AP Spanish Language Semester 1 Independent Study: Grammatically Speaking Study Sheet
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- Pablo Navarrete Montes
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1 Page 1 of 5 Figure It Out! El árbitro ha hablado muchas veces con el futbolista sobre su juego violento. Si yo hubiera sabido que él se había ido, no habría venido a jugar básquetbol. Todos los otros corredores ya habían terminado la carrera cuando finalmente llegué. Este equipo juega muy bien porque ha resuelto todos sus problemas. Los consejos del entrenador son aceptados por su equipo porque tiene una buena relación con ellos. Aunque ese equipo ha perdido muchos partidos, sus aficionados están satisfechos con sus esfuerzso. El castigo establecido por su conducta es que no puede jugar con el equipo por una semana. In the previous seven sentences dealing with different aspects of sports, what do the underlined words have in common with each other? How are they formed? What type of words are they? What is their function in each sentence? Introduction Past participles are very useful words. They can be used with the auxiliary verb haber to form the present, past, and future perfect tenses, they can be used after the verb ser to express the passive voice, or they can be used as adjectives after the verb estar or after a noun. In this activity you will learn how to form both regular and irregular past participles. Watch for further tips on forming and using compound tenses! Past Participles: Regular To form the past participle of regular verbs, remove the infinitive ending ( ar, er, ir) and add ado to the stem of ar verbs, and ido to the stem of er and ir verbs. The following table illustrates the formation of regular past participles. REGULAR S TYPE FORMATION ar verbs hablar habl + ado hablado er verbs comer com + ido comido ir verbs vivir viv + ido vivido Past Participles: Irregular As often happens in Spanish and in other languages, the most common verbs are also the most irregular, and this also applies to the past participles. There aren t very many irregular past participles. However, they are the ones that we use the most. And consequently, they are the ones that the AP Exam writers like to test All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only.
2 Page 2 of 5 This table lists some of the most common irregular past participles in Spanish. Because they don t follow any specific pattern, you should take time to memorize them. Remember, these past participles are used quite frequently. abrir abierto morir (ue) muerto cubrir cubierto poner puesto decir (i) dicho resolver (ue) resuelto escribir escrito romper roto freír frito ver visto hacer hecho volver (ue) vuelto When a verb is derived from one of these common verbs by adding suffixes, its past participles also show the same irregularities. Below are some examples. Past Participle Derivatives Infinitive Past Verb Participle Derivatives cubrir cubierto descubierto, recubierto, etc. decir dicho contradicho, predicho, etc. escribir escrito descrito, inscrito, etc. hacer hecho deshecho, rehecho, satisfecho, etc. poner puesto compuesto, impuesto, opuesto, propuesto, repuesto, supuesto, etc. volver vuelto devuelto, revuelto, etc. Some past participles that are otherwise regular end in an accented ído to preserve the correct pronunciation. The following table shows some of the most common examples. caer caído oír oído creer creído reír reído freír freído sonreír sonreído leer leído traer traído 2002 All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only.
3 Page 3 of 5 Practice Questions A. Sentence Completion: Present Perfect Write the appropriate form of the present perfect verb in the space provided. Pay careful attention to the subject. 1. Vosotros (haber/lavar) los platos para mamá? 2. Sonia, (haber/salir) ya tus hermanos para la escuela? 3. Mi familia y yo les (haber/dar) mucho dinero y tiempo a los pobres. 4. Tú (haber/decidir) si vas o no, verdad? 5. Estos estudiantes (haber/tener) bastantes dificultades en sus clases. 6. Yo (haber/aceptar) muchos consejos de mis padres. 7. Nosotros (haber/nacer) en un país latino. 8. Los soldados (haber/defender) la democracia y libertad de esta nación. 9. Las jugadoras de fútbol (haber/jugar) bien en el partido. 10. (Haber/encontrar) Ud. los anteojos que perdió anoche? 11. (Haber/dormir) bien o mal los niños durante la semana pasada? 12. (Haber/poner) vosotros la carta en el buzón? 13. Marta y yo (haber/conocer) a muchos otros alumnos de otras escuelas en la ciudad. 14. Yo (haber/guardar) la ropa en el ropero tal como me dijo mamá. 15. Quién (haber/descubrir) la solución al problema de química? 16. Mi abuelo (haber/morir) anoche. 17. Mis hermanos (haber/abrir) los bocadillos que mamá había guardado en el refrigerador. 18. Mi bicicleta se (haber/descomponer). Mira la cadena! 19. (Haber/ver) Uds. la película El Señor de los Anillos? 20. Mi primo me (haber/escribir) tres cartas este mes. B. Answering Questions: Present Perfect Answer the following questions, using the appropriate form of the present perfect in your answers. Modelo: Berta, has perdido tu bolsa? Sí, he perdido mi bolsa. 1. Juana, has escuchado el disco nuevo de Enrique Iglesias? 2. Profesor, es que acaso no he sufrido lo suficiente con estos ejercicios? 2002 All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only.
4 Page 4 of 5 3. Miguel, ha contestado tu pregunta Luisa? 4. Muchachos, han terminado ustedes? 5. Chicos, habéis dormido bien? 6. Ha cumplido tu hermano 15 años? C. Translation: Present Perfect Translate the following sentences into Spanish using the appropriate forms of the present perfect. 1. I have washed the dishes many times. 2. Have you (familiar) counted the money? 3. We have spent all our money in Las Vegas. 4. They have not arrived yet. 5. Where have you (singular, formal) put the flowers? 6. Many soldiers have fought for liberty. 7. My brother has told the truth. 8. We have read four novels this semester in English class. 9. Have you (singular, familiar) broken any bones in your body? 10. Who has written this fantastic poem? 2002 All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only.
5 Page 5 of 5 D. Writing Exercise: Present Perfect Write 6 original sentences using the appropriate verb forms in the present perfect tense All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only.
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