Theme Materials. Optional Reading STANDARDS. Before Theme Assessment. Ventanas a la lectoescritura Nonfiction

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1 38120_ qxp 7/2/07 1:14 PM Page 128 Overview nos ayudan STANDARDS ACADEMIC LANGUAGE/SSL Use academic vocabulary related to Theme Materials Libro de conceptos Libros del tema the study of machines Use appropriate language forms to explain and to make connections Develop fluency in reading, writing, listening to, and speaking Spanish SCIENCE Explain how machines make work easier Recognize that a compound machine is made of two or more simple machines Understand that people develop and use machines to meet specific needs Level 23 Level 24 Organizador del tema Reproducibles para aprender READING/LANGUAGE ARTS Learn and apply the comprehension strategy: Use the text features: Contents and Diagrams Write about machines Learn and use vocabulary related to machines Before Theme Assessment To compare progress before and after teaching this theme, use one or more of the following informal assessment tools before beginning the theme. Oral Reading Record, page 209 Fluency Scoring Guide, page 180 Content Vocabulary Checklist, page 231 Oral Language Developmental Checklist, page 235 Librito para la casa Lección en audio nos ayudan por Optional Reading Ventanas a la lectoescritura Nonfiction Cómo funciona mi bicicleta? Level 14 Juegos mecánicos divertidos Level

2 Instructional Highlights Key Concepts Machines make work easier. A compound machine is made of two or more simple machines. People develop and use machines to meet specific needs. Comprehension Strategy Key Concept Words cuña máquina compuesta máquina simple palanca plano inclinado (rampa) polea rueda y eje tornillo Text Features Contents Diagrams Theme Planner Lesson 1 * Teacher s Guide pp Lesson 2 Teacher s Guide pp Lesson 3 Teacher s Guide pp Lesson 4 Teacher s Guide pp Lesson 5 Teacher s Guide pp Read nos ayudan Introduce Concepts and Vocabulary Model and Share the Reading *Before you begin Lesson 1, you may want to use the Before Theme Assessment tools listed on page 128. Reread nos ayudan Develop Concepts and Vocabulary Introduce the Comprehension Strategy: Small Group Reading Modeled Writing Read Ruedas por todas partes Develop Concepts and Vocabulary Small Group Reading Practice the Comprehension Strategy: Shared Writing Read Máquinas simples Review Concepts and Vocabulary Small Group Reading Apply the Comprehension Strategy: Guided Writing Assess and Extend Rereading and Assessments Guided Writing Assessment Tools Optional Reading Home Connection 129

3 38120_ qxp 7/2/07 1:14 PM Page 130 Lesson 1 Read nos ayudan OBJECTIVES Introduce Concepts and Vocabulary Understand that machines make Introduce Theme Question work easier Learn and use vocabulary related to machines Use photos to predict vocabulary Use text features, such as a diagram, to understand concepts Ask students: Qué máquinas usan todos los días? Para qué las usan? Cómo funcionan esas máquinas? Vamos a aprender cosas sobre las máquinas. Students will also learn the language to use when explaining information about machines. Materials Turn and Talk Tell learning partners: Hagan una lista con máquinas que usan todos los días. Después, hagan una tabla de dos columnas y clasifíquenlas en máquinas que usan para trabajar y máquinas que usan para divertirse. Realia: paper, scissors Organizador del tema nos ayudan Reproducibles para aprender page 73 Lección en audio 9 Develop Oral Language Display a pair of scissors. Ask students: Para qué usan tijeras? Model sentences that include cuña, palanca, máquina simple, and máquina compuesta: Estas tijeras están formadas por dos máquinas simples: una cuña y una palanca. Cuando se juntan dos o más máquinas simples se forma una máquina compuesta. Organizador del tema (Canto) Canto del tema Máquinas Illustration by Yoshi Miyake Líder: Todos nos pondremos a pensar qué máquina vamos hoy a usar. Todos: Juntos nos pondremos a trabajar y una palanca vamos a usar. Líder: Si una palanca van a usar, Turn and Talk Have learning partners take turns talking about simple machines and compound machines, using the language forms: (Una cuña) es una máquina simple. compuestas (son dos o más máquinas simples juntas.) para qué les servirá? Todos: La tapa de una lata levantaremos y con un subibaja jugaremos. Item # National Geographic Society Organizador del tema (Escena) Pensar y conversar Máquinas computadora rampa National Geographic Society lavaplatos Below right: David Frazier/Photoedit 130 tijeras de podar Organizador del tema: nos ayudan Ciencias Above left and below center: Photolibrary.com; above right: Stewart Cohen/Alamy; below left: Amanda Marsalis/Getty Images tractor Introduce Key Vocabulary Use the Pensar y conversar scene to teach Key Concept Words and model language forms. Qué máquinas ven en estas fotos? Ven una cuña y una palanca por algún lado? Cómo se están utilizando? Continue to model sentences using the words listed below to help identify objects in the scene. As you introduce words, jot them down on chart paper. Display this Banco de palabras throughout the theme. Turn and Talk Have students work with partners to practice using the words and the language forms for explaining. For example: compuestas. cuña plano inclinado (rampa) máquina compuesta polea máquina simple rueda y eje palanca tornillo Build Background Introduce Theme Chant Fluido Plus Todas estas personas están trabajando. Qué usan para hacer más fácil su trabajo? use Reproducibles para aprender page 73 to practice reading the Canto del tema. Display the Canto del tema on the Organizador del tema. First, read aloud the Canto del tema. Then ask for a volunteer to read the lines of the Líder. Have the group respond with the Todos lines. Have partners Display the Pensar y conversar scene on the Organizador del tema again. Ask students: n las máquinas. Turn and Talk Have partners talk about one machine and practice the language forms for explaining. For example: Un (lavaplatos) nos ayuda a.

4 Preview the Book Model and Share the Reading Distribute copies of nos ayudan. Read aloud the title and the author s name. As you page through the book, point out: La página del Contenido muestra dónde comienza cada sección. Algunas fotos de máquinas simples están tomadas de cerca. Un diagrama con rótulos muestra las máquinas simples que hay en una bicicleta. Predict Vocabulary Encourage students to use pictures to predict vocabulary: Qué palabras creen que verán en este libro? Display pages 8 9 and cover the words: Qué palabras creen que verán en estas páginas? Students may mention the objects on the pages. Have partners name the item and identify the type of simple machine it is. Continue the activity with other pages as time allows. Model the Reading Invite students to follow along as you read aloud pages 4 7 in Las máquinas nos ayudan. Read fluently, modeling smooth, accurate reading with appropriate expression. After reading each pair of pages, pause to think aloud. Also, encourage students to ask questions and make observations. Pages 4 5 Think Aloud Esta escena es como la de Pensar y conversar del Organizador del tema. Veo máquinas simples y máquinas compuestas. Todas las personas están usando una máquina que las ayuda. Pages 6 7 Think Aloud Aquí, una de las máquinas se parece a la rampa que conducía al interior del camión en la página 5. Algunas otras son máquinas más pequeñas que usamos en casa. Share the Reading Now have partners complete the reading. Encourage them to pause after reading one or two pages to have conversations about what they have read. Tell students: Digan cualquier pregunta que tengan sobre las máquinas que se muestran. Reread for Fluency To have students practice fluent reading, read aloud the text and captions on pages Have students echo-read each sentence, imitating your model. Then ask students to reread the entire book independently to build fluency. See Customize the Reading. Customize Instruction for SSL Reproducibles para aprender page 73 Canto del tema Líder: Todos nos pondremos a pensar qué máquina vamos hoy a usar. Todos: Juntos nos pondremos a trabajar y una palanca vamos a usar. Líder: Si una palanca van a usar, para qué les servirá? Todos: La tapa de una lata levantaremos y con un subibaja jugaremos. Ciencias: nos ayudan Reproducibles para aprender 73 Customize the Reading Students reread and talk about Las máquinas nos ayudan on their own to build fluency. Students who are not yet able to read the book can look for machines that help people do housework. Students who need extra support can reread the book while listening to the Lección en audio. Students who can read the book might read independently or aloud with partners. Beginning During reading, have students point to machines in the classroom. Use prompts such as: Señalen una rueda. Señalen una cuña. Developing Play a guessing game. Tell students what a specific machine is used for or how it works. Have students use your clues to name the machine. Expanding/Bridging Ask students to find a machine in the classroom and say two sentences to explain how it helps people do work. 131

5 Lesson 2 Reread nos ayudan OBJECTIVES Understand that machines make work easier Use vocabulary to talk about simple machines and compound machines Learn the comprehension strategy: Read to gain fluency in oral and silent reading Write about the energy that machines need Materials Realia: short board or piece of stiff cardboard, stack of books Organizador del tema nos ayudan Reproducibles para aprender pages 8, 74, 75 Lección en audio 9 Organizador del tema (Organizador gráfico) 132 Left to right: Brand X/SuperStock; E.R. Degginger/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Máquinas simples simples no tienen motores. Una cuña es una máquina simple. Organizador gráfico Máquinas Ambos tipos de máquinas necesitan energía hacen más fácil el trabajo Máquinas compuestas compuestas son la combinación de dos o más máquinas simples. Develop Concepts and Vocabulary Develop Oral Language Display a short board or piece of stiff cardboard. Place it against a stack of books in a ramp position. Ask students: Expliquen para qué sirve una rampa, o plano inclinado. Es un plano inclinado una máquina simple o una máquina compuesta? Con qué otras máquinas podemos usar un plano inclinado? Turn and Talk Have partners take turns talking about places where they have seen inclined planes. Revisit Theme Chant Display the Canto del tema on the Organizador del tema. Ask a volunteer to be the Líder and have the group recite the Canto del tema again, replacing palanca with cuña. The new last response is: Un trozo de rica tarta cortaremos y los arbustos del jardín podaremos. Introduce When students make connections, they connect a detail in the text they are reading to something they know from their own experiences, the world, or other texts. Think Aloud Cuando leo un libro, veo palabras e imágenes que me recuerdan a cosas que ya sé. Esto se llama hacer conexiones. Model Turn to pages and model the comprehension strategy and language forms for connecting. Puedo hacer una conexión con las fotos de estas máquinas. Build Background Display the graphic organizer on the Organizador del tema. Have students read the headings. Then read the sentences for simple machines. Ask students: Señalen una máquina simple del salón de clases. Continue with compound machines. Turn and Talk Encourage partners to talk about other simple machines and compound machines. Begin Vocabulary Log As students read, encourage them to use sticky notes to tag words they would like to save. After reading, students can record the words and their notes about them. Use Reproducibles para aprender page 8. Introduce the Comprehension Strategy Me recuerdan a máquinas que he visto en la calle. Esas máquinas hacen ruido, especialmente las que tienen motor. También se mueven. Esta conexión me ayuda a entender qué aspecto tienen estas máquinas cuando se mueven y qué ruidos hacen. También me ayuda a entender que las máquinas funcionan con distintas clases de energía como la gasolina, las pilas y la electricidad. For additional practice in making connections, have partners work on Reproducibles para aprender page 74.

6 As students read, invite them to share what they notice. Use some of the suggestions below to encourage observations and talk about the book. Pages 4 7 Support Comprehension Guide students to think of machines they or family members use at home, work, or school. Ask students: Qué tipo de máquinas han usado hoy? Pages 8 15 Support Comprehension Point out: Algunas máquinas se han usado desde la antigüedad. Ask students: Qué máquinas se pueden haber usado para construir estructuras enormes como las pirámides? Pages Support Comprehension Ask a volunteer to summarize these pages. (Todas las máquinas necesitan energía para funcionar. Las personas, la gasolina y la electricidad pueden proporcionar esta energía.) Small Group Reading Modeled Writing Discuss the Book Invite students to share what they learned. Ask them to talk about machines they would like to know more about or would like to learn to operate some day. Encourage them to use words in the Banco de palabras to discuss what they have read. Remind students to add words to their Diario de vocabulario. Students can complete Reproducibles para aprender page 75. Reread for Fluency Read two sentences aloud in one breath. Ask students: En qué falló mi lectura? (No hizo pausas. Cuando la lectura es apurada cuesta entender.) Los signos de puntuación nos indican dónde hacer las pausas. Ask a volunteer to read the sentences, pausing appropriately at the punctuation marks. Have partners choose four consecutive pages and read in unison, as they practice to improve appropriate pauses. For other suggestions, see Customize the Reading. Reproducibles para aprender pages 8, 74 Anota las palabras que quieras recordar. Explica qué significa cada una. Añade notas o dibujos relacionados con la palabra. Hacer conexiones Lee las páginas 8 11 de nos ayudan. A qué te recuerdan el texto y las ilustraciones? Palabra Qué significa Notas o dibujos Cuando leí la página Me recordó Esto me ayuda a entender 8 Reproducibles para aprender Diario de vocabulario, la relacioné con 74 Reproducibles para aprender Ciencias: nos ayudan Customize the Reading Students reread and talk about Las máquinas nos ayudan using one of the following options: Look through the pages, naming the energy sources of the machines. Reread the book while following along with the Lección en audio. Read independently or read aloud with a partner. Use the graphic organizer on the Organizador del tema to review some Key Concepts of the theme. Prepare to model writing with a clear main idea. Think Aloud Quiero escribir algo sobre la energía que todas las máquinas necesitan. Sé que las personas podemos proporcionar esta energía. Ésta también puede proceder de la electricidad. El comienzo de mi redacción debe expresar mi idea principal. Mi público será mi familia. Todas las máquinas necesitan energía para funcionar. Una persona puede proporcionar esta energía. La energía también puede proceder de la electricidad y de otras fuentes. Think Aloud Ahora me voy a centrar en la energía que proporcionan las personas. Empezaré un párrafo nuevo. Una persona puede proporcionar energía empujando o jalando. Reproducibles para aprender page 75 nos ayudan Rotula las máquinas simples que componen las máquinas del diagrama de abajo. Sierra eléctrica Carretilla Niveladora Copyright Ciencias: nos ayudan Reproducibles para aprender

7 Lesson 3 Read Ruedas por todas partes OBJECTIVES Read to gain fluency in oral and silent reading Practice the comprehension strategy: Understand that people develop and use machines to meet specific needs Use a Contents page to comprehend text Use photos to describe how the wheel was used to meet specific needs Materials Realia: large toy car with wheels and axles clearly visible Organizador del tema Ruedas por todas partes Reproducibles para aprender page 76 Lección en audio 9 Develop Concepts and Vocabulary Develop Oral Language Model the Key Concept Words rueda y eje. Display a toy car, pointing out the wheels and axles. El eje es la barra en el centro de la rueda. La rueda gira alrededor del eje. Turn and Talk Have learning partners take turns finding objects that have wheels in the classroom. Tell them: Digan cosas sobre los objetos como, cómo son las ruedas, cuántas son y cuál es su función. Revisit Theme Chant Display the Canto del tema on the Organizador del tema. Ask a volunteer to be the Líder and have the rest of the Get Ready to Read Preview the Book Read aloud the title, the author s name, and the Pensar y conversar question on the back cover: Cómo nos facilitan el trabajo las ruedas? Page through the book and do the following: Tell students: Fíjense en las palabras resaltadas. Discuss photos of interesting or unusual wheels. Ask students: Predigan lo que van a aprender. Predict Vocabulary Encourage students to use photos to predict vocabulary: Qué palabras creen que verán en este libro? Display a page and cover the words: Qué palabras creen que verán en esta página? Small Group Reading group recite the Todos response, this time replacing palanca with rueda y eje. The new last response is: Patinando en línea nos divertiremos y el carrito de la compra empujaremos. Build Background Distribute copies of Ruedas por todas partes. Tell students: Muchos consideran que la rueda y el eje forman la máquina simple más importante. Qué piensan ustedes? Ofrezcan algunos ejemplos para respaldar su opinión. List the words students mention. Add Key Concept Words in the book that students do not mention. Text Feature: Contents Introduce Direct students attention to the Contenido on page 2: Ésta es la página del Contenido. Menciona todas las secciones del libro y la página dónde empieza cada una. Model Veo que la sección "Ruedas que hacen girar" comienza en la página 20. Abro la página 20 y veo el mismo título. Practice Lean el Contenido y digan qué sección dará información sobre ruedas que se usaron en el pasado. ( Ruedas del pasado, página 4) 134

8 Read the Book As students read, invite them to share what they notice. Use some of the suggestions below to encourage observations and talk about the book. Pages 2 9 Key Concept Words rueda y eje, máquina simple Support Comprehension Ask partners to take turns describing the development of the wheel to meet specific needs, as shown in the photos on these pages. Pages Practice the Comprehension Strategy Encourage students to Make Connections to help them better understand pages Alguna vez han usado patines o patines de ruedas en línea? Les recuerdan esas ruedas a otras que se usan en medios de transporte? Pages Check Understanding Cuáles son las fuentes de energía de las máquinas de estas fotos? (Los barcos de palas Shared Writing tienen un motor a vapor. Las personas proporcionan la energía que hace funcionar las bicicletas de agua, las ruedas de hilar y las de alfarero, aunque algunas de estas últimas funcionan con electricidad.) Pages Support Comprehension Help students understand how a pulley works by having them make a connection to window blinds. Discuss how pulling down on the cord brings the blind up. Discuss the Book Invite students to use the Banco de palabras to discuss and share what they learned. Ask them to identify information in this book. Have students add words to their Diario de vocabulario. Use Reproducibles para aprender page 76. Reread for Fluency Have students reread the entire book independently to build fluency. See Customize the Reading. Reproducibles para aprender page 76 Ruedas por todas partes Piensa en lo que aprendiste con el libro Ruedas por todas partes. Elige las tres ideas que te parecieron más importantes. Escríbelas en tus propias palabras. Según lo que he leído, éstas son tres ideas que necesito recordar: Reproducibles para aprender Ciencias: nos ayudan Customize the Reading Students reread and talk about Ruedas por todas partes using one of the following options: Look through the pages to find the oldest, smallest, largest, strangest, thinnest, and thickest wheels. Reread the book while following along with the Lección en audio. Read independently or aloud with a partner. Review the writing you modeled in Lesson 2. Have students think of a diagram to go with the writing. Invite students to participate as you continue writing. Guide them to frame sentences that discuss electricity as a source of energy for machines. Ask them to suggest sentences that give specific examples of machines powered by electricity. Customize Instruction for SSL Beginning Have students draw diagrams of simple machines. Allow them to dictate labels for their diagrams. Developing Encourage students to finish sentences about simple machines that are used for fun, such as: (Un bate de béisbol) es una máquina simple que usamos para divertirnos. Expanding/Bridging Ask students to draw and label a picture to illustrate how simple machines might have been used in early times. Then have them explain the scene in the picture. 135

9 Lesson 4 Read Máquinas simples OBJECTIVES Read to gain fluency in oral and silent reading Apply the comprehension strategy: Understand that people develop and use machines to meet specific needs and that machines help us do work Use diagrams to comprehend text Use illustrations and text to draw conclusions Materials Realia: large screw Organizador del tema Máquinas simples Reproducibles para aprender pages 77, 78 Librito para la casa: nos ayudan Lección en audio 9 por Librito para la casa nos ayudan Review Concepts and Vocabulary Develop Oral Language Display a large screw. Then model the Key Concept Words máquina simple, plano inclinado, and tornillo: Un tornillo es una máquina simple. Un plano inclinado también es una máquina simple. Observen los rebordes de este tornillo. Verán que en realidad son un plano inclinado que gira en círculo. Turn and Talk Have conversation partners take turns telling specific uses of screws. Revisit Theme Chant Display the Canto del tema on the Organizador del tema. Have several students read the Líder part in unison, and Get Ready to Read Preview the Book Read aloud the title, the author s name, and the Pensar y conversar question on the back cover: Qué máquina simple podemos encontrar en una bicicleta? Page through the book and do the following: Point out the repeating feature for each kind of simple machine, en el pasado. Point out the Glosario and tell students: Identifiquen las palabras que no conocen. Tell students: Predigan lo que van a aprender. Predict Vocabulary Encourage students to use photos to predict vocabulary: Qué palabras creen que verán en este libro? Small Group Reading have the rest of the group recite the Todos response, replacing palanca with polea. The new last response is: Una bandera en su asta izaremos y en ascensor arriba y abajo iremos. Build Background Distribute copies of Máquinas simples. Tell students: Hablen de alguna máquina simple que conozcan. Después, nombren una característica de las máquinas simples. Encourage them to use the language forms for explaining: simples. Display the page and cover the words. Qué palabras creen que verán en esta página? List the words students mention. Add Key Concept Words in the book that students do not mention. Text Feature: Diagrams Introduce Display the diagrams on page 5. Los diagramas son dibujos especiales. Nos ayudan a entender el tema que se está explicando. Model En el diagrama vemos que la palanca tiene el aspecto de un subibaja. El triángulo grande es la carga pesada que hay que levantar. Algo tiene que empujar hacia abajo la otra punta de la tabla para que la carga suba. Practice Have students point out details in other diagrams on the page. 136

10 Read the Book As students read, invite them to share what they notice. Use some of the suggestions below to encourage observations and talk about the book. Pages 2 5 Key Concept Words máquina simple, plano inclinado, cuña, tornillo, palanca, rueda y eje, polea Support Comprehension Make certain students understand the definitions of trabajo, fuerza, and máquina on these pages. Pages 6 14 Check Understanding Qué podríamos mover con un plano inclinado? (possible answers: muebles, cajas de comestibles o materiales de construcción) Pages Apply the Comprehension Strategy Encourage students to Make Connections and use these language forms: Puedo hacer una conexión con. Me recuerda a. Esta conexión me ayuda a entender. Support Comprehension Show students how the photo on page 15 is a real-world example of the diagram on page 16. Discuss the Book Invite students to share what they learned. Have them use the Banco de palabras to tell about the book. What new information did they learn about simple machines? Can they explain how these machines work after reading Máquinas simples and nos ayudan? Remind students to add words to their Diario de vocabulario. Use Reproducibles para aprender page 77. Reread for Fluency Have students reread the entire book independently to build fluency. See Customize the Reading. Reproducibles para aprender page 77 Máquinas simples Anota al menos dos adjetivos para describir cada tipo de máquina simple. Plano inclinado Adjetivos: Cuña Adjetivos: Tornillo Adjetivos: Palanca Adjetivos: Rueda y eje Adjetivos: Polea Adjetivos: Escribe algo sobre una máquina que utilices. Ciencias: nos ayudan Reproducibles para aprender 77 Customize the Reading Students reread and talk about Máquinas simples using one of the following options: Look through the pages and point out simple machines students have at home. Reread the book while following along with the Lección en audio. Read independently or aloud with a partner. Distribute copies of the Librito para la casa. Read the title and page through the book. Explain that students will write books about machines. Work with students to: Complete the Contenido page. Explain how the machines shown help us do work. Share writing ideas for each pair of pages. Record students writing ideas for the pages of their books on chart paper. Have them suggest labels they may want to add to the photos. Guided Writing Remind students to make connections as they write. Tell them: Piensen en máquinas que hayan visto o usado. Invite learning partners to talk together to plan what they will write. Have each partner complete a graphic organizer to list simple and compound machines they will write about and how all machines are alike. Display the Banco de palabras and remind students to check their Diario de vocabulario as they begin to write. Use Reproducibles para aprender page 78. Reproducibles para aprender page 78 Organizador gráfico Usa este organizador gráfico para planificar lo que escribirás sobre las máquinas en tu Librito para la casa. 78 Reproducibles para aprender Ciencias: nos ayudan 137

11 Lesson 5 Assess and Extend OBJECTIVES Use Key Concepts and Key Concept Words in writing Demonstrate oral language proficiency Demonstrate comprehension of theme selections Read related titles to reinforce Key Concepts and vocabulary Rereading and Assessments Allow time for students to independently reread the theme selections. Display the Banco de palabras for students reference as they read. Guided Writing As students reread, meet with individuals. Use the assessment tools listed on page 139 to evaluate students progress and to update their records. Materials Librito para la casa: nos ayudan Reproducibles para aprender pages 6 7, Assessment Masters pages 179, 180, 209, 221, 222, 231, 235 por Librito para la casa nos ayudan Students continue writing the Librito para la casa they began in Lesson 4. Review the group list of writing ideas. Display the Banco de palabras. Page through the theme books to review the text features, including the Contenido page and diagrams. Talk about text features that students could add to their Libritos para la casa. For example, they might add diagrams. Point out: Los buenos escritores añaden detalles que explican sus ideas. En este caso, pueden incluir ejemplos concretos de máquinas simples que forman parte de una máquina compuesta. varían sus oraciones. Pueden incluir preguntas y oraciones exclamativas. vuelven a leer su trabajo y se aseguran de haber usado el mismo tiempo verbal en todo el texto. Have students complete the Glosario ilustrado and Información sobre el autor o la autora last. As students write, circulate to coach and support individuals. If students need help, try reading back to them what they have written. Guide them to add more explanation. Have partners exchange books and discuss what they like in one another s books. For example, a partner may point out a sentence that gives a clear explanation. Partners can also offer suggestions for ways to improve the books, such as varying sentence length. Each writer decides what changes to make and adds final touches. Customize Instruction for SSL Beginning Ask questions with embedded answers to help students think of what they will write, such as: Qué tienen en casa: un abrelatas manual o uno eléctrico? Cómo funciona? Developing Have students write sentences describing the photos in their Libritos para la casa. Encourage them to read their sentences aloud. Expanding/Bridging Encourage students to make the connections clear between their sentences. Have them look through the theme selections to see how ideas are presented in logical order. 138

12 Self-Assessment Allow students to reflect and assess their own learning by completing Reproducibles para aprender pages 6 7. Lo que aprendí, page 6 Cómo aprendí, page 7 Reading The following assessment tools can help you evaluate and record students progress in reading and understanding the theme books. Retelling Guide and Scoring Rubric, page 179 Fluency Scoring Guide, page 180 Oral Reading Record, page 209 Writing Use the completed Libritos para la casa and the following tools to assess students development as writers. Writing Rubric, page 221 Writing Traits Checklist, page 222 Assessment Tools Content Assessment Have students work in groups to create advertisements of machines used for work and for play. Tell each group: Asegúrense de que todos los tipos de máquinas simples están representados y de que explican cómo nos ayuda cada máquina. Have students present their advertisements. Vocabulary and Oral Language Use the following resources, in addition to the Pensar y conversar scene on the Organizador del tema, to assess oral language development. Content Vocabulary Checklist, page 231 Oral Language Developmental Checklist, page 235 Reproducibles para aprender pages 6 7 Cómo aprendí Anota las tres cosas más importantes que aprendiste en este tema. Explica por qué elegiste cada una. Piensa en tu lectura de los libros de este tema. Marca con una X las cosas que hiciste en tu lectura. 1. Hice conexiones. Pensé en lo que sucedería a continuación. Me hice preguntas antes de leer. Me hice preguntas mientras iba leyendo. Me imaginé cómo eran las cosas. 2. Elegí las ideas más importantes. Comprendí cosas que el autor no decía directamente. 3. Copyright Lo que aprendí Elige una cosa de tu lista. Explica cómo te ayudó a entender el texto. 6 Reproducibles para aprender Copyright Reproducibles para aprender 7 Optional Reading Reading related titles allows students to explore concepts and vocabulary at different levels. It also allows them to use reading strategies in different types of texts. Encourage students to compare the theme books to the books in the next column. The Enfoque en la familia letters on Reproducibles para aprender pages summarize key concepts about machines. Home Connection Optional Titles These related Ventanas a la lectoescritura titles reinforce Key Concepts of the nos ayudan theme. Nonfiction Titles Cómo funciona mi bicicleta? Level 14 Juegos mecánicos divertidos Level 16 In the Conversar y aprender activity, family members talk about simple machines and compound machines in their home. Reproducibles para aprender pages Enfoque en la familia Estimada familia, Family Focus Vocabulario Su hijo/a ha estado leyendo los libros nos ayudan, Dear Family, Ruedas por todas partes y Máquinas simples en cuñawords to plano nuestra Your child unidad has de been estudio reading sobre the las books máquinas. Por favor, nos usen Know (wedge) inclinado esta ayudan página (Machines para hablar Help con Us él/ella Do Work), sobre Ruedas lo que ha por aprendido todas compound (inclined screw acerca partes de (Wheels este tema. Around Us), and Máquinas simples (Simple máquina machine plane) (tornillo) Machines) in our unit of study on machines. Use this page compuesta Su to hijo/a talk ha about escrito machines un librito with para your llevar child. a casa. Pídanle que (máquina (compound compuesta) polea simple lo lea en voz alta, y que les muestre su Diario de vocabulario machine) (pulley) machine para Your este child tema. has Usen written preguntas a Take-Home como Book. éstas Invite para comentar your child elto inclined (máquina librito share juntos. the book with you. Also, share your child s Vocabulary máquina plane (plano rueda simple) y eje Qué Log for es the una theme. máquina? Here are some sample questions to help simple inclinado) (wheel and En you qué discuss se diferencian the Take-Home las máquinas Book together: simples (simple axle) wedge y las What compuestas? is a machine? machine) lever (cuña) Con How qué are máquina simple machines te gustaría and trabajar compound día? (palanca) tornillo machines different? palanca (screw) wheel and Ideas Is there clave a machine you would like to work with (lever) pulley axle (rueda Su hijo/a some ha day? estado aprendiendo estas ideas (polea) y eje) importantes: Key Concepts Conversar y aprender facilitan el trabajo. Una Your máquina child has compuesta been learning está these formada important dosideas: Animen Share a su hijo/a and a que Learn hable sobre las o más Machines máquinas make simples. work easier. máquinas Encourage simples y your compuestas child to talk que about haya the en Los A seres compound humanos machine desarrollamos is made of y two utilizamos or more su casa. simple Háganle machines preguntas and como compound éstas: Qué machines máquinas simple machines. para satisfacer unas necesidades trabajo nos in your ayuda home. a hacer Ask your esta child máquina? questions específicas. People develop and use machines to meet Cómo haríamos such as, What ese trabajo work does si no this tuviéramos machine specific needs. esta máquina? help us De do? dónde How viene would la we energía do the work que emplea without esta this máquina? machine? Pídanle Where que does use the las palabras energy del for Vocabulario this machine y otras come que from? haya Ask aprendido your sobre child este to use tema. the Words to Know and any new vocabulary he or she learned about machines. Ciencias: nos ayudan Reproducibles para aprender Reproducibles para aprender Ciencias: nos ayudan 139

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