The use of enzymes and new alternatives in the nutrition of laying hens Dr. Tony Marangos Nutritions Solutions
Dr. Tony Marangos, PhD. Asesor Internacional Nutrición Hy Line International El Dr. Marangos obtuvo una licenciatura en fisiología y bioquímica en animales de granja en la universidad de Reading y obtuvo su ph D en el Royal Veterinary College de la Universidad de Londres. Desde su graduación en 1975 ha ocupado altos cargos directivos en la industria de producción y suministro de alimentos para animales en el Reino Unido. Como director técnico de una importante compañía Avícola Integrada líder en el Reino Unido tuvo la responsabilidad de la implantación y gestión de sistemas de calidad tal como BS 5750, ISO 9000 y UFAS que incorporan HACCP y Bioseguridad en la fabricación de alimento balanceado. Tiene una amplia experiencia en el desarrollo, especificación y fabricación de dietas para todas las especies pero en especial para aves en todos los sistemas: intensivos, libres y orgánicos. En el año 2000 el Dr. Marangos comenzó su propia consultoría Soluciones de Nutrición y cuenta con asesorías a nivel nacional e internacional. Está casado tiene 2 hijos los cuales resalta están casi fuera de su control. Entres sus aficiones está socializar, el teatro, la buena comida y juega golf de una manera esporádica y muy mal. Le gusta ver el cricket y el futbol.
What does the future hold?
Discussion Points Raw materials Permitted Prohibited Anti-nutritive factors Enzymes NSP Phytase Trace elements Inorganic Organic
Permitted Raw Materials Cereals & by-products Soyabean meals Fishmeal monogastric feed mill only Full Fat Soya Rapeseed Rapeseed ext. Sunflower ext. Pulses Peas & Beans Pulse/Rape blends Corn gluten meal (Prairie) Distillery/Bioethanol by-products - DDGS Biscuit meals Vegetable oils Soya, Corn, Sunflower Vegetable acid oils (soapstocks)
Prohibited Raw Materials Meat & Bone meal Blood meal Feather meal Poultry Offal meal Fishmeal in ruminant meals Recycled cooking oils ALL AGPs since January 2006!
We are too reliant on: Corn Wheat Soya This has made everyone vulnerable this year to availability and price
Raw materials contain anti-nutritional factors!
Anti-nutritional factors Non starch polysaccharides NSP Xylans Beta Glucans Pectins Glucosinolates rape Lectins legumes Saponins groundnut Gossypol cotton Phytates vegetable products
Meat & Bone Meals Banned in Europe Processed Animal Protein (PAP) Proposed new legislation for its use Consumer resistance!! BUT reduces dependence on Soya imports Reduced feed costs!
Alternatives to AGPs Competitive exclusion Probiotics Prebiotics Pronutrients! Anticoccidials Mannan oligosaccharides Volatile fatty acids Essential oils Plant extracts Enzymes You pays your money and you take your choice
Amylase Xylanase Beta-glucanase Phytase Protease Pectinase Cellulase Enzymes are the key New multiple enzymes products will enable wider use of by-product raw materials
Dietary Fibre
Non starch polysaccharides Complex molecules viscosity in the gut!
Intestinal viscosity Corn/Soya Corn/Soya + Enzyme
Phytic acid and Phytate metal salt Bound minerals unavailable to the bird!
Phytase Effect
High levels of unavailable P
NSP enzymes Effects of enzymes Reduce viscosity in gut Improve digestion Release energy Phytase enzymes Release Phosphorus Release Calcium Release Trace elements Release amino acids
Matrix values for enzymes Available phosphorus Digestible phosphorus Calcium (available) Digestible amino acids Lysine, Methionine, Cystine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Valine Arginine Metabolisable energy
Formulation of peak lay with & without enzymes PLAIN PLUS ENZYMES % % Corn 59.58 62.24 Soya 26.09 25.23 Soya oil 2.31 1.00 Limestone 9.53 9.49 MCP 1.57 1.09 Salt 0.30 0.30 Sodium Bicarbonate 0.20 0.24 DL Methionine 0.17 0.15 Enzyme Complex 0.02 Vit/TE Premix 0.25 0.25 100 100 Oil 4.90 3.69 Protein 17.00 17.00 ME kcal/kg 2796 2796 Dig Lysine 0.79 0.79 Calcium 4.00 3.90 Available Calcium 4.00 4.00 Phosphorus 0.69 0.58 Available Phosphorus 0.42 0.42 -$16/Tonne
Phosphorus deficiency and laying cycle changes A phosphorus deficiency in laying hens results in irregular laying cycles Osteoperosis - kinky breast bone The irregular laying cycle is a result of random regression of ovum Harms & Sloan, 1999
Why are we getting a phosphorus deficiency? Levels have been lowered to reduce pollution Levels have been lowered to improve shell quality Levels have been lowered to reduce costs Total levels have reduced because of the use of phytase enzyme Bird feed intake is lower
Soft Bones (Osteomalacia)
Poultry Digesta ph Levels It is important to ensure that the enzymes are active across a wide range of gut ph Diagram from E.T. Moran, 1982 ph: Small Intestine Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Duodenum Upper Lower Cecum Colon 4-5 2-4 5 5.5-6.5 6-7 7-7.5 6.9 7
Other nutritional factors Unbalanced protein essential amino acids Corn gluten meal 60% - low lysine Rapeseed meal low lysine higher M+C Sunflower high fibre low lysine low ME We can overcome these issues with: Synthetic amino acids Adding oils
Synthetic Amino Acids DL Methionine Methionine analogues L Lysine L- Threonine L- Valine L- Tryptophan L- Arginine? Increasing availability and use will mean reduction in protein levels and dependence on protein imports!
Trace Elements
Primary needs for trace elements Structural integrity of tissue Collagen and keratin synthesis(zn) and crosslinking(cu) Bone development & strength Collagen(Zn & Cu) and cartilage(mn) Enzymatic activity Hundreds of enzymes depend on Zn, Cu, Mn, Se Immune function B-cells, T-cells & antibody production
Status of trace mineral nutrition Requirements defined in 1960-1980s Are they relevant now with modern breeds Inorganic Trace Minerals (ITM) Availability poorly defined Cheap Safety margins applied Organic Trace Minerals(Chelates) Designed to improve mineral bioavailability Can differentiate products on basis of ligand
Copper Cu Iodine - I Iron Fe Manganese Mn Zinc - Zn Selenium - Se Trace Element Sources Inorganic Oxide, Carbonate, Sulphate Potassium or Calcium Carbonate, Sulphate Oxide, Carbonate, Sulphate Oxide, Sulphate Sodium Variable bioavailability and content
Manganese Sources and Content % Mineral & Bioavailability Oxide 77.0 Low(dioxides) Sulphate 32.5 High Carbonate 47.0 High
Heavy metal Contamination? Arsenic Lead Cadmium Organic mineral salts are very pure
How Important are Mineral Antagonisms? Copper antagonists: Sulfate, Zinc and Molybdenum Manganese antagonists: Calcium and Phosphorous
Organic Trace Mineral Definition Mineral bound to a carrier in a ring structure Metal amino chelate Metal amino acid complex Metal proteinate Metal polysaccharide complexes
Chelates
OTM benefits Chelates are stable in the gut Prevent complexes with other compounds Phytates No contaminants Consistent manufactured products Consistent bioavailability Less supplementation required Better performance? More cost!
Typical inorganic trace element supplementation (g/tonne) Copper (Cu) 10 Iron (Fe) 50 Iodine (I) 1.5 Manganese (Mn) 100 Selenium (Se) 0.3 Zinc (Zn) 100
Typical inorganic trace element supplementation (g/tonne) Copper (Cu) 10 5 Iron (Fe) 50 5 Iodine (I) 1.5 1.5 Manganese (Mn) 100 30 Selenium (Se) 0.3 0.3 Zinc (Zn) 100 30 Total replacement with OTM
Benefits Shown of using OTM Reduce the level of addition of ITM Total replacement with < 30% level Reduce the amount excreted - environmental benefit Improved skin strength Improved bone mineralisation Improved egg shell formation Improved oxidative balance Enhanced immune response BUT they cost more!! Decision is yours.
Thank You