Integration of Wind Generation within the Electric Power System Experiences from Spain

Integration of Wind Generation within the Electric Power System Experiences from Spain Berlin, December 2005 Juan F. Alonso-Llorente RED ELÉCTRICA DE ESPAÑA Contents The Wind Generation within Spanish system: past and prospects Sensitive aspects of WG for the power system The WG within System Planning and Access to the Grid : Generation Expansion Planning Planning and Access Studies Wind Power Dimensioning within system The WG within System Operation Summary and Conclusions 2 1

The special regime Legal framework created to favour the European policy of Promotion of renewable and high efficiency plants, with some advantageous features in the operation and economic contexts: Choice of selling policy and price method Market Bidding Price: Market Price + Additional Bonus Acquired by the distribution companies Price: Fixed Special Price Guarantee of output and injection into system (except security constraints) Classification according to UCTE taxonomy: Hydro plants (< 10 MW) and sea-energy (0) plants Other renewables Biomass // Solid Urban and Industrial Waste // Solar // Geothermal (0) // Wind Farms No renewable sources Plants using residual energy from an industrial process Cogeneration plants: Coal // Heavy-oil // Refinery Gas // Natural gas 3 MW 60.000 50.000 40.000 Installed Power vs. Load SEPE. OR <> SR (MW) 11.704 14.443 847 1.026 1.292 1.610 2.097 2.574 3.034 3.812 4.598 7.196 8.318 9.970 5.709 16.626 37.724 34.930 34.336 33.236 31.247 29.484 37.212 30.000 27.369 25.160 24.393 25.219 25.357 23.990 24.764 25.813 21.932 44.079 46.975 20.000 51.287 44.181 47.362 42.469 41.96142.070 42.188 42.222 42.437 42.414 42.859 43.551 43.522 43.662 10.000 1ª STAGE: COGENERATION 2ª STAGE: WIND POWER Accumulated Increase 2000-2004 100% 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Ordinary Reg. Special Reg. Peak Demand 4 2

Renewable Generation within primary demand 100% 90% 80% 70% 3,7% 3,5% 3,5% 3,6% 3,8% 3,9% 4,2% 4,4% 2,9% 2,7% 1,9% 2,0% 2,8% 1,5% 2,6% 1,9% 13,4% 13,5% 12,8% 13,0% 13,0% 10,3% 10,4% 11,3% 12,2% 12,8% 14,2% 12,4% 11,8% 11,7% 15,6% 17,3% 6 7%vs.12% 12% of primary energy in 2010 ( 54/1997Law) ( 29% of ElecDem) 60% 50% 40% 53,5% 54,1% 52,8% 51,7% 52,2% 51,1% 50,8% 50,0% Otras Energías Ren Hidráulica Nuclear Gas Natural Petroleo Carbón 30% 20% 10% 16,4% 15,5% 17,2% 17,3% 15,3% 16,6% 15,0% 14,9% 0% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 5 Evolution of wind power generation (MW installed SEPE) 10000 9000 8000 8046 9350 7000 6000 6202 5000 4530 4000 3200 3000 2000 1000 0 35 34 43 87 164 405 760 1443 2051 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005sep 6 3

Régimen Especial; 16.626; 24% Gas Ciclo combinado; 8.259; 12% Fuel-Gas; 6.930; 10% Evolution of Special generation: Dec.2004 Wind Power 8.046 MW (12%) Installed Power dec. 2004 (g.m.) Hidráulica; 16.657; 25% Carbón; 11.565; 17% Nuclear; 7.876; 12% Energy anual generation 2004 (g.m.) Gas Ciclo Combinado 32.785 GWh (13%) Fuel-oil 3.936 GWh (2%) Wind Power Régimen 14.047 GWh especial (6%) 44.952 GWh (18%) Hidráulica 29.706 GWh (12%) Carbón 76.304 GWh (30%) Significant energy contribution around 5 6 % of total relative contribution EvsP (1.958 heq) comparable to average hydro gen. Nuclear 63.524 GWh (25%) 7 Energy Forecast H2011 Wind Power means the most significant and likely chapter for the European, Spanish and regional environmental objectives, revitalised in the recent plans Horizon 2011 (MIN) Under review PER 2010 (no grid consideration) Generation SEPE MWins GWh/y MWins GWh/y Biomass 3.098 22.784 Solar-thermoelectric 200 459 Mini-hydro 2.380 7.377 Wind Power 13.000 28.600 20.155 45.511 Biogas 78 546 Solar- photovoltaic 144 218 Urban Waste 262 1.846 Renewable (without large hydro) 19.162 61.829 Hydro (large) 16.571 31.129 Total Renewable 35.733 92.958 Total Generation 296.022 %vstot Energy 9,7% V 15,4% 31% 8 4

Contents The Wind Generation within Spanish system past and prospects Sensitive aspects of WG for the power system The WG within System Planning and Access to the Grid : Generation Expansion Planning Planning and Access Studies Wind Power Dimensioning within system The WG within System Operation Summary and Conclusions 9 Dispatchability of renewable generation In addition to the advantages, the most relevant peculiarities of wind power for the integration are associated to: ATRIBUTES: Capability to manage power production Reliability of production programme (Programme vs. Forecast) Contribution to the constant necessary generation-load balance Inmunity after contingencies Incidents in the power system Extreme Conditions over primary energy (Intermitency) MOTIVATIONS: Nature of the process: Energy Source Primary/Complementary Type of generator and asociated equipment Main chapters (with influence on the power system): NON DISP.- Wind power generation: The large development recent and foreseen- makes local problems into very important challenges for the system operation and development DISP.- Solar-thermoelectric generation 10 5

Sensitive nature of wind power System planning: Generation Expansion Planning Transmission grid planning Access and Connection to the Grid System Operation: Programming Operation Markets Constraint Solution f-p Regulation V-Q Regulation Real time Operation Decreasing Time Horizon 11 Contents The Wind Generation within Spanish system past and prospects Sensitive aspects of WG for the power system The WG within System Planning and Access to the Grid : Generation Expansion Planning Planning and Access Studies Wind Power Dimensioning within system The WG within System Operation Summary and Conclusions 12 6

Power Potencia production horaria vs / installed potencia instalada capacity (%) (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Wind Energy in the generation expansion forecast (i) Little time/space pattern for instantaneous production, although seasonal influence is found mar-02 abr-02 may-02 jun-02 jul-02 ago-02 sep-02 oct-02 nov-02 dic-02 ene-03 feb-03 mar-03 abr-03 may-03 jun-03 jul-03 ago-03 sep-03 oct-03 nov-03 dic-03 ene-04 feb-04 mar-04 abr-04 may-04 jun-04 jul-04 ago-04 sep-04 oct-04 nov-04 dic-04 ene-05 13 Wind Energy in the generation expansion forecast (ii) Significant seasonal pattern for monthly energy production at national level Patrones de producción potencia de mensual/pot potencia a instalada nivel nacional: Escaso patron instantáneo Average monthly potencia productionmensual/pot vs installed capacity instalada (%) Posibles patrones energéticos estacionales 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mar-02 May-02 Jul-02 Sep-02 Nov-02 Ene-03 Mar-03 May-03 Jul-03 Sep-03 Nov-03 Ene-04 Mar-04 May-04 Jul-04 Sep-04 Nov-04 Ene-05 14 7

37350 MW 15 Contribution to the SoS Wind Power total estimated (MW) SEPE LOAD (MW x 10) MW/ MW (x 10) 26 JAN 2005 27 JAN 2005 16 8

Wind Energy in the generation expansion forecast (iii) Generation planning is indicative (not binding); however, its forecast is necessary to plan the network (which is binding): New Generation contingent dimensioning Wind Energy Generation: Energy: Sufficient and quite solid estimation (independence of strategies) Power: Volatile estimation and non-firm contribution to the SoS factor Frequency Distribution of wind power Frecuency (%) 14 12 10 8 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 4 2 0 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Power (%) 100 % Production vs Installed 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Probability of reaching (% Production vs Installled) 17 Contents The Wind Generation within Spanish system past and prospects Sensitive aspects of WG for the power system The WG within System Planning and Access to the Grid : Generation Expansion Planning Planning and Access Studies Wind Power Dimensioning within system The WG within System Operation Summary and Conclusions 18 9

Planning and access studies (i) Access Feasibility.- Adequacy & Security Assessment with planning&operation criteria within the last development plan (generally short-medium term : H2008): General Conditions (every type of generation) Acceptable steady state behaviour (N & N-X LF studies) Short-circuit power (Scc) acceptable by substations equipment Acceptable dynamic behaviour (stability after disturbances) Particular ( special gen. -wind-): Limitations associated to the applied MVA 1/20 Scc of connection point ( V Scc) simplistic criterion oriented to quality assurance within distribution; old conditions for a distributed environment, but contributes to power distribution Grid design criteria: grid meshing, magnitude, distance to the grid 19 Planning and access studies (ii) Technical conditions: Studies of different topological scope The nodal studies are preceptive, but the results only reflect upper possibilities or indicative range: nodal capacities are not mutually compatible and reinforcement needs may not be coherent The need for the widest study area is limited to the regional studies, which become the reference for the Regional Administrations (competent for authorising wind generators), deciding nodal distribution within regional possibilities Besides, national studies must establish maximum wind penetration within the system (generally due to dynamic performance) National coordination is needed, and essential when regional capacities are not mutually compatible, in order to: Establish coherent generation plans Design sound grid development plans, by weighing local and interregional reinforcements 20 10

Aluminio Español Lemoniz Tabiella Irún Errondenia Puentes de La Granda Santurce Zierbena Gatica Pasajes García Rodríguez Boimente Laminación Carrio Argia A CORUÑA (La Coruña) Aboño Penagos Arkale SANTANDER Amorebieta Hernani Repsol Puerto Uninsa Abanto Hernani Sabón Cacicedo Lemoniz Gueñes Eiris OVIEDOSiero Torrelavega Santurce Azpeitia Irún Errondenia Ferroatlántica Grela Puente de S. Miguel DONOSTIA Arkale Argia Orbegozo Zierbena Gatica Soto de Meirama Lada (San Sebastián) Abadiano Ichaso Penagos Mesón do Vento Narcea Ribera Abanto BILBO (Bilbao) Hernani Ayala Ormaiztegui Vimianzo Azpeitia T. Nervión Hernani Mondragón Aristrain Sidegasa Pesoz La Pereda Tubacex Gueñes Amorebieta Aguayo Ichaso Villalbilla Barcina Vitoria Orcoyen Dumbria La Gaudiere LUGO Villablino Vitoria-Elgea Santiago II Baixas Mazaricos Portodemouros Remolina Velilla Vitoria Elgea Tambre II Anllares Mataporquera Cayetano Virtus C.N. S.M. Gamarra Pragneres Las Ondinas La Robla Guardo Alí Muruarte Orcoyen Benos Montecarrio Cillamayor Garoña Forjas Alavesas IRUÑA (Pamplona) GASTEIZ (Vitoria) Peñadrada Barcina Tabescán Masgalán Compostilla II Cordovilla Tibo Chantada Belesar Sta. Marina Las Mazorras Puentelarra Mercedes Benz Moralets Compostilla Jundiz Biescas II Eriste Ameixeiras LEÓN El Cerro Andorra La Lomba Villameca P. de la Sal Miranda La Fortunada Laguardia Sallente Sangüesa Llavorsi PONTEVEDRA P.E.S. Cando Taf alla S. Pedro Montearenas Escalona Sesue Sabiñanigo Albarellos Vilecha Herrera La Lora Briviesca Logroño Olite Pont de Sta. Llogaia Lourizán Velle El Sequero Castrelo P. Bibey LOGROÑO Arrubal T. Foradada Suert Pazos de Pobla Adrall OURENSE P.E. Sil-Meda Prada Villalbilla Mediano Borben Villimar Trives (Orense) BURGOS Sta. Engracia Quel de Segur Cercs Suido Cartelle Conso San Agustín Carrasquillo Castejón HUESCA Grado Salas Juia Atios Frieira Soutelo Ribadelago Vic Lubián GIRONA (Gerona) Puebla de Sanabria Grijota Vallejera La Serna Gurrea Alcalá de Gurrea Tudela Almudevar Noguera Bescanó Centelles Las Conchas Aparecida PALENCIA Valparaiso Oncala Lanzas Agudas Monzón Calders Massanet Palencia Pola Tardienta Magallón Lindoso Cinca Villanueva Peñaflor S. Celoni Sallente La Mudarra Entrerrios Bajo Cinca SORIA Bescanó ZARAGOZA LLEIDA (Lérida) Sentmenat Ascó Vic La Mudarra (Id) Moncayo Jalón Los Leones VALLADOLID Mangraners Mangraners Pierola Can Barba Ricoba yo Rueda de Jalón Plaza M.Torrero Sentmenat La Granda Osera (AVE) Juneda Castro Zaratán Renedo Santa Coloma La Olma Franquesas Tabiella María de Huerva El Espartal La Espluga Can Jardi BARCELONA Palau La Roca Almazán Peñalba Los Vientos Zaragoza (AVE) Montblanc Laminación Carrio Zamora Tordesillas Mequinenza P. de Suert-Pobla M. Figueres A. Zinc Villalcampo ZAMORA El Ventero Sadumi Collblanch Can Barba R. Caldes Trasona Aboño El Olivar Granadella Castellet Garraf Pobla Pierola Uninsa Vandellós St. Cugat S. Fost Bemposta Terrer Penedés Escatrón Ribarroja El Morell Perafort Aldeadávila II M. del Campo Fuendetodos Abrera La Secuita Foix Can Jardi Santa Coloma Aragón Repsol Castellbisbal (Celsa) Pocinho Olmedo TARRAGONA Constanti Villarino Ascó Bellisens Rubí S. Andreu Castellbisbal Siero Aldeadávila Medinaceli Ascó Sant Adria Antiñano Tarragona Molins Sant Just P. San Miguel Besos Saucelle Muniesa Boimente Villamayor Vandellós Monjos Trinitat Ferreros SALAMANCA Mequinenza Begues Poble Nou Penagos Segovia Teruel Soto de Ribera Saucelle II Hinojosa Foix-Castellet Sant Boi Maragall Lada Lastras SEGOVIA Mezquita Viladecans Vilanova Sabiñanigo Narcea La Pereda Otero de Herreros Fuentes de Castelldefels Eixample la Alcarria La Serna Urgell Garraf Gava Velilla GUADALAJARA Trillo Escucha L. Corts Vandellós Aeropuerto 1 Zona Franca ÁVILA El Cereal Maestrazgo Villanueva Collblanch Aeropuerto 2 La Robla La Robla Galapagar S. S. Reyes Morella L Hospitalet (Hec) Villablino Fuencarral Meco Peñaflor Aragón Paracuellos Anchuelo V. Cañada MADRID TERUEL Los Leones Loeches Bolarque I Escatrón Villa viciosa Gabriel y Galán Moraleja Morata Bolarque II J. Cabrera Plaza Guijo de Granadilla Monte Torrero Parla II CUENCA Entrerríos Cala Huelves Arañuelo El Ingenio Alcudia II Bosch Casatejada La Plana Añover Zaragoza Escatrón Torrijos Bechi María Talavera Aceca (AVE) Torrejón Vall d Uxo Castellón Cala Mesquida Son Reus Llubi J.M. de Oriol Almaraz TOLEDO Segorbe Sagunto Valldurgent Marratxi Cedillo Azután PALMA DE C.N. Almaraz Valdecañas Olmedilla MALLORCA Sidmed Calvia La Eliana Mora F. Muestras Falagueira Aldaya/El Oliveral VALÈNCIA (Valencia) Cáceres CÁCERES Madridejos F. San Luis Requena Torrente Cortes II Valencia (Torrente) Valdecaballeros El Emperador C.N. Cofrentes Catadau M. Cortes Alcira C. Real Romica Picón Ayora Badajoz (AVE) La Paloma ALBACETE S. Jorge Torrent Elvas Mérida CIUDAD REAL BADAJOZ Alarcos Formentera Alvarado Pinilla Benejama Venta La Nava de la Inés Puertollano La Nuncia Elcogas Monovar Xixona Campello Petrel S. Vicente Bienvenida Novelda ALACANT (Alicante) Saladas Balboa Arroyo del Valle El Palmeral Alqueva Elche HC Rocamora Elche Este Guadame Andujar Rojales MURCIA Úbeda La Lancha Montecillo Torremendo San Miguel Bajo El Palmar El Palmar Campoamor Casillas CÓRDOBA San Pedro Olivares Totana La Asomada Hoya Morena JAÉN Guillena Nueva Escombreras Fausita Nueva Tharsis Escombreras Grijota La Mudarra Villanueva del Rey SantiponceSEVILLA Ence Onuba Siderúrgica Sevillana Centenario Cabra El Cereal HUELVA Aljarafe Los Alcores Galapagar C. Colón Guadaira Caparacena Otero Torrearenillas Quintos S. S. Reyes D. Rodrigo Algete Daganzo Palos/Torrearenillas Dos Hermanas La Roda de Andalucía El Fargue Atarfe Litoral Galapagar GRANADA Hueneja Gábias de Almería A. Vega ET Meco Fuencarral Tajo de la ET Sanchinarro Encantada Benahadux C. Casa Campo Hortaleza Aena Paracuellos San Rafael Aravaca C.Naciones Simancas Arcos de la Órgiva ALMERÍA Majadahonda Prosperidad El Coto P.S. Fernando Puerto de Frontera (Norte) Los Montes Berja Palafox MÁLAGA V.Cañada Canillejas Trillo Sta. María Mazarredo Norte Los Ramos Ardoz Melancólicos Estrella Coslada La Cartuja Arcos de la Boadilla Loeches Ventas Vicálvaro J. Cabrera CÁDIZ Frontera (Sur) Alhaurín Talavera Alcorcón Lucero Mediodía P.P rincesa Vallecas Cádiz Paterna Guillena La Lancha Villaviciosa Aguacate Retamar C. Plata Costa Sol Guillena Villaverde Arganda Almaraz Casares Arroyo Molinos C. Fregaderos Getafe La Torrecilla Guillena Santiponce El Hornillo Huelves Parralejo San Roque Pinar del Rey Fuenlabrada Pinto Morata Torrearenillas Almaraz Facinas Centenario Guillena Moraleja Parla Pinto II Almaraz Bahía de Algeciras Parla II Puerto de la Cruz Los Barrios Alcores Olmedilla Playa Blanca Tarifa Almaraz Siderúrgica Azután Valdemoro Corralejo Quintos Aceca Guillena Arañuelo CEUTA Rocío Añover Aceca Tabares Melloussa Dos Hermanas Candelaria Guillena Isora D. Rodrigo Pinar del Rey Lomo del Pto. Real Granadilla Cardo Jinamar Santiponce Santa Agueda Bco. Tirajana Archipiélago Canario reducido al 65% MELILLA Santurce Zierbena Gatica Ortuella El Abra Nervacero Abanto A.C.V. Zamudio Babcock Alonsotegui Sidenor La Jara Gueñes Basauri Wind Power Generation: Expectations and Current Situation ARCHIPIÉLAGO CANARIO LA PALMA HIERRO GOMERA TENERIFE 2050 6500 2359 FUERTEVENTURA GRAN CANARIA LANZAROTE Sobradelo Santiago S. Pedro S. Esteban 605 174 310 950 300 624 Zierbena Santurce A. Zinc Trasona Aceriasa El Palo TineoAntiñano Astillero 162 0 85 391 Barcina 1536 Vitoria Lac Páramo de Poza D Oo Barcina 881 Cornatel Quereño 587 2046 11508 665 3016 Centelles 6438 420 Vic-S. Celoni 144 Begues 1728 4057 Rubí P. Convención Canyet Badalona 4000 Tarragona Bellisens 0 Foix 1292 200 MENORCA CASTELLÓ DE LA PLANA (Castellón de la Plana) 0 2577 Es Bessons Son Orlandis 7023 MALLORCA 0 2500 CONEJERA 6500 CABRERA IBIZA 400 17 1711 0 FORMENTERA 496 Red de Transporte de Energía 6234 850 Eléctrica de España Enero 2004 4000 55 Producers Expectations 442 Access Applications: 38.059MW (> 60.000 MW gross) Aljarafe Guadaira La Fortuna Leganés RED ELÉCTRICA DE ESPAÑA Líneas Circuitos previstos instalados 1 1 En servicio 2 1 2 2 1 1 En construcción y programadas 2 1 2 2 En servicio Cable En construcción subterráneo / submarino y programadas Prevista transformación a 400 kv Tensiones 400 kv 220 kv 132/110 kv < 110 kv Todas las líneas se han dibujado en el color al que funcionan. En las construidas a tensión distinta ésta se indica entre paréntesis (F 400 kv) Regional Plans (MIN H2011rev) Total Peninsular: 39.479 MW En servicio En construcción y programadas Wind Subestaciones Power Installed Hidráulica Centrales Térmica Térmica nuclear Total Peninsular: 9.350 MW 21 Influence of wind connection on Transmission planning Wind Power connection and operation becomes one of the most significant motivations for the Transmission Network Plan 2002-2011 Transmission Grid Development H2011rev Potencia eólica puesta en servicio (MW) P. C.: Potencia eólica conectada Influence from wind power connection: a nudos de la red (transp. o Penínsular 9182 (estimation: distr.) de many la Comunidad facilities are multipurpose) Autónoma Extrapenínsular 128 Moderate < 50% P.I.: Potencia eólica instalada físicamente en High la Comunidad 50 100 % Total 9310 Autónoma Exclusive = 100% 22 11

Access and Connection : Overview Main Features Procedures Access Connection Access Application Perspective System Operation Transmission Object System behaviour Engineering and Physical Feasibility Definite Connection to Transmission >>> SO (REE) Connection to Distribution (> 50 MW, Scc limit.) > DO> SO (REE) Character Indicative REE issues a report evaluating access feasibility, fulfilling system security criteria Connection Application >>> Trans.Co. Agent submits engineering Project and Programme Trans.Co. elaborates Report of Technical Conditions for Connection SO (REE) supervises and issues a report Agent < TECHNICAL CONTRACT> Transmission Company 23 Access and Connection to the Transmission Grid ACCESS AGENT TRADER (as representative of eligible consumer) point) <<<< Application <<<< COMPLEMENTARY INF. >>>> Answer >>>> [< 1 month] Access Application (one by connection SO & TSM Information Analysis Identificationn of connection point TRANSCO Distribution Operator (if applies) Communication to owneroroperator Feasibility Report [ < 2 months] Feasibility Report Feasibility Report [ < 2 months] AGENT CONNECTION OS & GRT TRADER Project and Installation Programme (P&IP) (as representative of eligible consumer) Report[< 1 month] Analysis Report[< 1 month] TRANSCO Analysis and Determination of technical conditions Report on Technical Conditions for Connection (+ copy P&IP) [< 1 month] CONTRACT FOR ACCESS TO THE GRID [< 1 month] 24 12

Access and Connection : Costs Allocation Reinforcement and new facilities within the transmission grid Investment Actions directly associated to connection of qualified consumers or generators ( immediate reinforcement: existing/planned line and substation) paid by connecting agents (Guarantee of 20% of Trans Facilities to OS when connection application) Actions associated to support TransNet>DisNet retributed by system Reinforcement for grid meshing retributed by system Operation&Maintenance: retributed by system Small efficiency signal by Economy (distance to grid, local reinforcement) Uncertainty (non-local planned reinforcement), but very insufficient incentive to geographical energy balance 25 Cost Allocation of New Facilities Directly associated Transmission to connection Facilities Structural Reinforcement Connection Facilities Investment Cost Agent System (Agent guarantees 20% of Cost) Agent Operation and Maintenance Cost System System New bay New substation as in/out of existing line Existing Substation New bay TransGrid Connection Facilities (no TransGrid) 26 13

Contents The Wind Generation within Spanish system past and prospects Sensitive aspects of WG for the power system The WG within System Planning and Access to the Grid : Generation Expansion Planning Planning and Access Studies Wind Power Dimensioning within system The WG within System Operation Summary and Conclusions 27 Wind Penetration Studies Motivations: Significant increase of risk of loss of stability associated to intermitent energy source (mild) and insufficient immunity to system faults from machines (important), what may lead to Extended loss of load Loss of interconnection with UCTE 28 14

Loss of generation (18-Ene-04) 190 MW: Incidencias en L- 400 kv Barcina-Itxaso Y L-400 kv Grijota-Vitoria (d). 390 MW: Incidencias en L-220 kv Mercedes-Puentelarra, AT1 220/132 kv Puentelarra y L-220 kv Garoña-Puentelarra (g). 300 MW: Incidencias en Ls-132 kv Ormaiztegui-Hernani, 1 y 2 (f). 450 MW: Incidencia en L-400 kv Hernani-Itxaso y AT1 400/220 kv Güeñes. (e) 270 MW: Incidencia en L-220 kv Güeñes-La jara-ayala-poza de la Sal (c) y AT2 400/220 kv Güenes. 320 MW: Incidencia en Ls-220 kv Hernani-Itxaso, 1 y 2. a 01:01 h. (b) 29 Wind Penetration Studies Objectives: Identify technical limits for wind power production (reference for installation plans) Establish technical requirements for wind farms (fault ride-through capability) Explore alternative operation measures Ministery Plan H2011 (October 2002) Load Situation Admissible Wind Power 13.000 MWinst Production (frtc 500 ms) (strategic increase of Peak 10.000 MW former 9.000 MW objective) Off-peak 3.000 5.000 MW Current Review (advance of ongoing studies) Results very depending on % of adequate current generators (10GW). Future gen.: adequate Load Sit. % technology Admissible Wind adequacy of current Power Production Peak 50% < 10.000 MW 75% 14.000 MW 16-20.000 MWinst??? 100% >16.000 MW Off-peak 0% 5.000 MW 75% > 10.000 MW 30 15

Technical Requirements for Wind Power Remain connected to the system in case of faults in the network (3/2/1 phase shorcircuits), allowing the protection system to clear de default (fault ride-through capability): Voltage time at the connection point to be supported (Approv. P.O.12.2; prop. REE P.O.12.3) Voltage (pu) 1 0,8 0,6 0,2 start of disturbance Fault length Situations where generators must remain connected 1ph and 2 ph faults Clearance of the fault 0,95 pu Requirements: Design: Generators and equipment must be able to carry currents during the fault Operation Appropriate protection adjustment 0 0,5 1 15 Time (sec) Limits in power consumption (P,Q) during the fault and recovery: exception periods - 150 ms- and lower restriction for unbalance faults 31 Wind Power Generation in Europe: (Installed MW, beginning 2005) 32 16

8.046 MW ins. Wind power 235 GWh anual demand 37,5 MW peak 41 Minhab. Comparison Spain-Germany Energy Data 2004 (UCTE) ( Peak : 3ºX-Dec) Interchange Cap. Data 2004-5 (ETSO) 16.629 MW ins. Wind power(x2,1) 513 GWh anual demand (x2,2) 74 MW peak (x2) 83 Minhab (x2) Import Capacity F: 1.200-1.400 MW P: 550-700 MW MO: 400-400 MW Import Capacity A: 1.400-1.400 MW CZ: 1.700-2.300 MW CH: 3.000-4.000 MW DK: 1.750-1.750 MW F: 2.100-2.550 MW NL: 3.000-2.900 MW PL: 1.100-1.100 MW S: 460-460 MW 33 Contents The Wind Generation within Spanish system Sensitive aspects of WG for the power system The WG within System Planning and Access to the Grid : Generation Expansion Planning Planning and Access Studies Wind Power Dimensioning within system The WG within System Operation Summary and Conclusions 34 17

Wind Production Forecast SIPREOLICO A Short Term Model Forecast of wind speed (HIRLAM Model) Information of wind farm characteristics Curves Power.vs. Wind speed Historic data hourly forecast for next 48 h real-time updating Day N-1 Day N Day N+1 REE Programming Operation Markets Real Time Operation DisCo (zonal info ) 35 40 SIPREOLICO Reliability (i) Relative Error (Forecast.vs. Real Production) Relative Error (%) Average error (MW) 30 20 10 0 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537394143 Forecast Horizon (hours) 0 Average MW error 1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537394143 Forecast Horizon (hours) Week 6-12 june 2005 Power Installed:8.959 MW Power Monitored: 7.255 MW (80%) 36 18

Variability of wind power production: At national scope: typically maximum increase/decrease ramps Increase 800 MW/45 min Gradient: 1067 MW/h Reduction 1000 MW/ 1 h:45min Gradient -570 MW/h 37 Generation Control: Scope and Motivation In planning and access studies, production limitations are detected, which affect generators according to: electric zone (topological/geographical) generator technology (stability) TOPOLOGICAL SCOPE NATURE OF LIMITATION Transmission node (and Load flow capacity associated distribution) Short-circuit power (Scc) Stability Electric zones (and Load flow capacity associated distribution) Short-circuit power (Scc) sharing constraint Stability Power System Feasibility Balance P+jQ Stability TECHNOLOGY DISCRIMINATION Adequate generation control by REE enables adjust the operation, avoiding preventive (conservative) constraints upto confirmation within operation horizon (closer to real rime) 38 19

Production Control in Off-Peak periods(1 Jan 04) 39 Production Control in Off-Peak periods(1 Jan 04) Distribution zone A Distribution zone B Distribution zone C Distribution zone D 40 20

Production Control in Off-Peak periods (13 Jun 04) 41 Production Control in Off-Peak periods (13 Jun 04) Distribution zone A Distribution zone B Distribution zone C Distribution zone D 42 21

Production Control in Off-Peak periods(25 Sep 04) Production reduction required of 670 MW (2 to 8 h) 2-8 hours Reduction of 650 MW (97% required power) 43 Production Control in Off-Peak periods (26 sep 2004) Production reduction required of 570 MW (1 to 11 h) 1-11 hours Reduction of 500 MW (88 % required power) 44 22

Production Control in Off-Peak periods( 10 Oct 2004) Production reduction required of 410 MW (2 to 10 h) 5:45 h 2.650 MW of wind power production with a load below 16.500 MW (16%) Máximum reduction during the off peak of ~250 MW (68% required power) 45 Generation Control: Features Generation Control by REE involves: Capability of REE for receiving real time info from all wind plants (production, voltage, connectivity, wind speed, ) Capability of wind plants for receiving and executing REE s instructions : production control provision of system services For security and efficiency, this interlocution between REE and plants is not individual but via Control Dispatch Centers with control over a number of plants Human and technical resources (24 h) Secure and redundant Connection Dispatching Centre <> REE CC (computer<>computer, telephone) Connection Dispatching Centre <> Wind Farms-Generators This is specially relevant for wind generation due to large number of plants, agents and nodes involved, as well as specific technical requirements: CECRE. 46 23

Large nº de nodes and Wind Farms current and foreseen Motivations for: Nº nodes TransGrid: 30 (> 100) GCD vs. NodeInt. Nº WF: 400 (>700) CECRE 47 CECRE Generation Control The large number of wind farms and grid nodes affected, as well as the development of company owned control centres, motivates that the system operation control needs are expected to be fulfilled by CECRE, as a dedicated centre for wind and in general for special regime: - Integrated within REE Control Structure - Mission: Real time Interlocution with generators - what for?: - monitoring required variables - issuing control instructions - how? Permanent Situation: Interlocution via Generation Control Centre. CECRE does not command or manoeuvre generation facilities; this is carried out by generation control dispatches Temporary Situation: Possible command function of CECRE as last resource control centre -Issues concerning production control criteria under development (basically agreed with generators associations to be approved as grid code) 48 24

CECRE Generation Control: Functional Scheme CECOEL / CECORE Iccp LInk Iccp LInk CECRE Link and Command (*) Iccp LInk Iccp LInk Link and Command (*) DD CONV DDRE 1 DDRE n Link and Command over facilities Link and Command Link and Command 49 Measures to avoid wind power reduction Objective: Reduce possible loss of wind power generation trying to avoid preventive reduction of production (over 1.300 MW with full occupation of France-Spain capacity) Disadvantages: only in some cases and affects grid reliability Line opening (L-400 kv Mudarra-Grijota) reduces maximum wind power loss after ShortCircuit 2.386 MW 1.451 MW (situation with 5.000 MW national production) 50 25

Market Participation (Sep05) Wind Power bidding is increasing, and currently 87% of WP is in market M W 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10 % 429 W IN D P O W E R IN M A R K E T. 2 0 0 5 731 601 811 579 604 911 Power Wind Non Market 13% Power Wind in Market 87% 0% DIST MARK J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l WP represents 77% of market in SpecReg, and present in most OUs Power Market from Non Wind 23% Power Market from Wind 77% Mixed OU 37% OUs 18% Wind OU 45% 51 Summary and Conclusions (i) Wind power is the most important and likely chapter for European and Spanish environmental targets : Sole renewable strategy option, with a good social approval (current) Notable Energetic firmness (independent of strategic factors) Insufficient guaranteed power: complementary resource Loss of the dispersed generation character: it does not avoid additional development of distribution network, but implies transmission network reinforcement Notable Development Plan of the Transmission Network (400 & 220 kv) Exceptional scope in European field Negotiation/execution faster for wind farms than for network reinforcements needed installation in zones with traditional excess of generation involves energy losses in the grid 52 26