SPANISH 101. LECCIÓN PRELIMINAR
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- Daniel Rivero Castro
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1 VERBO SER (to describe) Yo soy Tú eres Usted es Él/Ella es Nosotros/-as somos Vosotros/-as sois Ustedes son Ellos/Ellas son SPANISH 101. LECCIÓN PRELIMINAR Remember that even though usted and él/ella share the same verb forms, usted means you singular (formal, socially distant) and él/ella refer to a third person (he/she). Likewise, ustedes means you plural and ellos/ellas refer to some other person (they). The verb ser is used to: -express origin with de: De dónde eres? Soy de Venezuela. -describe a person s qualities: Tomás es muy inteligente. -state who or what a person is: Es profesor. Soy estudiante. -tell time: Es la 1. Son las 2. Remember that subject pronouns are not always required in Spanish. It is fine to say soy estudiante. If you say yo soy estudiante, you are adding emphasis or making a contrast: yo soy español, mi primo es venezolano. VERBO ESTAR Yo estoy Tú estás Él/Ella está Nosotros/-as estamos Vosotros estáis Ellos/Ellas están One of the uses of estar is to describe variable conditions. Tomás está contento con su trabajo. Estoy aburrida. Ana está enferma. And for location: Ana está en clase 1
2 VERBO GUSTAR Me Te Le Nos Os Les gusta(n) -Gustar does not mean to like. It is closest in meaning to the verb to please. Thus me gusta actually means (something) pleases me. -Since gustar means to please, the verb must agree in number with the thing doing the pleasing: Me gusta esta clase. Me gustan estas clases. -A phrase with a can be used with this construction. A mí me gustan las matemáticas. A ti te gusta el inglés. A él le gusta el español. A nosotros A vosotros A ellos PRESENT TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS -ar -er -ir Yo canto como vivo Tú cantas comes vives Él/ella canta come vive Nosotros/-as cantamos comemos vivimos Vosotros/-as cantáis coméis vivís Ellos/-as cantan comen viven Remember the accent in the verbal form of vosotros. Again, remember that usted and ustedes mean share forms with the third person. Some verbs have a se at the end of the infinitive form: levantarse. Usually that is a reflexive se. You have to change it for each person, and place it at the beginning: Me levanto Te levantas Se levanta Nos levantamos Os levantáis Se levantan 2
3 Verbs in the present tense can refer to daily habitual actions: Todos los días me levanto a las 6. But can also be used to refer to an action in progress: Qué haces? Preparo la cena, por qué preguntas? BASIC QUESTIONS AND EXPRESSIONS CÓMO TE LLAMAS? Me llamo. / Mi nombre es DE DÓNDE ERES? CÓMO ERES? QUÉ ESTUDIAS? / QUÉ CARRERA HACES? DÓNDE ESTUDIAS? BUENOS DÍAS BUENAS TARDES BUENAS NOCHES ADIÓS HASTA PRONTO HASTA LUEGO CHAU/CHAO NOS VEMOS TENGO UNA PREGUNTA (I have a question) POR FAVOR (please) GRACIAS (thanks) CÓMO SE DICE EN ESPAÑOL? (how do you say in Spanish?) REPITA, POR FAVOR (repeat, please) OTRA VEZ, POR FAVOR (again, please) CÓMO? (pardon me?) NO ENTIENDO/NO COMPRENDO (I don t understand) NO SÉ (I don t know) 3
4 SPANISH GENDER AND NUMBER In Spanish almost all nouns have grammatical gender and number. Gender means that nouns are considered either masculine or feminine, whether thay have masculine or feminine qualities or not. Number means they are either singular or plural. Like English, Spanish has articles that are used with nouns. In English, the articles are the (definite article) and a/an (indefinite article). Masculine Feminine Definite article Singular el diccionario la computadora Plural los diccionarios las computadoras Indefinite article Singular un profesor una profesora Plural unos profesores unas profesoras Note that unos and unas are the equivalent of some in English. As a general rule, nouns of persons and animals that end in o are masculine and those that end in a are feminine: abuelo/abuela, perro/perra. With nouns of things and abstract concepts there is no specific ending, so you will have to study them with the article: el paraguas, la nariz, el bien, la vida. In Spanish, we use the article more often than in English. Remember: the first time that you talk about something or somebody you use the indefinite article, then, the definite: En mi calle hay un restaurante. El restaurante es grande. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES Spanish nouns show gender and number. Similarly, descriptive adjectives, which are words that describe someone or something, show usually gender and number (guapo/-a, sincero/-a). Some of them show only number (optimista, inteligente, interesante). POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES Singular Mi Tu Su Plural mis tus sus 4
5 Nuestro/-a Vuestro/-a Su nuestros/-as vuestros/-as sus Only nuestro(s)/-a(s) and vuestro(s)/-a(s) show gender. Su and sus can be use to describe things that belong to him, her, or them. ADJECTIVES THAT PRECEDE NOUNS Most adjectives in Spanish follow a noun, but some precede it: Poco/-a (little) Pocos/-as (few) Mucho/-a (much) Juan tiene poco tiempo para estudiar Hay pocas personas aquí Tengo mucho frío Muchos/-as (many) Muchos estudiantes son de aquí Algun/-a (any, some) Siempre estudio con algún amigo. Algunos/-as (some) Algunos estudiantes son de Taft Este/-a (this) Este libro es interesante Ese/-a (that, far from the one who talks, near the one who listens) Aquel/aquella (that, far from the one who talks and the one who listens) Estos/-as Esos/-as Aquellos/aquellas SOME ACCENTS Words with one syllable usually do not have an accent, but if there are two exact words with different meaning, then we put the accent in one of them: Sí (yes) / si (if) Tú (you) / tu (your) Qué (what) / que (that) Cómo (how) / como (like, as) 5
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