SUBJECT + AUX. VERB (DO/DOES) + "NOT" + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS

Transcripción

1 PRESENT SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS I love Susan. You sing everyday. He/She/It hates the heat. We have breakfast. You enjoy eating. They play the guitar. SUBJECT + AUX. VERB (DO/DOES) + "NOT" + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS I do not (don't) love Susan. You do not (don't) sing everyday. He/She/It does not (doesn't) hate the heat. We do not (don't) have breakfast. You do not (don't) enjoy eating. They do not (don't) play the guitar. AFF.: AUXILIARY VERB ("DO/DOES") + SUBJECT + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS Do I love Susan? Do you sing everyday? Does he/she/it hate the heat? Do we have breakfast? Do you enjoy eating? Do they play the guitar? AUX. VERB ("DO/DOES") + SUBJECT + "NOT" + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS Do I not love Susan? Do you not sing everyday? Does he/she/it not hate the heat? Do we not have breakfast? Do you not enjoy eating? Do they not play the guitar? Don't I love Susan? Don't you sing everyday? Doesn't he/she/it hate the heat? Don't we have breakfast? Don't you enjoy eating? Don't they play the guitar? - Este tiempo verbal es conocido como PRESENTE SIMPLE o PRESENTE HABITUAL. - Expresa: actividades regulares y habituales tales como desayunar o ir al trabajo, verdades universales tales como que el sol sale por el este, capacidades o habilidades como el hecho de hablar un idioma...

2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJ. + "TO BE" (PRESENT) + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ING) + COMPLEMENTS I am (I'm) going to the park. You are (you're) singing at this moment. He/She/It is (he's/she's/it's) building a house. We are (we're) having breakfast. You are (you're) cooking in the kitchen. They are (they're) playing the guitar. SUBJ. + "TO BE" (PRESENT) + "NOT" + PRES. PART. (-ING) + COMPLEMENTS I am not going to the park. You are not (aren't) singing at this moment. He/She/It is not (isn't) building a house. We are not (aren't) having breakfast. You are not (aren't) cooking in the kitchen. They are not (aren't) playing the guitar. AFF.: "TO BE" (PRESENT) + SUBJECT + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ING) + COMPL. Am I going to the park? Are you singing at this moment? Is he/she/it building a house? Are we having breakfast? Are you cooking in the kitchen? Are they playing the guitar? "TO BE" (PRESENT) + SUBJECT + "NOT" + PRES. PART. (-ING) + COMPL. Am I not going to the park? Are you not singing at this moment? Is he/she/it not building a house? Are we not having breakfast? Are you not cooking in the kitchen? Are they not playing the guitar? Am I not going to the park? Aren't you singing at this moment? Isn't he/she/it building a house? Aren't we having breakfast? Aren't you cooking in the kitchen? Aren't they playing the guitar? - Este tiempo verbal es conocido como PRESENTE CONTINUO o PRESENTE PROGRESIVO. - Expresa: que algo está ocurriendo ahora, en este momento, o que algo va a suceder (es decir, también puede expresar FUTURO). - Con el adverbio de tiempo "always" ("siempre") expresa sorpresa o enfado.

3 PAST SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + VERB (PAST) + COMPLEMENTS I called the policeman. You told me the truth. He/She/It played with the children. We went to the beach. You carried the bags. They swam to Gibraltar. SUBJECT + AUX. VERB ("DID") + "NOT" + VERB (INFINITIVE) +COMPLEMENTS I did not (didn't) call the policeman. You did not (didn't) tell me the truth. He/She/It did not (didn't) play with the children. We did not (didn't) go to the beach. You did not (didn't) carry the bags. They did not (didn't) swim to Gibraltar. AFF.: AUXILIARY VERB ("DID") + SUBJECT + VERB (INFINITIVE) + COMPLEMENTS Did I call the policeman? Did you tell me the truth? Did he/she/it play with the children? Did we go to the beach? Did you carry the bags? Did they swim to Gibraltar? AUXILIARY VERB ("DID") + SUBJECT + "NOT" + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS Did I not call the policeman? Did you not tell me the truth? Did he/she/it not play with the children? Did we not go to the beach? Did you not carry the bags? Did they not swim to Gibraltar? Didn't I call the policeman? Didn't you tell me the truth? Didn't he/she/it play with the children? Didn't we go to the beach? Didn't you carry the bags? Didn't they swim to Gibraltar? - Este tiempo es conocido como PASADO SIMPLE y se utiliza para hacer referencia a algo que ocurrió de forma habitual en el pasado. Hace referencia a situaciones que existieron durante un período determinado de tiempo, y no sólo en un momento concreto. - Los verbos regulares forman su pasado añadiendo el sufijo "-ed". - Los verbos irregulares forman su pasado de forma irregular, es decir que estos verbos deben ser estudiados y aprendidos de memoria. - ATENCIÓN: AL IGUAL QUE OTROS VERBOS ESPECIALES EL VERBO "TO BE" NO LLEVA AUXILIAR (NI "DO", NI "DOES", NI "DID"). LAS FMAS EN PASADO DEL VERBO "TO BE" SON "WAS" Y "WERE".

4 PAST CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + "TO BE" (PAST) + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ING) + COMPLEMENTS I was calling the policeman. You were telling me the truth. He/She/It was playing with the children. We were going to the beach. You were carrying the bags. They were swimming to Gibraltar. SUBJECT + "TO BE" (PAST) + "NOT" + PRES. PART. (-ING) + COMPLEMENTS I was not (wasn't) calling the police. You were not (weren't) telling me the truth. He/She/It was not (wasn't) playing with the children. We were not (weren't) going to the beach. You were not (weren't) carrying the bags. They were not (weren't) swimming to Gibraltar. AFF.: "TO BE" (PAST) + SUBJECT + PRES. PARTICIPLE (-ING) + COMPLEMENTS Was I calling the police? Were you telling me the truth? Was he/she/it playing with the children? Were we going to the beach? Were you carrying the bags? Were they swimming to Gibraltar? "TO BE" (PAST) + SUBJECT + "NOT" + PRES. PART (-ING) + COMPLEMENTS Was I not calling the police? Were you not telling me the truth? Was he/she/it not playing with the children? Were we not going to the beach? Were you not carrying the bags? Were they not swimming to Gibraltar? Wasn't I calling the police? Were you telling me the truth? Was he/she/it playing with the children? Were we going to the beach? Were you carrying the bags? Were they swimming to Gibraltar? - Este tiempo verbal es conocido como PASADO CONTINUO y se usa para expresar una acción que estaba en progreso en un momento determinado del pasado. - A menudo se usa también para describir una situación que ocurrió en el pasado: "It was raining". - Algunos verbos nunca se usan en el PASADO CONTINUO: "agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have (tener), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish..."

5 PRESENT PERFECT AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + "TO HAVE" (PRESENT) + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS I have (I've) loved Susan. You have (you've) sung everyday. He/She/It has (he's/she's/it's) built a house. We have (we've) had breakfast. You have (you've) cooked in the kitchen. They have (they've) played the guitar. SUBJECT + "TO HAVE" (PRESENT) + "NOT" + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPL. I have not (haven't) loved Susan. You have not (haven't) sung everyday. He/She/It has not (hasn't) built a house. We have not (haven't) had breakfast. You have not (haven't) cooked in the kitchen. They have not (haven't) played the guitar. AFF.: "TO HAVE" (PRESENT) + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS Have I loved Susan? Have you sung everyday? Has he/she/it built a house? Have we had breakfast? Have you cooked in the kitchen? Have they played the guitar? "TO HAVE" (PRESENT) + SUBJECT + "NOT" + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPL. Have I not loved Susan? Have you not sung everyday? Has he/she/it not built a house? Have we not had breakfast? Have you not cooked in the kitchen? Have they not played the guitar? Haven't I loved Susan? Haven't you sung everyday? Hasn't he/she/it built a house? Haven't we had breakfast? Haven't you cooked in the kitchen? Haven't they played the guitar? - Este tiempo verbal es conocido como PRESENTE PERFECTO y se usa para conectar el pasado con el presente. Hace referencia a una acción pasada, pero nos interesan más los resultados o efectos que esa acción tiene en el presente. También lo utilizamos para decir qué ha ocurrido o no hasta este momento. Este tiempo verbal tendrá diferentes significados dependiendo del adverbio que lo acompañe (already, yet, just, ever, before...). "Gone to" y "Been to" significan cosas diferentes: "He has gone to New York" significa que él está ahí ahora, mientras que "He has been to New York" quiere decir que él no está ahí ahora pero que lo estuvo en el pasado.

6 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJ. + "TO HAVE" (PRESENT) + "BEEN" + PRES. PART. (-ING) + COMPL. I have (I've) been going to the park. You have (you've) been singing a song. He/she/it has (he's/she's/it's) been building a house. We have (we've) been having breakfast. You have (you've) been cooking a meal. They have (they've) been playing the guitar. SUBJ. + "TO HAVE" (PRESENT) + "NOT" + "BEEN" + PRES. P. (-ING) + COM. I have not (haven't) been going to the park. You have not (haven't) been singing a song. He/she/it has not (hasn't) been building a house. We have not (haven't) been having breakfast. You have not (haven't) been cooking a meal. They have not (haven't) been playing the guitar. AFF.: "TO HAVE" + SUBJECT + "BEEN" + PRES. PART. (-ING) + COMPL. Have I been going to the park? Have you been singing a song? Has he/she/it been building a house? Have we been having breakfast? Have you been cooking a meal? Have they been playing the guitar? "TO HAVE" + SUBJECT + "NOT" + "BEEN" + PRES. PART (-ING) + COMP. Have I not been going to the park? Have you not been singing a song? Has he/she/it not been building a house? Have we not been having breakfast? Have you not been cooking a meal? Have they not been playing the guitar? Haven't I been going to the park? Haven't you been singing a song? Hasn't he/she/it been building a house? Haven't we been having breakfast? Haven't you been cooking a meal? Haven't they been playing the guitar? - Este tiempo es conocido como PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO y se utiliza para hablar de una acción temporal que comenzó en el pasado, que ha continuado durante un período de tiempo y que continúa ahora. Solemos usarlo con "for" y "since" para determinar el tiempo que ha durado la acción. - También lo utilizamos para hablar de acciones repetidas que han continuado durante un periodo de tiempo hasta ahora, y para hablar de una acción que comenzó en el pasado, que continuó durante un tiempo y que acaba de terminar.

7 PAST PERFECT AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + "TO HAVE" (PAST) + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS I had loved Susan. You had sung everyday. He/She/It had built a house. We had had breakfast. You had cooked in the kitchen. They had played the guitar. SUBJECT + "TO HAVE" (PAST) + "NOT" + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS I had not (hadn't) loved Susan. You had not (hadn't) sung everyday. He/She/It had not (hadn't) built a house. We had not (hadn't) had breakfast. You had not (hadn't) cooked in the kitchen. They had not (hadn't) played the guitar. AFF: "TO HAVE" (PAST) + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS Had I loved Susan? Had you sung everyday? Had he/she/it built a house? Had we had breakfast? Had you cooked in the kitchen? Had they played the guitar? NEG: "TO HAVE" (PAST) + SUBJECT + "NOT" + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS Had I not loved Susan? Had you not sung everyday? Had he/she/it not built a house? Had we not had breakfast? Had you not cooked in the kitchen? Had they not played the guitar? Hadn't I loved Susan? Hadn't you sung everyday? Hadn't he/she/it built a house? Hadn't we had breakfast? Hadn't you cooked in the kitchen? Hadn't they played the guitar? - Este tiempo verbal es conocido como PASADO PERFECTO y se utiliza cuando ya habiendo hablado sobre el pasado, expresamos que algo ocurrió antes de un determinado momento en el pasado ("It was The train had left at 9.50"). - Cuando expresamos la realización de dos acciones y está claro que la primera se completó antes que la segunda utilizamos el PASADO PERFECTO para la primera acción ("After Simon had eaten his dinner, he went to bed"). (Pero utilizamos el PASADO SIMPLE si la segunda acción ocurrió inmediatamente después de la primera).

8 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJ. + "TO HAVE" (PAST) + "BEEN" + PRES. PART. (-ING) + COMPL. I had been going to the park. You had been singing a song. He/she/it had been building a house. We had been having breakfast. You had been cooking a meal. They had been playing the guitar. SUBJ. + "TO HAVE" (PAST) + "NOT" + "BEEN" + PRES. P. (-ING) + COM. I had not (haven't) been going to the park. You had not (haven't) been singing a song. He/she/it had not (hasn't) been building a house. We had not (haven't) been having breakfast. You had not (haven't) been cooking a meal. They had not (haven't) been playing the guitar. AFF.: "TO HAVE" (PAST) + SUBJ. + "BEEN" + PRES. PART. (-ING) + COMPL. Had I been going to the park? Had you been singing a song? Had he/she/it been building a house? Had we been having breakfast? Had you been cooking a meal? Had they been playing the guitar? "TO HAVE" (PAST) + SUBJ. + "NOT" + "BEEN" + PRES. P. (-ING) + COMP. Had I not been going to the park? Had you not been singing a song? Had he/she/it not been building a house? Had we not been having breakfast? Had you not been cooking a meal? Had they not been playing the guitar? Hadn't I been going to the park? Hadn't you been singing a song? Hadn't he/she/it been building a house? Hadn't we been having breakfast? Hadn't you been cooking a meal? Hadn't they been playing the guitar? - Este tiempo es conocido como PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO y se utiliza para enfatizar que algo había estado en progreso de manera continuada durante una cierta extensión de tiempo en el pasado ("When I met him, he had been living in London for ten years").

9 FUTURE SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + "WILL" + VERB (INFINITIVE) + COMPLEMENTS I will (I'll) love Susan. You will (you'll) sing everyday. He/She/It will (he'll/she'll/it'll) hate the heat. We will (we'll) have breakfast. You will (you'll) enjoy eating. They will (they'll) play the guitar. SUBJECT + WILL + "NOT" + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS I will not (won't) love Susan. You will not (won't) sing everyday. He/She/It will not (won t) hate the heat. We will not (won't) have breakfast. You will not (won't) enjoy eating. They will not (won't) play the guitar. AFF.: MODAL VERB ("WILL") + SUBJECT + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS Will I love Susan? Will you sing everyday? Will he/she/it hate the heat? Will we have breakfast? Will you enjoy eating? Will they play the guitar? MODAL VERB ("WILL") + SUBJECT + "NOT" + VERB (INF.) + COMPLEMENTS Will I not love Susan? Will you not sing everyday? Will he/she/it not hate the heat? Will we not have breakfast? Will you not enjoy eating? Will they not play the guitar? Won't I love Susan? Won't you sing everyday? Won' t he/she/it hate the heat? Won't we have breakfast? Won't you enjoy eating? Won't they play the guitar? - Este tiempo verbal es conocido como FUTURO SIMPLE. - Expresa: la intención de realizar acciones en el futuro, si bien el PRESENTE CONTINUO utilizado para tal fin expresa una seguridad mayor. - La utilización de shall para las primeras personas es arcaica y esta forma ha quedado relegada para determinadas situaciones, como por ejemplo expresar ofrecimientos o sugerencias ( Shall I help you? ; Shall we leave? ).

10 PREPOSITIONS - TIME PREPOSITIONS: IN: We use in before periods of time like parts of the day (I'll see you in the morning), months (I'm going to Spain in July), seasons (She's having a holiday in autumn), years (He died in 1995), decades (I lived in France in the 1990s) and centuries (What was life like in the 18th century?). It can mean 'during or within a period of time' (I got to London in three hours) or 'at the end of a period of time' (I'll be ready in five minutes). ON: We use on before particular days (I'll phone you on Monday), particular dates (He arrives on April 2nd), parts of days (Come on Tuesday morning) and parts of dates (He left on the evening of June 6th). AT: We use at before exact times like clock times (The bus leaves at 9.30), words meaning a time of day (She works at night; I eat at midday; Come at lunchtime), with beginning, start, end, time and moment (I'll see you at the beginning of the week; I cried at the end of the film; I'm very busy at the moment; I lived in London in at that time I loved city life) and with public holidays/festivals (I play squash at the weekend; I'm going to Rome at Easter). We do not use in, on or at before the words every, next, this, last + a time word (The exams start next Monday NOT The exams start on next Monday; I'm not going to work this evening NOT I'm going to work in this evening). - PLACE PREPOSITIONS: IN: We use in when we talk about an enclosed space that is surrounded on all sides (There were six people in the room), with buildings and areas surrounded by walls, etc. (He lives in a big house; There's a lake in the park), with larger areas like cities, states, countries and continents (They live in the USA, in Texas), with words that describe the relative position of something (In the corner of the square; He sat in the middle of the room; Manchester is in the north of England), with words like hospital, church, school (He's in hospital; They got married in church) and with newspapers and magazines (I read it in the Daily Mail). ON: We use on when we talk about a horizontal or vertical surface (The book's on the table; The picture's on the wall), with any kind of line (On the border between the USA and Canada; On the road to Paris), with machines (I heard it on the radio and on TV; Your mother's on the phone) and with right, left (I sat on the left and she sat on the right). AT: We use at when we talk about a particular point (At the bus stop), with a building when we are talking about what normally happens there, and not the building itself (She works at the chemist's; He's at the bank getting some money), with social activities (We met at a party), in the expressions at home, at school, at work (He's at school) and with addresses if we give the house number (I live at 6, Freeland Road). ABOVE, OVER: They usually have the same meaning: 'higher than' (Above/Over the door was a sign saying "Private"). Over can also mean 'covering' (She put a scarf over her head). INSIDE: We use it rather than in when we want to emphasise the interior of a place (Do you want to look inside the house?). BY, BESIDE, NEXT TO: They all mean 'very close to' (In the queue I stood by a man / next to man / beside a man with long black hair). BELOW, UNDER: They sometimes mean the same 'lower than' (I can see the dolphin below the surface / under the surface). Below cannot be used with the meaning of 'directly under' (I stood at an upstairs

11 window and I could see the river below me). We use under when we mean 'covered by' (Where's my pen? - It's under that newspaper). AMONG, BETWEEN: They do not mean the same. We use among when something / someone is surrounded by a group of things / people. We do not see these things or people separately (I found my watch among some old clothes on the floor). We use between for two or more things / people when we see them as separate objects (I sat between Tom and Zoe; There were flowers growing between the stones in the wall). OUTSIDE: "Fuera de" (I live in a small village outside London). OPPOSITE: "Enfrente de" (There's a cinema opposite the bank). ROUND: "A la vuelta de" (There's a car park round the corner). ON TOP OF: "Encima de" (They've put a flag on top of the castle). IN FRONT OF: "Delante de" (I couldn't see because there was a tall man sitting in front of me). - MOVEMENT PREPOSITIONS: UP: "Arriba, hacia arriba" (We climbed up the hill). ROUND: "Alrededor de" (We walked round the lake). OFF: "Varios significados" (The glass fell off the table). TO: "En dirección a", "a" (We went to a party). TOWARDS: "Hacia" (He came towards me). ONTO: "Encima de" (The cat jumped onto the table). UNDER: "Por debajo de" (He walked under the ladder). OVER: "Por encima de" (She jumped over the stream). DOWN: "Abajo, hacia abajo" (The water ran down the hole). OUT OF, INTO: "Fuera de", "hacia dentro de" (He ran out of the room, into the garden). THROUGH: "A través de una abertura u orificio" (I looked through the telescope). FROM: "De, desde" (The plain from Palma has landed). ALONG: "A lo largo de" (Go along this road). PAST: "Por delante de" (He walked past me and didn't stop). ACROSS: "A través de una superficie" (She sailed across the Atlantic to the USA). AWAY FROM: "Moverse con rapidez de" (Come here! Don't run away from me).