Introducción a Internet

Transcripción

1 CATEDRA TELEINFORMATICA - DEPARTAMENTO ELECTRONICA - UTN - FRM Unidad 1: Introducción a la Gustavo Mercado gmercado@frm.utn.edu.ar Patricia Clérigo pclerigo@frm.utn.edu.ar LIREDAT UTN FRM Introducción a Internet Bibliografía Protocolo TCP/IP Historia Organización de Internet Introducción 2 G. Mercado 1

2 Bibliografía Los principales textos de estudio son: Redes Gobales de Información con Internet y TCP/IP, Douglas Comer, Pearson TCP/IP Illustrated Vol 1 The Protocols, W. Richard Stevens, Addison Wesley También puede consultarse Redes de Computadoras, Andrew Tanenbaum, Prentice-Hall Comunicaciones y Redes de Computadores, Willian Stalling, Prentice-Hall Introducción 3 Bibliografía con t Para estudiar como se implementa la pila de protocolos: Interconectividad de Redes TCP/IP Vol II Diseño e Implementación, Douglas Comer, Pearson TCP/IP Illustrated Vol 2 The Implementation, W. Richard Stevens, Addison Wesley Para estudiar aplicaciones y programación de aplicaciones Internetworking with TCP/IP Vol III Client-Server Programming, Douglas Comer, Pearson Unix Network Programming, W. Richard Stevens, Addison Wesley Introducción 4 G. Mercado 2

3 Protocolo TCP/IP Es un conjunto de protocolos, aplicaciones y servicios para administrar y explotar redes. Está desarrollado para múltiples plataformas. Es un sistema abierto, sus protocolos son de dominio público. Permite interconexión de redes (interredes). Es la base de la Internet. Introducción 5 Principios Internet Cerf and Kahn s internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control define today s Internet architecture Introducción 6 G. Mercado 3

4 Vendor Independence Before TCP/IP and the Internet Only two sources of network protocols Specific vendors such as IBM or Digital Equipment Standards bodies such as the ITU (formerly known as CCITT) TCP/IP Vendor independent Introducción 7 Historia de Internet 1961: Kleinrock la teoría de colas demuestra la efectividad de la conmutación de paquetes 1964: Baran conmutación de paquetes en redes militares 1969: ARPANET: red experimental del proyecto de investigación de DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency). Es la primera red de conmutación de paquetes. Original backbone of Internet Wide area network around which TCP/IP was developed Funding from Advanced Research Project Agency Initial speed 50 Kbps Introducción 8 G. Mercado 4

5 Historia de Internet 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1973: Metcalfe s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks late70 s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70 s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) Introducción 9 Historia de Internet 1975: ARPANET se transforma en una red operacional. NCP (Network Control Protocol) primer protocolo host-host Primer programa de ARPAnet tiene 15 nodos 1979: ARPANET tiene 200 nodos 1979: se forma el primer comité informal para guiar y coordinar los protocolos y arquitectura de la red. (ICCB) Internet Control and Configuration Board. Introducción 10 G. Mercado 5

6 Historia de Internet 1983: se adopta el conjunto de protocolos TCP/IP como el standard de la red, y su uso obligatorio para conectarse a la red. Se parte en 2 redes: una para investigación (ARPANET), y otra para fines militares (MILNET). 1983: Comienzan los desarrollos universitarios en UNIX: Berkeley Software Distribution. smtp protocol defined DNS defined for name-to-ip-address translation 1985: ftp protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control Introducción 11 Historia de Internet Early 1990 s: ARPAnet decomissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: WWW hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960 s] HTML, http: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990 s: commercialization of the WWW Introducción 12 G. Mercado 6

7 Historia de Internet : Se transforma en el backbone NSFNET Funded by National Science Foundation Motivation: Internet backbone to connect all scientists and engineers Introduced Internet hierarchy Wide area backbone spanning geographic U.S. Many mid-level (regional) networks that attach to backbone Campus networks at lowest level Initial speed Mbps Introducción 13 Historia de Internet ANSNET ( ) Introducción 14 G. Mercado 7

8 Historia de Internet vbns NET (1995) very-high-performance Backbone Network Service 1998, connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions 12 national points of presencewithds-3, OC-3 and OC-12 links deployment of many novel network technologies including IP multicasting, quality of service and IPv6. Introducción 15 Historia de Internet: Línea de Tiempo theory university prototypes production use in research commercial early residential broadband home port speeds Internet protocols 100 kb/s 1 Mb/s 10 Mb/s ftp DNS RIP UDP TCP SMTP SNMP finger ATM BGP, OSPF Mbone IPsec HTTP HTML RTP 100 Mb/s 1 Gb/s XML OWL SIP Jabber queuing architecture routing cong. control DQDB, ATM QoS VoD p2p ad-hoc sensor Introducción 16 G. Mercado 8

9 Situación Actual 1977: 22.5 Million Hosts (Bellcore June 1997) 190+ IP countries (VC est. June 1997) 50 Million Users (NUA Jul 1997) 2001: 115 Million Servers (NW/TC Jan 2001) 218/246 IP countries (NW Jan 2000) 513 Million Users (NUA Aug 2001) 2008: Millones de Host Millones de dispositivos móviles Introducción 17 Administración de Internet Línea de Tiempo Introducción 18 G. Mercado 9

10 Organización de la IAB IRTF La Junta IETF IRSG IESG Grupos de investigación Grupos de trabajo Introducción 19 Components of the IAB Organization IAB: Internet Architecture (Activities) Board Board that oversees and arbitrates URL is IRTF: Internet Research Task Force IERG: Internet Researh Steering Group Coordinates research on TCP/IP and internetworking Virtually defunct, but may re-emerge IRTF: Internet Research Task Force Coordinates protocol and Internet engineering Headed by Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) Divided into N areas (N is 10 plus or minus a few) Each area has a manager Composed of working groups (volunteers) URL is Introducción 20 G. Mercado 10

11 ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Formed in 1998 to subsume IANA and INTERNIC contract Not-for-profit managed by international board Now sets policies for addresses and domain names Support organizations Address allocation (ASO) Domain Names (DNSO) Protocol parameter assignments (PSO) Introducción 21 ICANN Introducción 22 G. Mercado 11

12 World Wide Web Consortium Organization to develop common protocols for World Wide Web Open membership Funded by commercial members URL is Introducción 23 Internet Society Organization that promotes the use of the Internet Formed in 1992 Not-for-profit Governed by a board of trustees Members worldwide URL is Introducción 24 G. Mercado 12

13 Internet RFC s La DCA (Defense Communication Agency) (1983) funda el grupo SRI International para mantener y distribuir la información y documentación sobre TCP/IP y de la Internet. Se conoce como el NIC (Network Information Center). Standards de protocolos, documentación y mejoras futuras se distribuyen por medio de las RFC s (Requests for Comments). Introducción 25 Internet RFC s con t Series of reports that include TCP/IP protocols The Internet Related technologies Checked and edited by IESG Edited, but not peer-reviewed like scientific journals Contain: Proposals Surveys and measurements Protocol standards Introducción 26 G. Mercado 13

14 Internet RFC s con t Numbered in chronological order Revised document reissued under new number Numbers ending in 99 reserved for summary of previous 100 RFCs Index and all RFCs available on-line Introducción 27 Internet RFC s con t Host Requirements Documents Major revision/clarification of most TCP/IP protocols RFC 1122 (Communication Layers) RFC 1123 (Application & Support) RFC 1127 (Perspective on ) Router Requirements Major specification of protocols used in IP gateways (routers) RFC 1812 (updated by RFC 2644) Introducción 28 G. Mercado 14

15 Special Subsets Of RFCs For Your Information (FYI) Provide general information Intended for beginners Best Current Practices (BCP) Engineering hints Reviewed and approved by IESG Introducción 29 TCP/IP Standards (STD) Set by vote of IETF Documented in subset of RFCs Found in Internet Official Protocol Standards RFC and on IETF web site Issued periodically Current version is RFC 5000 STD67 Introducción 30 G. Mercado 15

16 Internet Drafts Preliminary RFC documents Oftenusedby IETF workinggroups Available on-line from several repositories Either become RFCs within six months or disappear Introducción 31 Obtaining RFCs and Internet Drafts Available via FTP World Wide Web IETF report contains summary of weekly activity Introducción 32 G. Mercado 16

17 Lecturas Recomendadas Vinton G. Cerf, A Decade of Internet Evolution, The Internet Protocol Journal, June 2008 Volume 11, Number 2 Geoff Huston, A Decade in the Life of the Internet, The Internet Protocol Journal, June 2008 Volume 11, Number 2 Dave Thaler, Evolution of the IP Model, IETF Journal Volume 4, Issue 3, February 2009 NRO, INTERNET NUMBER RESOURCE STATUS REPORT As of 31 December 2008, Introducción 33 G. Mercado 17