!"#$%&'$ IDENTIDAD PERSONAL

Transcripción

1 IDENTIDAD PERSONAL Rodrigo Guerra López Centro de Investigación Social Avanzada $%&'$ $"%&'()*$(+$,%-#.'%'*/$0&$0$1"%2(&(1"%302$1)(42#5$%&$0&$(2-$ 0&$1"%2(&(1"*$%'&#2+6$7.$'"#$+(22(8%.9$2%.#&:$8#$8%22$-#02$8%'"$ '8($(+$%'&$0&1#3'&;$+%)&':$8#$8%22$9%<#$0$4)%#+$-#&3)%1'%(.$(+$ &(5#$3"01'#)&$(+$'"#$3(512#=$"%&'()*$(+$'"#()%#&$(.$%-#.'%> *&%&$(+$'"#$#<%-#.3#$(+$'"#$()%9%.0)*$C.(82#-9#$(+$'"#$ <#&'%90'%(.&6 Keywords!!"

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el bien como unidad en Platón y sobre la identidad como primera determinación de lo Tópicos Tópicos Metafísica unidad pero si tomamos en cuenta Metafísica identidad. De efecto, aquellas cuya materia es una o por la especie o por el número se dicen idénticas, y aquellas cuya substancia es una. Por consiguiente, es claro que la identidad es cierta unidad, o bien del ser de varios o bien cuando se toman como varios, por ejemplo cuando se dice que una cosa es idéntica a sí misma, pues entonces se toma una cosa como Metafísica!!"

3 $%#&'()$% $*&+$,#$% +$% *-(&..-/,%&01+'($*$% 1'(% 2(&3&%$+%*-"#-,34-(% &,#(&% '$%&'()*$!5+#"#,&,$-6%7%.#$&)"%!'!(%$$%&'()*$!5/)$$6% 7% 84&% "&(9% *&% &,'(:&% -:1'(#$,.-$% &,% +$"% #&'()$"%.',#&:1'(9,&$"% "';(&%+$%-*&,#-*$*<%=($.-$"%$%&"#$"%1(&.-"-',&"%"&(9%1'"-;+&%&,#&,*&(% 1(-:&('%.-&(#$:&,#&%&"%4,$%#$4#'+'3)$D%1&('%&+%"&34,*'%&"%4,$%1('E 1'"-.-/,%-,A'(:$#-B$<!,%+$%!*$*%F&*-$%"&%.',"-*&($(',%*-B&("'"%#-1'"%*&%-*&,#-*$*C% (&$+D%($.-',$+%'%A'(:$+D%,4:G(-.$D%&"1&.)A-.$D%3&,G(-.$D%&0#(),"&.$D%.$4"$+D%1(-:$(-$D%"&.4,*$(-$D%&#.<%H'(%&I&:1+'D%&+%&".'+9"#-.'%$($3'E,G"%>,#',-'%>,*(&$%5JKLMEJNKM6D%*-".)14+'%*&%O4,"%P.'#'D%7%$1'*$E *'%1(&.-"$:&,#&%QP.'#&++4"RD%A4&%&+%1(-:&('%&,%&,4,.-$(%.':'%1(-,E.-1-'%+$%-*&,#-*$*C%#$.!#.&!#$.0!S'7%*-()$:'"%>?><%!,%+$%:'*&(,-*$*D%&+%#&:$%*&%+$%-*&,#-*$*%.':'%1(-,.-1-'%.',#-E,4/%"-&,*'%(&+&B$,#&<%T&-;,-UD%(&.'3-&,*'%-,#4-.-',&"%*&%V-.'+9"%*&% W4"$%7%*&%+'"%&"#'-.'"D%1('14"'%&+%1(-,.-1-'%*&%+$%)"#$&)"'"!1%.!)$2 ").(#3$)41#.5!';I&#'"%-,*-".&(,-;+&"%4,'%*&%'#('%*&;&,%"&(%.',"-*&($*'"%.':'%-*G,#-.'"< N %T$"%.()#-.$"%$%&"#&%1(-,.-1-'%,'%#$(*$(',%&,%++&3$(<% X&3&+D%&,%+$%6)#$()'!1'!1*-)('0!:'"#($(9%84&%#'*$%-*&,#-*$*%$;"#($.#$% &"%4,$%:&($%#$4#'+'3)$D%7%Y-##3&,"#&-,D%1(9.#-.$:&,#&%&,%+'"%:-":'"% #G(:-,'"D%$A-(:$(9%84&C%Q*&.-(%*&%"%.%.'"$"%84&%"',%-*G,#-.$"%&"%4,% "-,"&,#-*'D%7%*&.-(%*&%,$'%84&%&"%-*G,#-.$%.',"-3'%:-":$%,'%&"%*&.-(%,$*$R%5!-##3&,"#&-,D%JZ[\C%JLJ6< >]'"%*&"14G"D%X&-*&33&(%;4".$(9%(&-B-,*-.$(%+$%-*&,#-*$*D%:'"E #($,*'%84&%(&B&+$%:-":-*$*<%H$($%84&%$+3'%14&*$%"&(%+'%:-":'D%;$"#$% &,%.$*$%.$"'%4,%#G(:-,'D%1&('%>?>%&,.4;(&%>%&"%>D%*&%#$+%:$,&($% 84&%&+%#.!Q,'%*-.&%"/+'%84&%#'*$%>%&"%G+%:-":'%+'%:-":'D%"-,'%:9"% ;-&,D%84&%.$*$%>%:-":'%&"%.',"-3'%:-":'%+'%:-":'<%!,%+$%:-":-*$*% 7$.&%+$%(&+$.-/,%*&+%Q.',R^R%5X&-*&33&(D%JZZMC%_N6< y en donde no sea posible hallar una diferencia interna o fundada en una denominación!!"

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y que no necesita, para ser, de lugar alguno ni depende de ninguna cosa material. De manera que este yo, es decir, el alma por la cual soy lo que soy, es enteramente distinta del cuerpo y hasta es más fácil de conocer que él, y aunque el cuerpo no fuese, el alma!!"

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ahora sí mismo para sí mismo -

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9 "$%&"'#()&*$%(*$%+*$%,-.&/0*$1%2*0340+/&*$%(*$%5"#5*$% #*0#"6,4)("$%#*0%(*$%5"#5*$%)#".#)%+"%()%.")(/+)+1%78%"0%"(% #)$*%+"%#/".,*$%#*0#"6,*$8%)94"((*$%94"%"$,:0%&:$%#).;)+*$% +"%/&6*.,)0#/)%"&*#/*0)(%*%&*.)(8%-$,*$%64"+"0%(("!).0*$%)% #*034$/<01%="%"$,*$%#*0#"6,*$%#).;)+*$8%"(%+"%04"$,.)%/+"0,/> A)4(%I/#*".%"0%$4%(/J.*%$%&$'#('$'#')*'%5)%,.),)+*%+"%."$6*0+".% )%(*$%).;4&"0,*$%+"%A).3/,%+/$,/0;4/"0+*%"0,."%()%/+"0,/+)+%#*&*% &,$-/#0.-%(1H8%+"%()%/+"0,/+)+%#*&*%%2&-%+,+/#"0%J)$"%)%()%#4)(%#)+)% ()%"L/$,"0#/)%+"%40)%$4$,)0#/)%6".*%0*%"$%"$,)%(*%&:$%/&6*.,)0,"%M)% 94"%6".,"0"#"%)%()%"$3".)%+"(%5'*61,7+-7/#+"%(*%*JN",*8%+"%(*%94"%"$% +"()0,"%+"%04"$,.*$%*N*$1%O/"0,.)$%94"%()%%2&-%+,+#6".,"0"#"%)%()% "$3".)%+"(%8,&-%78%"$%+"#/.8%+"%()%"L/$,"0#/)%)4,-0,/#)1 P %Q/0%"&J).;*8% ()%/6$"/+)+8%$";R0%I/#*"4.8%"$%%+-7)%+,+#7,**,)%9,/#"$%+"#/.8%."$4(,)+*% +"%()%40/+)+%"3"#,/!)%+"%40)%!/+)%"0,".)%M%"$%)$";4.)+)%6*.%"(%(,6 *:()-*8%"0,"0+/+*%#*&*%40)%#/".,)%#*0$,)0#/)%"0%()$%+/$6*$/#/*0"$8%M% 6*.%40)%3/+"(/+)+%)%$S%&/$&*%94"%$"%+"&4"$,.)%"0%"(%&)0,"0".%()$% 6.*&"$)$1%T$,"%$,7)-7%$%-7)'#+-#&"8%%M%"$,"%(,*:()-*#$*0%6).)%I/#*"4.% "(%"$6)#/*%+"%.")(/')#/<0%+"%()%%+-7)%+,+#7,**,)%9,#@#31%I/#*"4.8%FUUVE% FVV>FWBH; U # 8 Ricoeur extrañamente comenta en un paréntesis de esta misma página que Vorhandenheit se refiere según Martineau al estar-a-la-mano ( Esto es un error, al menos en la terminología heideggeriana, ya que estar-a-la-mano corresponde a Zu-handen. Enseguida también sostiene que Vorhandenheit, como estar-ahí-delante, Vor-handen, existente, ante los ojos, objeto 9!!La identidad personal como identidad narrativa sobre todo parece realizarse cuando para la persona, la manera de comportarse de modo que otro puede contar con ella. Porque alguien cuenta conmigo, soy responsable de mis acciones ante otro. El término de responsabilidad reúne las dos significaciones: contar con ser responsable de Las reúne, añadiéndoles la idea de una respuesta a la pregunta: «Dónde estas?», planteada por el otro que me solicita. Esta respuesta es: «Heme aquí!». Respuesta que dice el man-

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oncebir a la conciencia en su carácter no-intencional es una novedad en la escuela!"!

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

18 $%&#'"!#&'#%(#&()&#$#"%#!$&'$()$(*'&%+$#,-+..",#-()#*#!/#*+# '&,#$%&#'"!-#.&'.&#&')&#/%()"#.&#01')2-#&'#0&,.2.&,2#0#%&.'#+,# 23(#,&'/&4)"#.&#+"'#5"),"'64"7"6!"89#:2#;1+"'";<2#=,1&=2-#1(6 4+%'"#4"(#)"."#!#'%'#17/",)2()&'#4"(),1>%41"(&'#'">,&#&+#'&,#?%72("#!# '%# &'),%4)%,2-# ("# 0&,# 4"(# /+2A2>+&'-#&()&'#1('),%7&()2+1A2>+&'-#!#&0&()%2+7&()&-#'24,16 ;142>+&'#/",#/2,)&#.&#"),"'9 $%&'()B#+2#1(4"7%(142>1+1.2.#1(4"7/2,2>+&#4"+"42#+2#>2'&# /2,2#&()&(.&,#$%&#&+#'&,#$%&#'"!#'&#7%&'),2#&(#+2#&C/&,1&(412# 4"7"#%(#&()&#4"(#%(#'&,#!#%(#02+",#1(4"(.141"(2."-#2>'"6 +%)"9#*')"#("#'1=(1;142#$%&#&+#'&,#$%&#'"!#'&2#1.D()14"#4"(#&+# '&,#.&#+2#.101(1.2.9#:"#$%&#$%&,&7"'#.&41,#&'#$%&-#'1(#.&E2,# '"(2+-#&C1')&#-+.+$!#$1*$2"&%($&*$3,#-+9#F,&41'&7"'#%(#/"4"#&')"B# &(#'&()1."#&'),14)"-#)"."#&()&#&'#3,#-+#&##%%&4&'#)*&9#G1(#&7>2,6 ="-#&+#&()&#/&,'"(2+#$%&#'"!#'&#&C/&,17&()2#2.&7H'#4"7"#%(# (*5"#&,$#,!"!'#'"#)*&#2+#7"7&()"#.&#,&2+1A2,#.&'.&#+2#'"+&.2.#.&#'%#1()171.2.#7H'#/,";%(.2-#24)"'#+1>,&'#I(2.1&#("'#/%&.&#,&7/+2A2,#2+#&+&=1,J9#*')2#1('%')1)%1>1+1.2.#("#&'#7&,27&()&# &')2#42,24)&,<')1429#K+#4"(),2,1"-#&+#5!"8#'&#&C/&,17&()2#4"7"# =,1&="#52C1"7289#:"'#2C1"72'#'"(#+2'#,&2+1.2.&'#.1=(2'#.&#'&,# 4,&<.2'-# &')172.2'# "# 02+",2.2'# /,&41'27&()&# 4"7"# /,1(416 /1"'9#L&#&')&#7"."-#&(#'%#'&()1."#7H'#",1=1(2,1"-#+2#.1=(1.2.# /",#"),"-#'1("#$%&#02+&#/",#'<-#&'#.&41,-#.&#2$%&++"#$%&#="A2# 7H'#.&#K$%1("-#&(#&')&#'&()1."-#.&4<2#50#5,#'(!$&!'$0&$()!+*"'&$!""

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lgunos piensan que esta definición proviene de Alano de Lila también conocido cibió una importante influencia platónica. Por ejemplo, esta es la opinión de los traductores de la Summa Theologicae número no despreciable de lugares: In I Sent., Sum. Theol, De Pot., Contra errores graecorum, I, cap. 2.

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uena parte de la filosofía contemporánea de la intersubjetividad ha meditado sobre la importancia que posee el conocimiento del otro para la depuración y maduración

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