Program. 2. The World of the Inca. Myth and history. Political structure. A vertical economy. Military expansion and the Inca economy. Inca urbanism.

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1 Universidad del Pacífico Humanities Department A History of the Andean Peoples to 1700 (A) 2008 Second Term Professor: Javier Flores Espinoza Program I. Summary This course is a study of the Indian peoples of Peru from ca. 10,000 B.C. to A.D It is intended as an introductory course to the history and archaeology of Peru s Indian peoples for exchange students. As such, it emphasizes the main trends that distinguish Peruvian history from that of Europe through a study of space and the environment, the relations between political systems and the people, the beliefs and attitudes regarding death and the afterlife, and the profound transformations the Spanish invasion wrought in the Andes, particularly as regards religion. II. Skills The course intends to help the student Empathise with alien cultures Understand the interplay between continuity and change Learn the rudiments of non-western art history Apprehend the role of causation in history III. Topics 1. Introduction. Sources, archaeological, historical, and ethnological. Cultural areas in the Central Andes. Chronology and periods. The Andean landscape. 2. The World of the Inca. Myth and history. Political structure. A vertical economy. Military expansion and the Inca economy. Inca urbanism. 3. The Rise of Civilization: Temples and religion. Hunters and gatherers. The domestication of plants and animals. Three religious traditions. The gods of Chavín. The dead of Paracas. 4. The Rise of the Warriors and the Master Craftsmen. Social development and specialisation. Moche myths. Nazca headhunting.

2 5. The Rise of the Empires. Environmental perturbations and the rise of empire. Tiahuanaco agriculture. Huari urbanism. Weaving and quipus. The kings of Chimor. Oracles and politics. 6. The Spanish Invasion. Sixteenth-century Spain. The fall of the Inca Empire. Encomenderos and encomiendas. The demographic collapse of Indian Peru. 7. Colonial Andean Society ( ). Toledo and the colonial State. A mining economy. Religious imperialism: the battle for the ancestors. The breakdown of the Toledan system. IV. Evaluation Two exams 30% (each) Two reading tests 40% V. Required Reading First Reading Test (8 th September) Spalding, Karen Tribes Become Peasants. In Karen Spalding, Huarochirí. An Andean Society under Inca and Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1984, Ramírez, Susan Elizabeth. Kingship and the Gods. In Susan Ramírez, To Feed and Be Fed. The Cosmological Bases of Authority and Identity in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2005, First Exam (6 th October) Burger, Richard. Los orígenes de la civilización en los Andes. In Guillermo Lohmann Villena, Richard Burger, Yoshio Onuki et al., Historia de la cultura peruana, I. Lima. Fondo Editorial del Congreso de la República, Lathrap, Donald W. Gifts of the Cayman: Some Thoughts on the subsistence basis of Chavin. In Donald W. Lathrap and J. Douglas, eds., Variation in anthropology: Essays in Honour of John C. McGregor. Urbana: Illinois Archaeological Survey, Frame, Mary. Blood, Fertility, and Transformation: Interwoven Themes in the Paracas Necropolis Embroideries. In Elizabeth P. Benson and Anita G. Cook, eds., Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press 2001, Quilter, Jeffrey. The Moche Revolt of the Objects. Latin American Antiquity, vol. I, no. 1, 1990,

3 Second Reading Test (10 th November) Von Hagen, Adriana and Craig Morris. The First Cities, Imperial Cities: Wari and Tiwanaku. The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames and Hudson 1998, , Proulx, Donald. Ritual Uses of Trophy heads in Ancient Nazca Society. In Elizabeth P. Benson and Anita G. Cook, eds., Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press, Final Exam (date to be set with students) Spalding, Karen J. Exploitation as an Economic System: The State and the Extraction of Surplus in Colonial Peru. In George A. Collier, Renato I Rosaldo and John D. Wirth, eds., The Inca and Aztec States Anthropology and History. New York-London: Academic Press, Andrien, Kenneth J. Religious Conversion and the Imposition of Orthodoxy. In Kenneth J. Andrien, Andean Worlds. Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, , VI. Bibliography General Surveys BERRIN, Kathleen 1998 The Spirit of Ancient Peru. Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. London: Thames and Hudson. BONAVIA, Duccio 1991 Perú hombre e historia, I. De los orígenes al siglo XV. Lima: Ediciones Edubanco. LOCKHART, James and Stuart B. SCHWARTZ América Latina en la Edad Moderna. Una historia de la América española y el Brasil coloniales. Madrid: Akal Ediciones. MAKOWSKI, Krzysztof 2001 Pre-Hispanic Art. In Krzysztof Makowski, Natalia Majluf and Francisco Stastny, Art in Peru. Works from the Collection of the Museo de Arte de Lima. Lima: Museo de Arte de Lima-Promperú, MOSELEY, Michael 1992 The Incas and Their Ancestors. The Archaeology of Peru. London: Thames & Hudson. STONE MILLER, Rebecca 1995 Art of the Andes, from Chavín to Inca. London: Thames and Hudson. 3

4 Pre-Columbian Peru BAWDEN, Garth 1999 The Moche. Massachusetts-Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. BURGER, Richard 1992 Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson. HYSLOP, John 1984 The Inka Road System. New York: Academic Press Inka Settlement Planning. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBELL, William J Sin mallkis que adorar: los muertos huari. Arqueológicas 26, KOLATA, Alan 1993 The Tiwanaku. Massachusetts-Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. MAKOWSKI HANULA, Krzysztof 2001 Las civilizaciones prehispánicas en la costa central y sur. In Guillermo Lohmann Villena, Richard Burger, Yoshio Onuki et al., Historia de la cultura peruana, I, MAKOWSKI HANULA, Krzysztof, Richard L. Burger, Helaine Silverman et al Los dioses del antiguo Perú, 2 vols. Lima: Banco de Crédito del Perú. MURRA, John V El mundo andino. Población, medio ambiente y economía. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos-Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. PAUL, Anne 1990 Paracas Ritual Attire. Symbols of Authority in Ancient Peru. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. QUILTER, Jeffrey 1997 The Narrative Approach to Moche Iconography. Latin American Antiquity, vol. 8, no. 2, RAVINES, Rogger, editor 1980 Chanchan, metrópoli chimú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. SILVERMAN, Helaine Contextualizando la muerte en los cementerios de Paracas. In Luis Millones and Moisés Lemlij, eds., Al final del camino. Lima: Seminario Interdisciplinario de Estudios Andinos, SILVERMAN, Helaine, and Donald A. PROULX 2002 The Nasca. Massachusetts-Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 4

5 VON HAGEN, Adriana and Craig MORRIS 1998 The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames and Hudson. Colonial Peru ANDRIEN, Kenneth J Andean Worlds. Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. COOK, Noble David Demographic Collapse. Indian Peru, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ELLIOT, John H. 1998a La conquista española y las colonias de América. In Leslie Bethell, ed., Historia de América Latina, 1: América Latina colonial. Barcelona: Crítica- Mondadori, b España y América en los siglos XVI y XVII. In Leslie Bethell, ed., Historia de América Latina, 2: América Latina colonial. Barcelona: Crítica-Mondadori, HEMMING, John 1982 La conquista de los incas. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, SUÁREZ, Margarita 2001 El estado virreinal. Guillermo Lohmann Villena, Richard Burger, and Yoshio Onuki et al., Historia de la cultura peruana, I. Lima. Fondo Editorial del Congreso de la República, VARÓN GABAI, Rafael La ilusión del poder. Apogeo y decadencia de los Pizarro en la conquista del Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. WACHTEL, Nathan 1976 Los vencidos. Los indios del Perú frente a la conquista española ( ). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. 5