 598. Sara Elisa Gracia Gutiérrez de Velasco, ILEF / CIJ. México, D.F Regina Gordon, Oklahoma City, Ok 600. César Contreras León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 601. Ana Buriano, Instituto Mora, México D.F Rachel Hall Clifford, Agnes Scott College 603. Kristin Swenson, Butler University 604. Matilde Souto, Instituto Mora, México 605. Stephen Buttes, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne 606. Kristina Pirker, Instituto Mora, México 607. Luis Alfredo Arriola Vega, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, México 608. Kalina Brabeck, Rhode Island College 609. Rogelio Marcial, El Colegio de Jalisco, México Ana maría Serna, Instituto Mora, México, D.F Rhonda Snider Collins, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 612. Cecilia Gómez de León y del Río, ILEF / México, DF 613. Graciela de Garay, Instituto Mora, México, DF 614. Jason Pribilsky, Whitman College, USA 615. Maria del Consuelo Alegría Medina, Distrito Federal, México 616. Azyadeth Adame Ramírez. Distrito Federal, México 617. Luciana Ramos Lira, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México 618. Mónica Jacobo, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica (CIDE), México 619. Fernando Aguayo, Instituto Mora, México 21

22 620. Norman E, Whitten, Jr. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 621. Paola Suárez Ávila, CISAN UNAM, México 622. Emiliano Sánchez Casco, ITAM, México 623. Rubi Carreño Bolivar, Santiago, Chile PUC 624. Bianet Castellanos, University of Minnesota 625. Céline Sauteron, Investigación en Salud y Demografía (INSAD), México 626. Luis Alfredo Arriola Vega, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur 627. Francisco Cámara Riess, North Carolina 628. Rosa Elena Gaspar de Alba, Comisión de Antropología Visual México 629. Marjorie Faulstich Orellana, University of CA, Los Angeles 630. Adriana Sletza Ortega Ramírez, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUA) 631. Katie Dingeman Cerda, University of Denver 632. Nell Haynes, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 633. Elizabeth H. LeFlore, Austin, Texas 634. Silvia Dutrénit Bielous, Instituto Mora, México 635. Lisa (Leigh) Patel, Boston College 636. Tatyana Kleyn, City College of New York 637. María Luisa de la Garza, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, México 638. Kathryn A. Davis, University of Hawaii 639. Astrid Runggaldier, University of Texas at Austin 640. Analy Rocha, Universidad de Valencia, España 641. Paola Lazo Corvera, Colegio Huellas de Guadalajara, México 642. Omar Roberto Valero Gaona, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 643. William Ventres, Universidad de El Salvador 644. Pablo Delano, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 645. Rosemary Henze, San José State University 646. Xochiquetzal Panuhaya, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 647. Lilia Haydee Moguel Rojas, México 648. David Worley, New York City 649. Keith M. Sturges, Nashville, TN 650. Jose Vasquez, Vancouver 651. Xochitl Marsilli Vargas, University of California, Berkeley 652. Gina Athena Ulysse, Wesleyan University 653. Laura Roush, El Colegio de Michoacán (Mexico) 654. Angelina Cotler, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign 655. Deniz Daser, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 22

23 656. Jessaca Leinaweaver, Brown University, Providence, RI 657. Ioulia Fenton, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 658. Christine Damon, Former Coordinator Youth Security Program in Central America (PSJ) 659. Sarah England, Soke University of America, Aliso Viejo, California 660. Ainhoa Montoya, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain 661. Karen Ann Faulk, Carnegie Mellon University 662. Emmanuel Martinez Alcaraz, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 663. Ricardo Pérez, Eastern Connecticut State University 664. Rosemary A. Joyce, University of California, Berkeley, CA 665. Arlene Torres, CIty University of New York, NY 666. Pamela Yates, President, Skylight Pictures, Inc., Brooklyn, NY 667. Cristina Maldonado, Switzerland 668. Lena Mortensen, University of Toronto 669. Patricia Zavella 670. Jonathan Metcalfe, Case Western Reserve University 671. Travis Du Bry, Southern Methodist University 672. Kate Grim Feinberg, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 673. Catherine Nolan Ferrell, University of Texas at San Antonio 674. Diana Agosta, New York City Department of Education 675. Héctor Lindo Fuentes, Fordham University, New York City 676. Claudia Melissa Salgado Rodríguez, México D.F Aldo Lauria Santiago, Rutgers University 678. Sarah Maslin, Yale University 679. Nicasio Urbina, University of Cincinnati 680. Milton R.A. Machuca Gálvez, Swarthmore College, PA 681. Kirsten Weld, Harvard University 682. Jocelyn Viterna, Harvard University 683. Carlos Enrique Orozco, Universidad ITESO, Guadalajara, México 684. Evelyn Gonzalez Mills, Montgomery College, MD 685. Geoffrey Wallace, McGill University 686. Lourdes Gutierrez Najera, Dartmouth College, NH 687. Caroline Melly, Smith College, MA 688. Silke Heumann, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam 689. Alejandro Lugo, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 690. Mario Zúñiga Núñez, Universidad de Costa Rica Francisco Robles Rivera, Universidad de Costa Rica 23

24 692. Carlos Sandoval García, Universidad de Costa Rica 693. Sandra Escutia Díaz, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 694. Ana Silvia Ortiz Gómez, Universidad de El Salvador 695. Natalia Evangelina Pérez, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina Leisa Kauffmann, Wayne State University 697. Juliana Vitorino, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil 698. Carlos A. Contreras, Grossmont College, San Diego, CA 699. Francisca Jiménez, sociedad civil, Chihuahua, Chih Sonia Ticas, Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon 701. María Gabriela Guillén Carías, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS, Brasil Julia M. Medina, University of San Diego 703. Laura Paniagua Arguedas, Instituto Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad de Costa Rica 704. Nelly López Alfaro,Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Población, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica 705. Gloriana Rodríguez Corrales, Universidad de Costa Rica. 24