lseslvj Ldhe tqykbz] 2011 ls vkjahk

Transcripción

1 fganh&fohkkx fnyyh fo'ofo ky; ch-,- (vkwulz) fganh lseslvj Ldhe tqykbz] 2011 ls vkjahk ijh{kk&;kstuk rfkk ikb~;øe fo}r~ ifj"kn~ vksj dk;zdkjh ifj"kn~ dh csbd fnukad 25 vizsy] 2011 esa ikfjr f'k{kk&o"kz 2011 esa ch-,- (vkwulz) fganh ikb~;øe esa izos'k ysus okys fo kffkz;ksa ds fy, fuèkkzfjr ikb~;øe

2 2 fnyyh fo ofo ky; fohkkx dk uke : fganh ikb~;dze % ch-,- (vkwulz) fganh lseslvj&1 lseslvj&2 iz'ui=&1% lkfgr; fpuru &,d iz'ui=&2% izkphu vksj iwoze/;dkyhu dfork iz'ui=&3% leorhz & Hkk"kk ;ksx;rk iz'ui=&4% fganh dgkuh iz'ui=&5% mrrj e/;dkyhu dfork iz'ui=&6% leorhz & dzsfmv ;ksx;rk lseslvj&3 lseslvj&4 lseslvj&5 lseslvj&6 iz'ui=&7% fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl ¼e/;dky rd½ iz'ui=&8% lkfgr; fpuru&nks iz'ui=&9% leorhz & var% fo"k; iz'ui=&10% vk/kqfud dfork&,d iz'ui=&11% lkeku; Hkk"kk fokku vksj fganh Hkk"kk iz'ui=&12% fganh miu;kl iz'ui=&13% leorhz & vuq kklu dsfunzr&1 iz'ui=&14% fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/kqfud dky½ iz'ui=&15% vk/qkfud dfork&nks iz'ui=&16% fganh fucu/k vksj vu; x fo/kk,a iz'ui=&17% fganh ukvd iz'ui=&18% jpukred ys[ku iz'ui=&19% fodyi iz'ui=&20% fodyi iz'ui=&21% leorhz & vuq kklu dsfunzr&2

3 3 SEMESTER BASED UNDER-GRADUATE HONOURS COURSES Distribution of Marks & Teaching Hours The Semester-wise distribution of papers for the B.A. (Honours), B.Com. (Honours), B. Com., B.Sc. (Honours) Statistics and B.Sc. (Honours) Computer Science will be as follows: Type of Paper Max. Marks Theory Exam. I.A. Teaching per week Main Papers Lectures 1 Tutorial Concurrent Courses Lectures 1 Tutorial Credit Courses for B.Sc.(Hons.) Mathematics Lectures 1 Tutorial Size of the Tutorial Group will be in accordance with the existing norms. The existing syllabi of all Concurrent/Credit Courses shall remain unchanged. The existing criteria for opting for the Concurrent /Credit Courses shall also remain unchanged.

4 4 ikb~;øe&izlrkouk ch-,- (vkwulz) fganh ikb~;øe B.A. (Hons.) Hindi vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij f'k{kk ds Lrj] Lo:i,oa ikb~;øe esa lekurk ykus vksj ØsfMV LFkkukarj.k dks lahko cukus ds mn~ns'; ls fnyyh fo'ofo ky; esa tqykbz] 2011 ds l=k ls ykxw dh tkus okyh lseslvj iz.kkyh ds vuq:i fganh&fohkkx us ch-,- (vkwulz) fganh ikb~;øe ds fy, uohu ikb~;øe rs;kj fd;k gsa bl lseslvj iz.kkyh dh ijh{kk&;kstuk bl Øe esa ykxw dh tk,xh % lseslvj&1 % tqykbz] 2011&fnlacj] 2011 lseslvj&2 % tuojh] 2012&ebZ] 2012 lseslvj&3 % tqykbz] 2012&fnlacj] 2012 lseslvj&4 % tuojh] 2013&ebZ] 2013 lseslvj&5 % tqykbz] 2013&fnlacj] 2013 lseslvj&6 % tuojh] 2014&ebZ] 2014 ch-,- (vkwulz) fganh ikb~;øe ds fy, fuèkkzfjr 21 iz'ui=kksa esa ls 16 iz'ui=k fganh Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; ds gksaxs rfkk ik p leorhz ikb~;øeksa dk izkoèkku gksxka eq[; fo"k; fganh ds iz'ui=kksa dh lkexzh ds fuèkkzj.k ds le; f'k{kk vksj Kku ds cnyrs ifjn`'; dks lkeus j[kk x;k gsa bl Øe esa ikjaifjd,oa 'kkl=kh; fo"k;ksa ds lkfk&lkfk u;h ih<+h ds fy, mi;ksxh u, fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k Hkh fd;k x;k gsa ;g ifjorzu ikb&lkexzh ds fuèkkzj.k esa rks yf{kr gksrk gh gs] ^jpukred ys[ku* tsls u, iz'ui=k ds lekos'k esa Hkh bls ns[kk tk ldrk gsa vafre nks iz'ui=k osdfyid gsaa fganh (vkwulz) ds ikb~;øe esa fganh lkfgr; izfrfufèkro dh iwjh lexzrk ds lkfk lekfo"v fd;k x;k gsa osdfyid iz'ui=kksa esa fganh dk iz;kstuijd i{k e kcwr gks bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdj osdfyid iz'ui=kksa esa ikb~;øe dk fuèkkzj.k mi;ksxh gsa Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk osdfyid iz'ui=k jk"vªh; lkekfld lalñfr dh izlrqfr ds lanhkz esa izklafxd gsa 1- izr;sd iz'ui=k 100 vad dk gksxka 2- izr;sd iz'ui=k ds fy, ik p ysdpj izfr lirkg dk izkoèkku gksxka 3- V~;wVksfj;y d{kk, fo'ofo ky; ds fu;ekuqlkj vkb fo kfkhz izfr xzqi ds fglkc ls izr;sd lirkg rfkk gj iz'ui=k esa gksaxha 4- vkarfjd ewy;kadu dh O;oLFkk vksj vadksa dk vuqikr fo'ofo ky; ds fu.kz;kuqlkj gksxka

5 5 iz'ui=kksa dk Øe bl izdkj gksxk % iz'ui=k&1 % lkfgr; fparu&1 iz'ui=k&2 % izkphu vksj iwozeè;dkyhu dfork iz'ui=k&3 % leorhz ikb~;øe & Hkk"kk ;ksx;rk iz'ui=k&4 % fganh dgkuh iz'ui=k&5 % mùkj eè;dkyhu dfork iz'ui=k&6 % leorhz ikb~;øe & dzsfmv ;ksx;rk iz'ui=k&7 % fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl (eè;dky rd) iz'ui=k&8 % lkfgr; fparu&2 iz'ui=k&9 % leorhz ikb~;øe & var% fo"k; iz'ui=k&10 % vkèkqfud dfork&1 iz'ui=k&11 % lkeku; Hkk"kkfoKku vksj fganh Hkk"kk iz'ui=k&12 % fganh miu;kl iz'ui=k&13 % leorhz ikb~;øe & vuq kklu dsfunzr&1 iz'ui=k&14 % fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl (vkèkqfud dky) iz'ui=k&15 % vkèkqfud dfork&2 iz'ui=k&16 % fganh fucaèk vksj vu; x foèkk, iz'ui=k&17 % fganh ukvd iz'ui=k&18 % jpukred ys[ku iz'ui=k&19 % fodyi iz'ui=k&20 % fodyi iz'ui=k&21 % leorhz ikb~;øe & vuq kklu dsfunzr&2 fodyi % d- Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vksj fganh Hkk"kk % [k- vuqokn % x- jaxeap %?k- ehfm;k % M- Hkkjrh; lkfgr;

6 6 fganh vkwulz lseslvj&i iz'ui=k&1 % lkfgr; fparu &,d 1. Hkkjrh; dko;'kkl=k dh ijaijk vksj fofhkuu laiznk; (jl] vyadkj] jhfr] èofu] oøksfdr] vksfpr; laiznk;ksa ds vkpk;z] muds dky,oa mudh LFkkiukvksa dk lkeku; ifjp;) 2. jl % jl dk Lo:i] jl ds vax] jl ds Hksn 3. 'kcn 'kfdr % vfhkèkk] y{k.kk] O;atuk vksj rkri;z o`fùk 4. vyadkj % Lo:i vksj y{k.k] vyadkjksa ds Hksn] dko; esa vyadkjksa dh mi;ksfxrk,oa Hkwfedk] izeq[k vyadkj&vuqizkl] 'ys"k] oøksfdr] ;ed] miek] :id] mrizs{kk] n`"vkar] fun'kzuk] vlaxfr] fojksèkkhkkl] fohkkouk] O;ktLrqfr] vu;ksfdr] vfr'k;ksfdra 5. Nan % Lo:i (;fr] xfr] y;] ek=kk] rqd] o.kz vkfn) dko; esa Nanksa dh mi;ksfxrk,oa jpukred Hkwfedk izeq[k Nan µ pksikbz] gfjxhfrdk] jksyk] nksgk] lksjbk] bunzotzk] eankøkark] nzqrfoyfecr] 'kknwzyfoøhfm+r] los;ka 6. dko;:i % izcaèkdko;µegkdko;] [k.mdko;] pfjrdko;_ eqdrd] xhfrdko;,oa izxhr lgk;d xzafk % 1- Hkkjrh; dko;'kkl=k % lqcksèk foospu µ lr;nso pksèkjh 2- dko;rùo foe'kz µ jkeewfrz f=kikbh 3- dko;niz.k µ jkenfgu fej 4- fl¼kar vksj vè;;u µ ckcw xqykcjk; 5- lkfgr;&fl¼kar µ jkevoèk f}osnh 6- Hkkjrh; dko;'kkl=k dh Hkwfedk µ MkW- uxsanz 7- jlfl¼kar % Lo:i vksj fo'ys"k.k µ vkuanizdk'k nhf{kr 8- fganh vyadkj lkfgr; dk 'kkl=kh; foospu µ vkseizdk'k

7 9- Hkkjrh; lkfgr;'kkl=k µ cynso mikè;k; 10- fganh èou;kyksd µ vkpk;z fo'os'oj 11- jl ehekalk µ vkpk;z jkepanz 'kqdy 12- jl&fl¼kar µ MkW- uxsanz 13- Hkkjrh; dko;'kkl=k dh vkpk;z ijaijk µ jkèkkoyyhk f=kikbh 14- lkfgr; dk Lo:i µ fur;kuan frokjh 15- dko;'kkl=k µ HkxhjFk fej 16- Hkkjrh; vkykspuk'kkl=k µ jktoa'k lgk; ^ghjk* 17- lkfgr; lgpj µ vkpk;z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh 7

8 8 iz'ui=k&2 % izkphu vksj iwozeè;dkyhu dfork ikb&lkexzh % 1- vehj [kqljks µ vehj [kqljks % O;fDrRo vksj ÑfrRo µ ijekuan ikapky fganh x ky µ x dookyh µ?k (1) (2) xhr µ M- (4) (13) nksgs µ p (7 nksgs) 2- fo kifr µ fo kifr dh inkoyh % laik- vkpk;z Jh jkeykspu 'kj.k ladyf;rk % jkeo`{k csuhiqjh] iqlrd HkaMkj] ivuk oanuk µ 1 jkèkk dh oanuk µ 2 (ns[k ns[k jkèkk vgfufl dksj vxksjh) u[k&f'k[k µ 18] 20 izse&izlax JhÑ".k dk izse µ 33] 34] 35 jkèkk dk izse µ 36] 37] dchjnkl µ dchj xzafkkoyh % laik- ';kelqanj nkl] uk-iz- lhkk (uok laldj.k] la- 2021) xq#nso dks vax µ 11] 17_ lqfeju dks vax µ 5] 17_ fojg dks vax µ 11_ ijpk dks vax µ 14_ fprko.kh dks vax µ 13_ ek;k dks vax µ 17_ dqlaxfr dks vax µ 2_ laxfr dks vax µ 2_ mins'k dks vax µ 1_ cslkl dks vax µ 7_ thou e`rd dks vax µ 9_ lwjk ru dks vax µ 20_ dky dks vax µ 1_ dlrwfj;k e`x dks vax µ 1_ in µ 64] 66] lwjnkl µ lwjlkxj] uk-iz- lhkk] Hkkx&1] 2035 okjk.klh] laik- uannqykjs oktis;h] iape laldj.k Hkkx&1] Hkkx&2] laldj.k 2033 fou; & i`"b&38] Nan&138 i`"b&42] Nan&153 okrly; & i`"b&243] Nan&110 i`"b&244] Nan&115 i`"b&323] Nan&3175 Hkkx&2] nwljk [kam Ük`axkj & i`"b&397] Nan&672

9 9 i`"b&398] Nan&673 :iekèkqjh & i`"b&580] Nan&1368_ igyk [kam i`"b&18] Nan&1825_ nwljk [kam eqjyh & i`"b&385] Nan&620 i`"b&571] Nan&1325 Hkzejxhr & i`"b&373] Nan&3507 i`"b&400] Nan&3631 i`"b&490] Nan&3988 i`"b&507] Nan& dqrqcu µ e`xkorh n'kzu [kam µ 42 ls 47 Ük`axkj&o.kZu [kam µ 48 ls xkslokeh rqylhnkl µ dforkoyh] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] la fo] 36ok laldj.k ckydkam µ 1 v;ksè;kdkam µ 22 lqanjdkam µ 25 mùkjdkam µ 96] 106 fou;if=kdk µ laldj.k laor~] 2055 in la[;k 105] 111] 162] 172] ehjk µ ehjk ckbz dh inkoyh % laik- vkpk;z ij'kqjke prqosznh fganh lkfgr; leesyu] iz;kx] 17ok laldj.k] 1983] 'kd 1905 in&la[;k µ 5] 17] 18] 19] 22] 23] 25] 41] 73] 158 vkykspukred iz'u % rhu lanhkz lfgr O;k[;k % nks ikbka'k dk jpuk&dks'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks lgk;d xzafk % 1- vehj [kqljks µ ijekuan ikapky 2- fo kifr µ f'koizlkn flag

10 3- fo kifr dh inkoyh µ f'kodkj diwj 4- dchj µ gtkjhizlkn f}osnh 5- dchj dh fopkjèkkjk µ xksfoan f=kxq.kk;r 6- dchj µ la- fot;sanz Lukrd 7- lwjnkl µ jkepanz 'kqdy 8- lwj vksj mudk lkfgr; µ gjoa'kyky 'kekz 9- lwjnkl µ czts'oj oekz 10- HkfDr vkanksyu vksj lwjnkl dk dko; µ esustj ik.ms; 11- xkslokeh rqylhnkl µ jkepanz 'kqdy 12- rqylh&dko;&ehekalk µ mn;hkkuq flag 13- rqylhnkl vksj mudk ;qx µ jktifr nhf{kr 14- eè;;qxhu izsek[;kud µ ';keeuksgj ik.ms; 15- fganh lwiqhdko; dh Hkwfedk µ jkeiwtu frokjh 16- lwiqh dfork dh igpku µ ;'k xqykvh 17- ehjk dk dko; µ Hkxokunkl frokjh 18- ehjk] thou vksj dko; µ lh-,y- izhkkr 19- Ñ".kyhyk foe'kz µ txnh'k Hkkj}kt 20- HkfDr vkanksyu ds lkekftd vkèkkj % xksis'oj flag 10

11 11 iz'ui=k&3 leorhz ikb~;øe & Hkk"kk ;ksx;rk

12 12 lseslvj&ii iz'ui=k&4 % fganh dgkuh ikb&lkexzh % 1- jk-ck-?kks"k µ nqykbzokyh 2- panzèkj 'kekz xqysjh µ lq[ke; thou 3- izsepan µ ek 4- t;'kadj izlkn µ bunztky 5- tsusunz dqekj µ tkéoh 6- deys'oj µ fnyyh esa,d eksr 7- eksgu jkds'k µ eycs dk ekfyd 8- fuezy oekz µ èkwi dk,d VqdM+k 9- iq.kh'ojukfk js.kq µ yky iku dh csx+e 10- Hkh"e lkguh µ fidfud 11- vejdkar µ nksigj dk Hkkstu 12- euuw HkaMkjh µ,d de kksj ym+dh dh dgkuh 13- Ñ".kk lkscrh µ flddk cny x;k 14- mn; izdk'k µ Vsipw 15- eatwj,grs'kke µ rlchg 16- vkseizdk'k okyehfd µ?kqlisfb;s vkykspukred iz'u % rhu % lanhkz lfgr O;k[;k % nks % ikbka'k dk jpuk&dks'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks % lgk;d xzafk % 1- fganh dgkuh dk bfrgkl µ xksiky jk; 2- fganh dgkuh % varjax igpku µ jkenj'k fej 3- dgkuh ubz dgkuh µ ukeoj flag 4-,d nqfu;k lekukarj µ jktsanz ;kno 5- fganh dgkuh dh jpuk&izfø;k µ ijekuan JhokLro 6- viuh ckr µ Hkh"e lkguh

13 7- ubz dgkuh dh Hkwfedk µ deys'oj 8- ubz dgkuh % lanhkz vksj izñfr µ nsoh'kadj volfkh 9- chloha 'krkcnh dk mùkjk¼z % fganh dgkuh µ ujsanz eksgu 10- izsepan vksj mudk ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekz 11- cax efgyk % ukjh eqfdr dk la?k"kz µ Hkonso ikams; 13

14 14 iz'ui=k&5 % mùkjeè;dkyhu dfork ikb&lkexzh % 1- jghe µ jghe xzafkkoyh] laik- fo kfuokl fej] xksfoan jtuh'k ok.kh izdk'ku] ubz fnyyh] laldj.k&2001 nksgkoyh & 38] 49] 63] 87] 126] 130] 166] 167] 175] 180] 212] 220] 222] 238] nso µ nsolqèkk (egkdfo nso ls pk# p;u) laxzgdkj % fejcaèkq xaxk xzafkkxkj] 36 ykvwjk jksm] y[kumq % la'kksfèkr,oa ifjof¼zr r`rh; laldj.k] laor~ 2005 in la[;k % 9] 17] 23] 37] 92] 102] 130] 137] 160] fcgkjh µ fcgkjh&jrukdj] iz.ksrk % txuukfknkl jrukdkj] f'kokyk] okjk.klh uohu laldj.k&5] lu~ 1969 nksgk la[;k % 1] 62] 103] 127] 128] 143] 180] 347] 363] Hkw"k.k µ Hkw"k.k xazfkkoyh % la- fo'oukfkizlkn fej] r`rh; vko`fùk laor~ 2026 Nan la[;k % 1] 2] 38] 50] 104] 124] 182] 411] 416] 420] 428] 442] 443] 512] ?kukuan µ?kukuan xzafkkoyh] la- fo'oukfkizlkn fej] ok.kh forku] cukjl] laldj.k izcksfèkuh] 2009 Nan la[;k % iz'kflr 1] 2 lqtkufgr & 1] 4] 7] 18] 19] 38] 41] 49] fxfjèkj µ fxfjèkj dfojk; xzafkkoyh] la- fd'kksjhyky xqir] eèkq izdk'ku] 42] rk'kdan ekxz] bykgkckn] izfke laldj.k 1977 Nan la[;k % 11] 16] 36] 70] 71] 72] 99] 109] 328] f}tnso µ Ük`axkj yfrdklksjhk % egkjktk ekuflag f}tnso] izhkkr izdk'ku] izfke laldj.k Nan la[;k % 6] 7] 11] 12] 27] 28] 66] 68] 69] 70] 72 vkykspukred iz'u % rhu lanhkz lfgr O;k[;k % nks

15 15 ikbka'k dk jpuk&dks'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks lgk;d xazfk % 1- nso vksj mudh dfork µ MkW- uxsanz 2- jhfrdko; dh Hkwfedk µ MkW- uxsanz 3- fcgkjh µ fo'oukfk izlkn fej 4- dfooj fcgkjhyky vksj mudk ;qx µ j.kèkhjizlkn flugk 5- Hkw"k.k vksj mudk lkfgr; µ jktey cksjk 6- Hkw"k.k µ fo'oukfkizlkn fej 7- fganh uhfrdko; dk Lo:i fodkl µ jkelo:i 'kkl=kh 8- fxfjèkj dfojk; (xzafkkoyh) µ la- fd'kksjhyky xqir 9- fganh lkfgr; dk mùkjeè;dky % jhfrdky µ egsanz dqekj 10- fganh lkfgr; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] Hkkx&6 µ la- MkW- uxsanz 11- f}tnso vksj mudk dko; µ vafcdkizlkn oktis;h 12-?kukuan xzafkkoyh µ fo'oukfkizlkn fej 13-?kukuan vksj LoPNanrkoknh dko;èkkjk µ euksgjyky xksm+ 14- lusg dks ekjx µ bejs caxk

16 16 iz'ui=k&6 leorhz ikb~;øe & dzsfmv ;ksx;rk

17 17 lseslvj&iii iz'ui=k&7 % fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl (eè;dky rd) fganh lkfgr; ds bfrgkl ds varxzr foosp; fcunq [k.m&,d fganh Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; % mn; dh i`"bhkwfe 1- lalñr] izkñr] vihkza'k 2- vkfndky % ifjos'k] ukedj.k vksj lkfgfr;d lkexzh 3- vkfndkyhu fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl [k.m&nks 1- eè;dkyhu ifjos'k,oa ewy;cksèk 2- HkfDr dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i 3- HkfDr vkanksyu ds mn; dh i`"bhkwfe 4- HkfDr vkanksyu dh rùon`f"v,oa thou&n'kzu (d) fuxqz.k&lxq.k dh voèkkj.kk ([k) nk'kzfud fparu % xq#] czã] tho] txr~] ek;k] yksd] 'kkl=k] izifùk] yhyk vksj eks{k (x) lkekftd n`f"v % ukjh] o.kz&o;olfkk] tkfr (?k) HkDr dfo;ksa dh Hkk"kkn`f"V vksj dko;hkk"kk 5- HkfDrdkyhu fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl [k.m&rhu 1- jhfr dh voèkkj.kk vksj jhfrdko; 2- jhfrdko; ds jktuhfrd&lkekftd&lkalñfrd vkèkkj 3- jhfrdko; ds lzksr % 'kkl=k] yksd] dyk] T;ksfr"k] vkfna 4- jhfrdky % dko;kuqhkwfr ds fofoèk vk;ke µ Ük`axkj] ukf;dk&hksn] lksan;z&cksèk] izñfr] uhfr] HkfDr] ohjrk 5- jhfr dfo;ksa dk vfhko;atuk f'kyi 6- jhfrdkyhu fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl

18 lgk;d xzafk % 1- fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ jkepanz 'kqdy 2- fganh lkfgr; dh Hkwfedk µ gtkjh izlkn f}osnh 3- fganh lkfgr; dk vrhr µ fo'oukfk izlkn fej 4- fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ la- MkW- uxsanz 5- fganh lkfgr; vksj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkelo:i prqosznh 6- fganh lkfgr; % mn~hko vksj fodkl µ gtkjhizlkn f}osnh 7- fganh lkfgr; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl (17 [k.m) µ ukxjhizpkfj.kh lhkk 8- fganh lkfgr; dk vkfndky % gtkjhizlkn f}osnh 18

19 19 iz'ui=k&8 % lkfgr; fparu & nks [k.m&,d lkfgr; dh izeq[k vkèkqfud foèkkvksa dk lkeku; ifjp; 1- vk[;kuijd dfork] izxhrkred dfork 2- eqdrnan] NaneqDr dfork 3- miu;kl vksj dgkuh 4- ukvd vksj,dkadh 5- fucaèk µ fopkj izèkku vksj yfyr fucaèk 6- vkredfkk] thouh] lalej.k] js[kkfp=k [k.m&nks vkykspuk ds voèkkj.kkred inksas dk lkeku; ifjp; 1- vkèkqfudrk vksj vkèkqfudcksèk 2- dko;kuqhkwfr 3- yksdeaxy 4- fo#¼ksa dk lkeatl; 5- :i vksj olrq 6- fohkkou O;kikj 7- fcac] izrhd vksj fefkd 8- iqsavslh vksj HkkokHkkl 9- folaxfr vksj fomacuk 10- likvc;kuh 11- lgkuqhkwfr vksj LokuqHkwfr 12- vkn'kzokn vksj ;FkkFkZokn [k.m&rhu izeq[k vkykspdksa ds ikbksa dk ladyu 1- izzsepan µ lkfgr; dk mn~ns'; 2- vkpk;z jkepanz 'kqdy µ dko; esa yksdeaxy 3- vkpk;z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh µ vkèkqfud lkfgr; % ubz eku;rk, 4- jkefoykl 'kekz µ izxfr'khy lkfgr; vksj Hkk"kk lel;k 5- MkW- uxsanz µ vkèkqfudrk dk iz'u % lkfgr; ds lanhkz esa

20 lgk;d xzafk % 1- lkfgr; dks'k 2- fpurkef.k µ vkpk;z jkepanz 'kqdy 3- lkfgr; fl¼kar µ jkevoèk f}osnh 4- lkfgr; fl¼kar % jsusosyd µ vkwflvu okjsu (vuqokn) 5- vklfkk ds pj.k µ MkW- uxsanz 6- dfork ds u;s izfreku µ ukeoj flag 7- fganh vkykspuk ds cht'kcn µ cppu flag 8- fefkdh; voèkkj.kk vksj ;FkkFkZ µ jes'k xksre 9- fganh x ] fou;kl vksj fodkl µ jkelo:i prqosznh 10- nwljh ijaijk dh [kkst µ ukeoj flag 11- fganh vkykspuk µ fo'oukfk f=kikbh 20

21 21 iz'ui=k&9 leorhz ikb~;øe & var% fo"k;

22 22 lseslvj&iv iz'ui=k&10 % vkèkqfud dfork &,d ikb&lkexzh % 1- (d) u khj vdcjkcknh µ u khj dh ckuh % laik- j?kqifr lgk; fiqjkd] bykgkckn ykw tuzy izsl] bykgkckn] laldj.k&1953 dfork % vknehukek] vkvs nky dk Hkko (1) ([k) esffkyh'kj.k xqir µ t;nzfk&oèk % lkfgr; lnu] fpjxkao] >kalh] laldj.k % leor~ 2028 lxz µ lire~ 2- t;'kadj izlkn µ dfork, % (i) fo"kkn (>juk ls) Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] laldj.k] leor~ 2026 (ii) fgekfnz rqax Ük`ax ls (ukv~;xhr] panzxqir ukvd ls) (iii) izfrek esa lthork&lh vk lw ls ls ^fdatydtky gsa fc[kjs* rd (iv) mb&mb jh y?kq y?kq yksy ygj (v) chrh fohkkojh tkx jh ygj ls (vi) vks jh ekul dh xgjkbz 3- lw;zdkar f=kikbh fujkyk µ dfork, % (i) twgh dh dyh µ ifjey] jktdey izdk'ku] la-&1978 (ii) olu oklurh ysxh µ vijk] Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] la-&1972 (iii) rksm+ks rksm+ks dkjk µ vukfedk] Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] la-&1963 (iv) rksm+rh irfkj µ vijk] Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] la-&1972 (v) Lusg fu>zj cg x;k gs fujkyk jpukoyh Hkkx&2] (vi) [ksr tksr dj?kj vk, gsa jktdey izdk'ku] fnyyh r`rh; laldj.k] (d) lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku µ dfork, % (i) Bqdjk nks ;k I;kj djks eqdqy rfkk vu; dfork, (ii) esjk u;k cpiu gal izdk'ku] bykgkckn] (iii) ohjksa dk dslk gks clar laldj.k] 1965 (iv) esjk thou

23 ([k) ek[kuyky prqosznh µ dfork, % (i) flikgh µ fgefdjhfvuh_ ljlorh izdk'ku eafnj] bykgkckn] lalaor~ 2000 (ii) flj ij ikx µ chtqjh dktj vk t jgh % Hkkjrh; KkuihB] la (iii) igys gq, yky dksey ls µ (iv) esagnh ls rlohj [khap yh µ chloha lnh dk Js"B xhr lap;u % laik- dugs;kyky uanu] lkfgr; vdkneh] laldj.k& jkeèkkjh flag fnudj µ jf'ejfkh (iape lxz) % mn;kpy] ivuk] laf{kir laldj.k vkykspukred iz'u % rhu % lanhkz lfgr O;k[;k % nks % ikbka'k dk jpuk&dks'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks % lgk;d xzafk % 1- u khj vdcjkcknh ds dko; dk vkykspukred vè;;u µ nkeksnj of'k"b 2- u khj vdcjkcknh vksj mudh fopkjèkkjk µ vcnqy vyhe 3- esffkyh'kj.k xqir % iquewzy;kadu µ MkW- uxsanz 4- esffkyh'kj.k xqir % dfo vksj Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds vk[;krk µ mekdkar xks;y 5- esffkyh'kj.k xqir % izklafxdrk ds var%lw=k µ Ñ".knÙk ikyhoky 6- t;'kadj izlkn µ uannqykjs oktis;h 7- t;'kadj izlkn µ izse'kadj 8- fujkyk dh lkfgr;&lkèkuk µ jkefoykl 'kekz 9- vudgk fujkyk µ vkpk;z tkudhoyyhk 'kkl=kh 10- dfo fujkyk µ uannqykjs oktis;h 11- fujkyk % vkregark vklfkk µ nwèkukfk flag 12- fujkyk dko; dh Nfo;k µ uanfd'kksj uoy 13- ek[kuyky prqosznh µ ½f"k tsfeuh dksf'kd 14- ;qxpkj.k fnudj µ lkfo=kh flugk 15- jkeèkkjh flag fnudj µ fot;sanz ukjk;.k flag 16- LoNanrkoknh dko;èkkjk µ izse'kadj 17- Nk;kokn µ ukeoj flag 18- Nk;kokn ds vkèkkj&lrahk µ xaxkizlkn ik.ms; 19- =k;h (izlkn] fujkyk vksj iar) µ vkpk;z tkudhoyyhk 'kkl=kh 20- vkèkqfud fganh dfork esa fcac&foèkku dk fodkl µ dsnkjukfk flag 21- Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk lksan;z&foèkku µ lw;zizlkn nhf{kr 23

24 iz'ui=k&11 % lkeku; Hkk"kkfoKku vksj fganh Hkk"kk 1- Hkk"kk vksj Hkk"kkfoKku % Hkk"kk dh ifjhkk"kk] Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk, ] Hkk"kk&ifjorZu ds dkj.k] Hkk"kkfoKku dh ifjhkk"kk] Lo:i vksj vè;;u&i¼fr;k 2- LoufoKku (èofufokku) vksj LofuefoKku % µ èofu vksj Lou] Louksa (èofu;ksa) dk oxhzdj.k] Lou (èofu) ifjorzu ds dkj.k] fn'kk, µ Lofue dh voèkkj.kk] Lofue vksj lalou 3- :ifokku % :fie dh voèkkj.kk] :fie rfkk la:i] :fie ds izdkj] 'kcn vksj in esa varj 4- okd;fokku % okd; dk Lo:i] okd;&jpuk ds vkèkkj] okd; ds izdkj] okd; ds fudvre vo;o 5- vfkzfokku % 'kcn vksj vfkz dk lacaèk] vfkz&fu.kz; ds lkèku] vfkz&ifjorzu dh fn'kk, 6- fganh dh mihkk"kk, ] cksfy;ksa dk lkeku; ifjp; 7- fganh dh Lofue&O;oLFkk % (i) [kam~; Lofue & Loj] O;atu (ii) [kam~;srj Lofue & vuqukfldrk] ek=kk] cyk?kkr] vuqrku] lafgrk 8- Hkkjrh;,oa ik'pkr; Hkk"kk&fparu % Hkr`Zgfj] ikf.kfu] cks¼ fpard lkl;wj] pkweldh] lihj lgk;d xzafk % 1- lkeku; Hkk"kkfoKku µ ckcwjke ldlsuk 2- Hkk"kkfoKku dh Hkwfedk µ nsosunzukfk 'kekz 3- Hkk"kkfoKku µ HkksykukFk frokjh 4- fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ èkhjsunz oekz 5- fganh % mn~hko] fodkl vksj :i µ gjnso ckgjh 6- lkeku; Hkk"kkfoKku µ os'uk ukjax 24

25 7- fganh Hkk"kk % bfrgkl vksj Lo:i µ jktef.k 'kekz 8- fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vksj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh 9- lajpukokn mùkj lajpukokn,oa izkp; dko;'kkl=k µ xksihpan ukjax 25

26 26 iz'ui=k&12 % fganh miu;kl ikbkèkkfjr vksj vkykspukred iz'uksa ds fy, 1- izzsepan µ dezhkwfe 2- o`ankouyky oekz µ >k lh dh jkuh 3- m"kk fiz;aonk µ ipiu [kahks yky nhokjsa 4- Hkh"e lkguh µ rel nzqrikb dsoy vkykspukred iz'u iwns tk,axsa (rhu miu;klksa esa ls dksbz nks miu;kl fuèkkzfjr fd, tk ldrs gsaa) 1- bykpanz tks'kh µ tgkt dk ianh 2- Jhyky 'kqdy µ jkx njckjh 3- e`nqyk xxz µ dbxqykc lgk;d xzafk % 1- fganh miu;kl,d vur;kz=kk µ jkenj'k fej 2- izsepan vksj mudk ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekz 3- izsepan %,d foospu µ banzukfk enku 4- miu;kl dk mn; µ b;ku okwv 5- miu;kl ds igyw µ bz-,e- iqkslvzj 6- miu;kl vksj yksdthou µ jkwyiq iqkwdl 7- fofoèk izlax µ izsepan 8- dye dk flikgh µ ve`r jk; 9- dfkk foospuk vksj x f'kyi µ jkefoykl 'kekz 10- vklfkk vksj lksan;z µ jkefoykl 'kekz 11- nwljh ijaijk dh [kkst µ ukeoj flag

27 27 iz'ui=k&13 leorhz ikb~;øe & vuq kklu dsfunzr&1

28 28 lseslvj&v iz'ui=k&14 % fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl (vkèkqfud dky) foosp; fcanq % 1- (d) eè;dkyhu vksj vkèkqfud cksèk % laøe.k dh,sfrgkfld ifjflfkfr;k ([k) uotkxj.k vksj Hkkjrsanq eamy % eqnz.k dk vkjahk vksj mlds izhkko ls jpuk :iksa esa vk, ifjorzu (fucaèk] ukvd] dfork] miu;kl] i=kdkfjrk vkfn ds fodkl dk vkdyu) (x) czthkk"kk cuke [km+h cksyh fookn (?k) egkohj izlkn f}osnh vksj jk"vªh; vkanksyu esa fganh dh Hkwfedk 2- (d) Lokèkhurk vkanksyu vksj uotkxj.k&psruk ds fofoèk mrd"kz % xk èkhokn vksj uo&osnkarokn] Nk;kokn] jgl;okn vksj ;FkkFkZokn] mùkj Nk;kokn ([k) izxfrokn] iz;ksxokn (x) lkfgfr;d vkanksyu % ubz dfork] vdfork] uoxhr] fganh x ky 3- x foèkkvksa dk fodkl % miu;kl] dgkuh] ukvd],dkadh] fucaèk] vkykspuk] js[kkfp=k] vkredfkk] thouh] fjiksrkzt vkfna lgk;d xzafk % 1- fganh dk x lkfgr; µ jkepanz frokjh 2- fganh x fou;kl vksj fodkl µ jkelo:i prqosznh 3- fganh okm-~e; & chloha 'krh µ MkW- uxsanz 4- Nk;koknksÙkj fganh x &lkfgr; µ fo'oukfk izlkn frokjh 5- fganh fucaèk ds vkèkkj&lrahk µ gfjeksgu 6- vkèkqfud lkfgr; µ uannqykjs oktis;h 7- fganh lkfgr; % mn~hko vksj fodkl µ gtkjhizlkn f}osnh 8- fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ la- MkW- uxsanz 9- Hkkjrsanq vksj fganh uotkxj.k dh lel;k, µ jkefoykl 'kekz 10- egkohj izlkn f}osnh vksj fganh uotkxj.k µ jkefoykl 'kekz 11- Nk;kokn µ ukeoj flag

29 12- Nk;kokn dh izklafxdrk µ jes'kpanz 'kkg 13- iyyo µ lqfe=kkuanu iar 14- izxfrokn µ f'kodqekj fej 15- NBok n'kd µ fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh 16- fganh lkfgr; vksj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkelo:i prqosznh 17- lelkef;drk vksj fganh dfork µ j?kqoa'k 18- vkèkqfud lkfgr; dh izo`fùk;k µ ukeoj flag 19- rkj lird vksj nwljk lird dh Hkwfedk µ la- vks; 20- fganh uoxhr % mn~hko vksj fodkl µ jktsanz xksre 21- fganh x ky dh fodkl&;k=kk µ Kkuizdk'k foosd 22- ledkyhu fganh dfork µ fo'oukfkizlkn frokjh 29

30 30 iz'ui=k&15 % vkèkqfud dfork&nks ikb&lkexzh % 1- l- gh- ok- vks; µ lkezkkh dk usos nku esaus ns[kk,d cwan vks; dko; Lrcd] la- fo kfuokl fej] fgjksf'kek jes'kpanz 'kkg] lkfgr; vdkneh] fnyyh] fdruh ukoksa esa fdruh ckj iz-la- 1995] iqueqznz.k 2009 mugksaus?kj cuk, dyxh cktjs dh lksu enyh >jk iùkk 2- Hkokuh izlkn fej µ dkyt;h (fuokz.k lxz) 3- ukxktqzu µ Hkkjrh; tudfo dk iz.kke nsoh fycvhz f[kpm+h foiyo ns[kk geus Fkfdr pfdr Hkzfer HkXu eu ukxktqzu jpukoyh] la- 'kkshkkdkar f'k[kjksa ij jktdey izdk'ku] fnyyh] 2003 vdky vksj mlds ckn dkfynkl cgqr fnuksa ds ckn 4- uoxhr,oa x ky èkkjk (d) 'kahkqukfk flag µ ixmamh % uoxhr v¼z'krh] ijkx izdk'ku] fnyyh] 1986 ns'k gsa ge jktèkkuh ugha odr dh ehukj ij] ijkx] fnyyh] 1986 ikl vkuk euk nwj tkuk euk eu dk vkdk'k mm+k tk jgk eq>dks D;k&D;k u feyk µ uoxhr n'kd&1] ijkx] fnyyh] 1982

31 ([k) ohjsanz fej µ tu&lkeku; dk ;q¼ fojksèkh xhr % >qylk gs Nk;kuV /wi esa] izkph izdk'ku] fnyyh] 1980 ekfyuh olarh % vfojke py eèkqoarh] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] fnyyh] 1967 lekjksgh dykdkj ds izfr % >qylk gs Nk;kuV èkwi esa] izkph izdk'ku] fnyyh] 1967 ism+ dk odro; % varjky] fdrkc?kj] fnyyh] 2000 niz.k gsa ge % >qylk gs Nk;kuV èkwi esa] izkph izdk'ku] fnyyh] 1980 (x) nq";ar dqekj µ xhr % fiqj fdlh us nq";ar dqekj jpukoyh] la- fot;cgknqj x ky % ;s lkjk ftle flag] fdrkc?kj] fnyyh] f} 2007 dgka rks r; Fkk oks vkneh ugha gs ck<+ dh lahkkouk, lkeus gsa lkbksùkjh dfork èkkjk (d) j?kqohj lgk; µ vjs vc,slh dfork fy[ksa j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh] la- lqjs'k Vsyhfotu 'kekz] jktdey izdk'ku] fnyyh] 2000 vkt dh dfork fdys esa vksjr fganh ([k) èkwfey µ eksphjke % laln ls lm+d rd] jktdey izdk'ku] fnyyh] iz-l- 1972] r`-vk (x) dsnkjukfk flag µ ikuh dh izkfkzuk rkylrk; vksj lkbfdy] jktdey izdk'ku] phafv;ksa dh #ykbz fnyyh] 2005 lm+d ij fn[k x, dfo f=kykspu vkadqliqj vdky esa lkjl] jktdey izdk'ku uke fnyyh] 1988 lgk;d xzafk % 1- u;h dfork vksj vflrrookn µ jkefoykl 'kekz 2- dfork ds u, izfreku µ ukeoj flag 3- dfork dh tehu vksj tehu dh dfork µ ukeoj flag 4- vkèkqfud fganh dfork µ fo'oukfk frokjh 5- ledkyhu dfork dk ;FkkFkZ µ ijekuan JhokLro 6- ledkyhu fganh dfork µ johanz Hkzej 7- ledkyhurk vksj lkfgr; µ jkts'k tks'kh 8- vkt dh dfork µ fou; fo'okl 31

32 9- vk/qfud dfork&;k=kk µ jkelo:i prqosznh 10- vks; lkfgr; % iz;ksx vksj ewy;kadu µ dsnkj 'kekz 11- fganh uoxhr % mn~hko vksj fodkl µ jktsanz xksre 12- fganh uoxhr dh fodkl&;k=kk µ ekèko dksf'kd 13- fganh x ky dh fodkl&;k=kk µ Kkuizdk'k foosd 14- u;h dfork vksj mldk ewy;kadu µ lqjs'kpanz lgy 32

33 33 iz'ui=k&16 % fganh fucaèk vksj vu; x foèkk, ikb&lkexzh [k.m&,d (fucaèk) 1- ckyñ".k HkV~V & tcku 2- izrkiukjk;.k fej & HksfM+;kèklku 3- ckyeqoqaqn xqir & f'ko'kahkq ds fpv~bs cuke ykmz dtzu 4- egkohjizlkn f}osnh & dfo;ksa dh mfezyk fo"k;d mnklhurk [k.m&nks (fucaèk) 1- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh µ dqvt 2- jkepanz 'kqdy µ d#.kk 3- ljnkj iw.kzflag µ etnwjh vksj izse 4- fo kfuokl fej µ reky ds >jks[ks ls [k.m&rhu (lalej.k) 1- egknsoh oekz µ HkfDru 2- uannqykjs oktis;h µ jrukdj 3- jkaxs; jk?ko µ vne; thou 4- jkgqy lkañr;k;u µ vfkkrks?kqeddm+ ftkklk [k.m&pkj (O;aX;) 1- gfj'kadj ijlkbz µ Hkksykjke dk tho 2- 'kjn tks'kh µ gksuk dqn ugha dk

34 34 3- Jhyky 'kqdy µ vaxn dk ik o 4- euksgj';ke tks'kh µ vjs cukfgus ls rks cfugs ck;ksxzkiqh [k.m&ik p (vkredfkk) 1- vkredfkk % jktsanz izlkn 2- nzqrikb % dksbz,d (d) vkseizdk'k okyehfd µ twbu ([k) cppu dh vkredfkk (laf{kir) µ vftr dqekj (x) ikams; cspsu 'kekz ^mxz* µ viuh [kcj lgk;d xzafk % 1- fganh x % fou;kl vksj fodkl µ jkelo:i prqosznh 2- fganh lkfgr; dh Hkwfedk µ y{ehlkxj ok".ksz; 3- Hkkjrsanq ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekz 4- Nk;koknksÙkj fganh x lkfgr; µ fo'oukfkizlkn frokjh 5- fganh dk x lkfgr; µ jkepanz frokjh 6- fganh okm-~e; % chloha 'krkcnh µ MkW- uxsanz 7- vkèkqfud fganh x lkfgr; µ gjn;ky 8- egknsoh dk x lkfgr; µ ek[kuyky 'kekz 9- fganh lkfgr; vksj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkelo:i prqosznh 10- fganh vkredfkk % fl¼kar vksj Lo:i&fo'ys"k.k µ fouhrk vxzoky

35 35 iz'ui=k&17 % fganh ukvd ikbkèkkfjr vksj vkykspukred iz'uksa ds fy, % (d) 1- Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz µ HkkjrnqnZ'kk 2- t;'kadj izlkn µ èkzqolokfeuh 3- txnh'kpanz ekfkqj µ igyk jktk 4-,dkadh % 1- jkedqekj oekz µ pk#fe=kk 2- Hkqous'oj µ ';kek %,d osokfgd fomacuk 3- misanzukfk v'd µ lw[kh Mkyh 4- eksgu jkds'k µ vams ds fnyds 5- èkezohj Hkkjrh µ uhyh >hy 6- fofiu dqekj vxzoky µ rhu vikfgt 7- lqjsanz oekz µ uhan jkr Hkj D;ksa ugha vkrh 8- fo".kq izhkkdj µ os".ko tu (èofu :id) ([k) nzqrikb (fdugha nks ukvdksa ij vkèkkfjr iz'uksa ds mùkj nsus gksaxsa) 1- y{ehukjk;.k fej µ eqfdr dk jgl; 2- y{ehukjk;.k yky µ lr; gfj'panz 3- Lons'k nhid µ dksvz ek'kzy 4- ehjk dkar µ usif; jkx lgk;d xazfk % 1- vkèkqfud fganh ukvd vksj jaxeap µ usfepan tsu (laik-) 2- fganh ds izrhd ukvd & jes'k xksre 3- ukvddkj Hkkjrsanq dh jax&ifjdyiuk µ lr;sanz rustk 4- fganh ukvd % ubz ij[k µ jes'k xksre (laik-) 5- izlkn ds ukvd % Lo:i vksj lajpuk µ xksfoan pkrd 6- fganh ukvd dk vkrela?k"kz µ fxjh'k jlrksxh 7- ubz jaxpsruk vksj fganh ukvddkj µ t;nso rustk 8- jaxkuqhko ds cgqjax µ jes'k xksre 9-,dkadh vksj,dkadhdkj µ jkepj.k egsasnz 10- fganh,dkadh dh f'kyifofèk dk fodkl µ fl¼ukfk dqekj

36 36 iz'ui=k&18 % jpukred ys[ku lseslvj&vi jpukred ys[ku % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i,oa fl¼kar] Hkko,oa fopkj dh jpuk eas :ikarj.k dh izfø;k fofoèk vfhko;fdr&{ks=k % lkfgr;] i=kdkfjrk] fokkiu] fofoèk x vfhko;fdr;k tuhkk"k.k vksj yksdfiz; lalñfr ys[ku ds fofoèk :i % eksf[kd&fyf[kr] x &i ] dfkkred&dfksrj] ukv~;&ikb~;] ckyys[ku&izks<+ys[ku] eqfnzr&bysdvªkwfud vkfn d- jpukred ys[ku % Hkk"kk&lanHkZ vfkz fufezfr ds vkèkkj % 'kcnkfkz&ehekalk] 'kcn ds izkd~&iz;ksx] uo;&iz;ksx] 'kcn dh O;kdjf.kd dksfv Hkk"kk dh Hkafxek, % vksipkfjd&vuksipkfjd] eksf[kd&fyf[kr] ekud Hkkf"kd lanhkz % {ks=kh;] oxz&lkis{k] lewg&lkis{k [k- jpukred ys[ku % jpuk&dks'ky&fo'ys"k.k jpuk&lks"bo % 'kcn&'kfdr] izrhd] fcac] vyadj.k vksj oørk,a fofoèk foèkkvksa dh vkèkkjhkwr lajpukvksa dk O;kogkfjd vè;;u % d- dfork % laosnuk] dko;:i] Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo] Nan] y;] xfr vksj rqd [k- dfkklkfgr; % olrq] ik=k] ifjos'k,oa foe'kz x- ukv~;lkfgr; % olrq] ik=k] ifjos'k,oa jaxdez?k- fofoèk x &foèkk, % fucaèk] lalej.k] O;aX; vkfn M- ckylkfgr; dh vkèkkjhkwr lajpuk 5 lwpuk&ra=k ds fy, ys[ku fizav ekè;e % iqhpj&ys[ku] ;k=kk&o`ùkkar] lk{kkrdkj] iqlrd&leh{kk vkfna bysdvªkwfud ekè;e % jsfm;ks] nwjn'kzu] fiqye ivdfkk ys[ku] Vsyhfotu ivdfkk ys[ku izdk'ku&ra=k % lkeku; ifjp; iqlrd&izdk'ku] if=kdk&izdk'ku] izlkj.k&o;olfkk laiknu,oa izwiq&ibu ys[kd&izdk'kd lacaèk

37 lgk;d xazfk % 1- lkfgr; fparu % jpukred vk;ke µ j?kqoa'k 2- 'ksyh µ jkepanz fej 3- jpukred ys[ku µ la- jes'k xksre 4- dyk dh t:jr µ vulvz fiq'kj] vuq- jes'k mikè;k; 5- u;s lkfgr; dk lksan;z'kkl=k µ eqfdrcksèk 6- lkfgr; dk lksan;zfparu µ johanzukfk JhokLro 7- l`tu'khyrk vksj lksan;zcksèk µ fu'kk vxzoky 8- dfork&jpuk&izfø;k µ dqekj foey 9- ledkyhu dfork esa Nan µ vks; 10- dfork ls lk{kkrdkj µ ey;t 11- dfork D;k gs µ fo'oukfkizlkn frokjh 12-,d dfo dh uksvcqd µ jkts'k tks'kh 13- fganh lkfgr; dk Nanfoospu µ xksjh'kadj fej f}tsanz 14- vyadkj&èkkj.kk % fodkl vksj fo'ys"k.k µ 'kkshkkdkar fej 15- dko;kfkz fparu µ f'ko#nziik 16- lksan;z ehekalk µ jk-hkk- ikv.kdj 17- miu;kl dh lajpuk µ xksiky jk; 18- miu;kl l`tu dh lel;k,a µ 'ke'ksjflag u:yk 19- dko;hkk"kk ds fl¼kar µ egsanz eèkqdj 20- fganh dgkuh dk 'ksyh fokku µ csdqabukfk Bkdqj 21- dko; ds rùo µ nsosanzukfk 'kekz 22- jaxn'kzu µ usfepanz tsu 23- varjax cgqjax µ nsosanzjkt vadqj 24- dfkk ivdfkk µ euuw HkaMkjh 25- ivdfkk ys[ku µ euksgj';ke tks'kh 26- jsfm;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj 27- Vsyhfotu ys[ku µ vlxj otkgr] izhkkr jatu 28- jsfm;ks ukvd dh dyk µ fl¼ukfk dqekj 29- iqhpj ys[ku % Lo:i vksj f'kyi µ euksgj izhkkdj 30- :id ys[ku µ c`thkw"k.k flag 31- i=kdkjh ys[ku ds vk;ke µ euksgj izhkkdj 32- laokn fujarj µ uan Hkkj}kt 33- ltzd dk eu µ uanfd'kksj vkpk;z 34- 'kcn&'kfdr foospu µ jkey[ku 'kqdy 35- jkbfvax fø,fvo fiqd'ku µ,p-vkj-,iq- dhfvax 37

38 38

39 39 fodyi uksv % fo kfkhz 19osa rfkk 20osa iz'ui=k ds :i esa fueufyf[kr esa ls fdlh,d fodyi dk pquko djsaxs % fodyi % (d) Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vksj fganh Hkk"kk ([k) vuqokn (x) jaxeap (?k) ehfm;k (M-) Hkkjrh; lkfgr; fodyi&d % Hkk"kk f'k{k.k,oa fganh Hkk"kk iz'ui=k&19 % fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk 1- fganh Hkk"kk dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud vksj lkekftd lanhkz µ Hkk"kk fu;kstu % Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k Hkk"kk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k f=khkk"kk iqkwewzyk µ fganh dk tuinh;] jk"vªh; vksj varjjk"vªh; lanhkz µ fganh Hkk"kk vksj mldh {ks=kh; cksfy;k µ fganh dh lkekftd 'ksfy;k µ fganh] mnwz] fganqlrkuh 2- fganh dh Lofue O;oLFkk vksj orzuh µ fganh Louksa (èofu;ksa) dk oxhzdj.k µ fganh dh [kam~;srj èofu;k % cyk?kkr] lafgrk] vuqrku] vuqukfldrk µ fganh dh vk{kfjd O;oLFkk µ fganh orzuh dh vkèkkjhkwr lel;k, vksj lekèkku 3- fganh dh O;kdjf.kd O;oLFkk µ 'kcn oxz % lakk] lozuke] fo'ks"k.k] fø;k µ O;kdjf.kd dksfv;k % fyax] opu] dky] dkjd µ okd; O;oLFkk % lkèkkj.k] fej vksj la;qdr

40 40 4- 'kcn&hkamkj vksj vkfkhz lajpuk µ fganh dh vkèkkjhkwr 'kcnkoyh µ 'kcnksa ds fofoèk lzksr µ rrle] rn~hko] ns'kt rfkk fons'kh µ fganh dh vkfkhz lajpuk % vusdkfkhz] i;kz;okph] foykse] le:ih 'kcn 5- fganh O;kdj.k dh ijaijk µ dsykwx] dkerk izlkn xq#] fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h ds fganh O;kdj.k rfkk mudh izeq[k izo`fùk;ksa dk laf{kir ifjp; lgk;d xzafk % 1- fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ èkhjsanz oekz 2- fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vksj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh 3- fganh % mn~hko fodkl vksj :i µ gjnso ckgjh 4- fganh Hkk"kk % lajpuk ds fofoèk vk;ke µ johanzukfk JhokLro 5- fganh Hkk"kk % bfrgkl vksj Lo:i µ jktef.k 'kekz 6- fganh O;kdj.k µ dkerk izlkn xq# 7- fganh 'kcnkuq'kklu µ fd'kksjh nkl oktis;h 8- A Grammer of the Hindi Language ---- Kellog 9- Hindi Linguistics --- R.N. Shrivastava

41 41 iz'ui=k&20 % Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k 1- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds lanhkz Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dk jk"vªh;] lkekftd] 'ksf{kd vksj Hkkf"kd lanhkz 2- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh vkèkkjhkwr ladyiuk, µ izfke Hkk"kk@ekr`Hkk"kk rfkk vu; Hkk"kk dh ladyiuk µ vu; Hkk"kk ds varxzr f}rh; rfkk fons'kh Hkk"kk dh ladyiuk µ ekr`hkk"kk] f}rh; Hkk"kk vksj fons'kh Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k esa varj µ lkeku; vksj fof'k"v iz;kstu ds fy, Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k 3- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k % µ Hkk"kk&dkS'ky µ Jo.k] Hkk"k.k] okpu] ys[kua µ Hkk"kk dk dks'ky ds :i esa f'k{k.k_ Hkk"kk&dkS'kyksa ds fodkl dh rduhd vksj vh;kl µ vu; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh izeq[k fofèk;k % O;kdj.k&vuqokn&fofèk] izr;{k fofèk] eksf[kd okrkzyki&fofèk] lajpukred fofèk] f}hkkf"kd f'k{k.k&fofèk 4- fganh f'k{k.k % µ fganh dk ekr`hkk"kk ds :i esa f'k{k.k % Ldwyh f'k{kk] mpp f'k{kk] nwjlfk f'k{kk] rduhdh rfkk fof'k"v iz;kstu lanfhkzr f'k{kk µ f}rh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa ltkrh; vksj fotkrh; Hkk"kk oxks± ds lanhkz esa fganh f'k{k.k µ fons'kh Hkk"kk ds :i esa Hkkjr rfkk fons'kksa esa fganh f'k{k.k 5- Hkk"kk&ijh{k.k vksj ewy;kadu µ Hkk"kk&ijh{k.k vksj ewy;kadu dh ladyiuk µ Hkk"kk&ijh{k.k ds izdkj µ ewy;kaadu ds izdkj lgk;d xzafk % 1- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ johanzukfk JhokLro 2- vu; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds dqn i{k µ la- vej cgknqj flag 3- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k rfkk Hkk"kkfoKku µ (la-) czts'oj oekz 4- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ y{ehukjk;.k 'kekz 5- fganh f'k{k.k % varjjk"vªh; ifjizs{; (la-) lrh'k dqekj jksgjk] lwjthkku flag 6- fganh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ HkksykukFk frokjh 7- vuqiz;qdr Hkk"kkfoKku µ (la-) johanzukfk JhokLro] HkksykukFk frokjh] Ñ".kdqekj xkslokeh 8- Focus Group Papers on Teaching of Indian Languages : NCERT, 2005

42 42 fodyi&[k % vuqokn iz'ui=k&19 % vuqokn vksj rrdky Hkk"kkarj.k (,d) 1 Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn`'; Hkkjr dh izèkku Hkk"kk, Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa jkthkk"kk lacaèkh izkoèkku vksj vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk, ] jkthkk"kk dh voèkkj.kk Hkkjr esa vaxzs kh µ varfozjksèkksa dk Lo:i foospu µ dksm fej.k f}hkkf"kdrk,oa cgqhkkf"kdrk cgqhkk"kk&hkk"kh Hkkjrh; lekt vksj ikjlifjd cksèkxe;rk dk iz'u vuqokn dh Hkwfedk Hkk"kk vksj lekt] Hkk"kk vksj lalñfr 2 vuqokn vksj rrdky Hkk"kkarj.k µ rkri;z fu.kz;] izñfrxr,oa izfofèkxr varj vuqokn dk O;kolkf;d ifjn`'; % vuqokn lacaèkh lalfkk, vksj muds dk;z] vuqoknd in dh vgzrk, ] vuqokndk;z esa izdk'kukfèkdkj µ Lo:i vksj lel;k, ewy ys[ku vksj vuqokn µ ltzukredrk dk iz'u vuqokn lkexzh µ fofoèk :i vksj vfhko;fdr dk osf'k"v~; d- ltzukred lkfgr; [k- Kku&foKku dk lkfgr; x- rduhdh lkfgr;?k- lwpukijd lkfgr; Hkkf"kd iz;qfdr;k vksj mudh 'ksyhxr fofoèkrk, rrdky Hkk"kkarj.k µ Lo:i] izo`fùk,oa izfofèk 3 vuqokn ds midj.k µ dks'k xzafk_ vuqokn vksj dei;wvj&;kaf=kd vuqokn] ;kaf=kd vuqokn dh 'kfdr vksj lhek vuqokn vksj dks'k] fganh esa dks'kdk;z] dks'k lajpuk] 'kcn&lalkj vksj 'kcn laldkj] vfkz Nfo;k ] fganh ds izeq[k dks'kxazfk

43 43 dks'kksa ds fofoèk :i % d- Kku dks'k (fo'odks'k) [k- 'kcndks'k x- lalñfrdks'k?k- lekurj dks'k M- mppkj.k dks'k p- ikfjhkkf"kd 'kcndks'k N- izrhd dks'k vuqokn esa fyi;arj.k dk egro] fyi;arj.k ds fl¼kar vh;kl µ fofoèk dks'kksa ds iz;ksx dk vh;kl] 'kcnkku] lekud 'kcn],d 'kcn ds vusd vfkz] 'kcn&fuekz.k] 'kcnksa dk O;kdjf.kd Lo:i 4 5 vuqokn ds lksiku µ Hkkf"kd fo'ys"k.k] Hkk"kkUrj.k] iqujh{k.k] laiknu Hkkf"kd bdkb;k µ èofu&'kcn&in&okd;&izksfdr Hkkf"kd {kerk vksj Hkkf"kd n{krk 'kcn dh vfkz ifjfèk vksj vfkz Nfo;k lzksrhkk"kk vksj y{;hkk"kk µ ls¼kafrd varj] ys[kd] vuqoknd&ikbd Hkk"kkUrj.k dh voèkkj.kk µ df; vksj vfhko;fdr Hkk"kk fo'ys"k.k dh i¼fr;k vksj O;frjsdh fo'ys"k.k] vaxzs kh&fganh O;frjsdh fo'ys"k.k ikbèkfezrk] Hkk"kk&laLÑfr] ltzukredrk] 'ksyh osf'k"v~; lerqy;rk dk fl¼kar vuuqok rk e`qgkojs vksj yksdksfdr;ksa dk vuqokn lgk;d xzafk % 1- MkW- uxsanz µ vuqokn fokku 2- jkekyq jsm~mh µ vuqokn ds fl¼kar 3- gsepanz ikams µ vuqokn (O;ogkj ls fl¼kar dh vksj) 4- gfj ckcw daly µ dk;kzy; iznhfidk 5- fot;dqekj eygks=kk µ dei;wvj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx 6- lqjs'k flagy µ l`tukred lkfgr; dk vuqokn

44 7- uohu panz lgxy µ dko;kuqokn % fl¼kar vksj lel;k, 8- foeys'k dkafr oekz (la-) µ dks'k fo'ks"kkad] Hkkjrh; vuqokn ifj"kn~] ubz fnyyh 9. NIDA, E The Theory & Practice of Translation 10. NIDA, E Language, Structure & Translation 11. Baker, Mona Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation 12. House, Juliance Translation Evaluation 13. Wilks, Vorick Machine Translation : Its Scope & Limits 14. Baker, H. Translation & Interpreting 15. Mossop, B Revising and Editing for translators 16. Munday, J Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications 17. Munday, J The Roultledge Companion to Translation Studies 18. Raghubir Comprehensive English-Hindi Dictionary 19. R.S. Mc Gregor Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary 20. Hardeo Bahari English-Hindi Dictionary 44

45 45 iz'ui=k&20 % vuqokn,oa rrdky Hkk"kkUrj.k&nks 1 lkfgfr;d vuqokn µ Lo:i vksj lel;k, l`tu'khyrk vksj vuqokn dko;kuqokn dh Hkk"kk&Hkkoxr tfvyrk ukvd dk vuqokn vh;kl µ lkfgfr;d vuqokn 2 d- Kku&foKku dk lkfgr; µ Lo:i vksj izñfr ikfjhkkf"kd 'kcnkoyh µ ikfjhkkf"kd 'kcn fuekz.k ds fl¼kar µ O;kdjf.kd foèkku [k- dk;kzy;h vuqokn] fofèkd lkfgr; dk vuqokn vksj fokkiu dk vuqokn&lo:i] izñfr vksj lel;k, vh;kl µ 1- Kku&foKku ds lkfgr; dk vuqokn 2- iz'kklfud vuqokn 3- fokkiu dk vuqokn 3 iqujh{k.k dh voèkkj.kk % iqujh{k.k vksj ewy;kadu iqujh{k.k dh izfofèk 4 iqujh{k.k vh;kl vuqokn vksj ikbd] ibuh;rk dk lanhkz vuqokn laiknu µ izfofèk Hkk"kk vksj fyfi dk ekudhdj.k] fyi;arj.k dh fofèk;k ] Hkkf"kd lajpuk,oa Hkk"kk O;ogkjxr fof'k"vrk,

46 46 ekudhñr nsoukxjh orzuh laiknu vh;kl µ fofoèk fo"k;ksa ls vuqoknksa dk laiknu 5 vuqokn ewy;kadu dh voèkkj.kk] vko';drk ewy;kadu ds izfreku ewy;kadu dh izfofèk,d jpuk ds fofoèk vuqoknksa dk lkisf{kd ewy;kadu ewy;kadu vh;kl % d- lkfgfr;d jpuk [k- rduhdh jpuk x- fokkiu?k- fofèkd lkfgr; lgk;d xzafk % 1- MkW- uxsanz µ vuqokn fokku 2- jkekyq jsm~mh µ vuqokn ds fl¼kar 3- gsepanz ikams µ vuqokn (O;ogkj ls fl¼kar dh vksj) 4- gfj ckcw daly µ dk;kzy; iznhfidk 5- fot;dqekj eygks=kk µ dei;wvj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx 6- lqjs'k flagy µ l`tukred lkfgr; dk vuqokn 7- uohu panz lgxy µ dko;kuqokn % fl¼kar vksj lel;k, 8- foeys'k dkafr oekz (la-) µ dks'k fo'ks"kkad 9. NIDA, E The Theory & Practice of Translation 10. NIDA, E Language Structure & Translation 11. Baker, Mona Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation 12. House, Juliance Translation Evaluation 13. Wilks, Vorick Machine Translation : Its Scope & Limits 14. Baker, H. Translation & Interpreting 15. Mossop, B Revising and Editing for translatiors 16. Munday, J Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications 17. Munday, J The Roultledge Companion to Translation Studies 18. Raghubir Comprehensive English-Hindi Dictionary 19. R.S. Mc Gregor Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary 20. Hardeo Bahari English-Hindi Dictionary

47 47 fodyi&x % jaxeap iz'ui=k&19 % jaxeap fl¼kar % Hkkjrh;,oa ik'pkr; 1- (d) izkphu Hkkjrh; ukv~;:i µ :id] mi:id rfkk buds Hksn (lkeku; ifjp;) ([k) vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; ukv~;:i µ,dkadh] dko; ukvd] jsfm;ks ukvd,oa uqddm+ ukvd] VsyhfiQYe vksj èkkjkokfgd (lkeku; ifjp;) 2- if'peh ukv~;hksn µ =kklnh] dkenh] esyksmªkek,oa iqklz (lkeku; ifjp;) 3- ukvd ds lanhkz esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar,oa vjlrq ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"v vè;;u 4- ukvd dh foèkkxr fof'k"vrk] ukv~;rùo (Hkkjrh;,oa ik'pkr;)] ukvd vksj jaxeap dk var%lacaèk] n`'; vksj JO; rùoksa dk lek;kstu rfkk ukv~;kuqhkwfr vksj jaxkuqhkwfr 5- jaxdez % ukvddkj] funsz'kd] vfhkusrk] ik'ozdez lgk;d xazfk % 1- jaxeap µ cyoar xkxhz 2- jaxeap dyk vksj n`f"v µ xksfoan pkrd 3- jaxn'kzu µ usfepan tsu 4- jaxeap ns[kuk vksj tkuuk µ y{ehukjk;.k yky 5- Hkjr vksj Hkkjrh; ukv~;dyk µ lqjsanzukfk nhf{kr 6- ukv~;'kkl=k fo'odks"k µ jkèkkoyyhk f=kikbh 7- jaxdez µ ohjsanz ukjk;.k 8- jax&lfkkir; µ,p-oh- 'kekz 9- Hkkjrh; vksj ik'pkr; jaxeap µ lhrkjke prqosznh

48 48 iz'ui=k&20 % fganh jaxeap 1- (d) ikjaifjd jaxeap (jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] uksvadh] fcnsfl;k] ekp] [;ky] Lokax dk lkeku; ifjp;) ([k) izkphu Hkkjrh; izn'kzu&ijaijk vksj vkèkqfud jaxeap 2- fganh ukvd dh fodkl&;k=kk (d) Lora=krkiwoZ % ikjlh ffk,vj] Hkkjrsanq ;qxhu jaxeap] i`foh ffk,vj rfkk bivk ([k) Lokra=;ksÙkj fganh jaxeap % jax izf'k{k.k,oa jax xfrfofèk;k ] jk"vªh; ukv~; fo ky;] jaxeamy Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky] Hkkjrsanq ukv~; vdkneh] y[kumq 3- vkèkqfud fganh jaxeap dh fofoèk 'ksfy;k % 'ksyhc¼ (LVkbykb M)] ;FkkFkZoknh],ClMZ rfkk yksd&'ksyh 4- izeq[k jax O;fDrRo vksj mudh jaxn`f"v % ';kekuan tkyku] lr;nso nqcs] bczkfge vydkth] c-o- dkjar] gchc ruohj] y[kehpan,oa fhk[kkjh Bkdqj 5- fdlh izlrqfr (gky gh esa izlrqr) dh jaxeaph; leh{kk lgk;d xzafk % 1- ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; jaxeap µ dfiyk okrl;k;u 2- ijaijk'khy ukv~; µ txnh'kpanz ekfkqj 3- Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk foospukred bfrgkl µ vkkr 4- ikjlh fganh jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky 5- ukv~;lezkv i`fohjkt diwj µ tkudh oyyhk 'kkl=kh 6- vkèkqfud fganh ukvd vksj jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky 7- ledkyhu fganh ukvd vksj jaxeap µ ujsanz eksgu 8- igyk jax µ nsosanz jkt vadqj 9- vkèkqfud fganh ukvd vksj jaxeap µ usfepan tsu 10- fhk[kkjh Bkdqj % Hkkstiqjh ds Hkkjrsanq µ Hkxor izlkn f}osnh 11- davseizjh bafm;u ffk,vj % bavjo;q k fon IysjkbV~l,.M Mk;jsDVlZ µ laxhr ukvd vdkneh 12- ffk,vlz vkwo bafmisamsal µ vi.kkz HkkxZo èkkjokmdj

49 49 iz'ui=k&19 % ehfm;k&i voèkkj.kkewyd fodyi&?k % ehfm;k 1- tulapkj dh voèkkj.kk] izfø;k] :i vksj izhkko % nsfud i=k dh lekpkj fuekz.k izfø;k] jsfm;ks dk;zøe fuekz.k,oa izlkj.k izfø;k] Vh-oh- dk;zøe fuekz.k izlkj.k izfø;k] fiqye fuekz.k dh izfø;k] bavjusv CykWfxax i=kdkfjrk dh izfø;k (izeq[k i=k&if=kdkvksa & jsfm;ks] Vh-oh- psuyksa] fiqyeksa ds mnkgj.k dk lanhkz visf{kr) 2- i=kdkfjrk dk fodkl&lqèkkjoknh i=kdkfjrk % iwoz xkaèkh ;qx] xkaèkh ;qx] vktknh ds ckn dh i=kdkfjrk O;kolkf;d i=kdkfjrk] fganh i=kdkfjrk dh ledkyhu pquksfr;k 3- (d) fizafvax izsl dk fodkl&ledkyhu eqnz.k dyk ds :i&dai;wvj] rduhd vkèkkfjr ist esfdax vkfn ([k) ;wuhdksm] ist esfdax] fizafvax] fmtkbfuax&i`"b lttk] esdvi] ys&vkmv] iqksvks vkfn 4- ledkyhu ehfm;k laiknu@izlkj.k izfø;k ds vk;ke 5- ehfm;k vksj ledkyhu fofèkd O;oLFkk,a % µ vkpkj lafgrk ds loky µ izlkjhkkjrh µ dscy,dv µ fokkiu lacaèkh O;oLFkk, 20 vad lgk;d xzafk % 1- fganh i=kdkfjrk µ Ñ".kfcgkjh fej 2- fganh i=kdkfjrk dk vkykspukred bfrgkl µ jes'k oqqekj tsu 3- fganh i=kdkfjrk % fofoèk vk;ke µ osnizrki osfnd 4- lekpkji=k vksj laiknu dyk µ vfecdknùk oktis;h 5- fganh i=kdkfjrk µ jes'kpunz f=kikbh 6- Vsyhfotu % fl¼kar vksj Vsduhd µ efkqjknùk 'kekz 7- tuekè;e vksj ekl dypj µ txnh'oj prqosznh 8- jsfm;ks okrkz f'kyi µ fl¼ukfk oqqekj 9- nwjn'kzu dh Hkwfedk µ lqèkh'k ipksjh

50 50 iz'ui=k&20 % ehfm;k&ii voèkkj.kk,oa O;ogkjewyd 1- (d) ys[ku ds ewyhkwr fl¼kar] Hkk"kk iz;ksx] fofoèk lapkj ekè;eksa ds fy, ys[ku ds izdkj ([k) lapkj ekè;eksa ds fy, ltzukred ys[ku dh f'kyifofèk & Lo:i vksj fodkl (fl¼kar] rduhd vksj izdkj] f'kyi] fo"k;olrq) 2- fizav ehfm;k ds fy, ys[ku % lekpkj] laikndh; ys[ku] iqhpj] okrkz] ukvd] dgkuh] fokkiu] lk{kkrdkj] [ksy] cppksa] fdlkuksa] efgykvksa] O;kikj vkfn ds dk;zøeksa ds fy, ys[ku 3- jsfm;ks ds fy, ys[ku % lekpkj] fjiksfv±x] iqhpj] okrkz] ifjppkz] ivdfkk] laokn ys[ku,oa ukvd] èofu:id] dgkuh] fokkiu] [ksy] desavªh] cppksa] fdlkuksa] efgykvksa] O;olk; vkfn ds dk;zøeksa ds fy, ys[ku 4- Vsyhfotu ds fy, ys[ku % fyf[kr fløiv dk n`';hdj.k] n`';ys[k dh fof'k"vrk, ] HksaVokrkZ] ukvd] èkkjkokfgd] VsyhfiQYe] fokkiu] lk{kkrdkj vkfn 5- flusek ds fy, ys[ku ds Lo:i % iqhpj fiqye dh ivdfkk] MkWD;wesaVªh dh ivdfkk lgk;d xzafk % 1- jsfm;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj 2- Hkkjr ehfm;k & 2000 µ Hkkjr ljdkj izdk'ku lalfkku 3- lapkj vksj fodkl µ ';kekpj.k nqcs 4- tuekè;e vksj ekldypj µ txnh'oj prqosznh 5- Mass Communication in developing societies Wilber Chem. 6- Understanding Media Marshal Mechalo Hom.

51 51 fodyi&ä % Hkkjrh; lkfgr; iz'ui=k&19 % Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dh laf{kir :ijs[kk 1 Hkkjrh; vflerk dk Lo:i % HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vksj lkalñfrd Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vksj lkalñfrd fofoèkrk fofoèkrk esa,drk ds var%lw=k % Hkk"kk] lalñfr vksj lkfgr; dk varllacaèk Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dh ladyiuk] Hkkjrh; lkfgr; ds vkèkkj&rùo Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk lkekfld Lo:i 2 Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk ifjp; osfnd lkfgr;] yksfdd lalñr lkfgr; ikfy] izkñr,oa vihkza'k lkfgr; izkphu rfey lkfgr; 3 Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk lkeku; ifjp; vkèkqfudrk&iwoz Hkkjrh; lkfgr; % rfey] duum+] rsyqxq] ey;kye] ejkbh] xqtjkrh] ckaxyk] mfm+;k] vlfe;k] ef.kiqjh] mnwz] iatkch] d'ehjh] fganh 4 Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk lkeku; ifjp; vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lkfgr; 5 Hkkjrh; lkfgr; ds izeq[k vkanksyu HkfDr vkanksyu uotkxj.k,oa jk"vªh; vkanksyu Lokèkhurk vkanksyu Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lkfgr; mùkj vkèkqfud lanhkz

52 lgk;d xzafk % 1- vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgr; µ izhkkdj ekpos 2- osfnd lalñfr dk fodkl µ rdzrhfkz y{e.k 'kkl=kh 3- Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz 4- Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz 5- Hkk"kk] lkfgr; vksj lalñfr µ la- foeys'kdkafr oekz 6- ckaxyk lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu] vuq- fuezyk tsu 7- ey;kye lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j 8- duum+ lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ,l- eqxyh 9- rfey lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu 10- lkfgr; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-mh- 11- mnwz Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; µ fiqjkd xksj[kiqjh 12- Hkkjrh; lkfgr; µ fnyyh fo'ofo ky; dk izdk'ku 13- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgr; dk :in'kzu µ xksjh'kadj iam~;k 14- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgr; % fofoèk vk;ke µ la- lrh'kdqekj jsgjk 15- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lkfgr; µ fohkwfr fej 52

53 53 iz'ui=k&20 % Hkkjrh; lkfgr; % ikbijd vè;;u 1 okyehfd µ ^liri.kkz* esa egknsoh oekz Ñr vuqokn dkfynkl µ ^mùkjes?k* ls nl 'yksd] Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k;@ukxktqzu&ñr vuqokn ^xkfkk lir'krh* 10 xkfkk, 2 3 ukenso µ lkfgr; vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fganh Kkus'ojh* ls] vkyokj i 'kadjnso dh jpuk, eè;dkyhu rsyqxq dfo oseuk µ lkfgr; vdkneh yy n µ Hkk"kk] lkfgr; vksj lalñfr µ foeys'k dkafr oekz okfjl 'kkg dh ghj dk,d va'k xkfyc dh x kysa 4 johanzukfk VSxksj xhrkatyh ds dqn va'k lkfgr; vdkneh ds ^lap;u* ls lqczg~e.;e Hkkjrh dh dfork, µ lkfgr; vdkneh oyyrksy dh dfork, % lkfgr; vdkneh 5 miu;kl&va'k % f'kokth lkoar Ñr ^e`r;qat;* ls thouh&va'k % ukjk;.k nslkbz Ñr ^vfxudqam esa f[kyk xqykc* µ egknso HkkbZ dh thouh ukvd % g;onu % fxjh'k dukzm dgkuh % dksad.kh dgkuh rfkk ef.kiqjh dgkuh uksv % bdkbz&1 ls bdkbz&5 rd ds ikbksa dk fuèkkzj.k fohkkx }kjk fd;k tk,xka lgk;d xzafk % 1- vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgr; µ izhkkdj ekpos 2- osfnd lalñfr dk fodkl µ rdzrhfkz y{e.k 'kkl=kh 3- Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz

54 4- Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz 5- Hkk"kk] lkfgr; vksj lalñfr µ la- foeys'kdkafr oekz 6- ckaxyk lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu] vuq- fuezyk tsu 7- ey;kye lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j 8- duum+ lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ,l- eqxyh 9- rfey lkfgr; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu 10- lkfgr; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-mh- 11- mnwz Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; µ fiqjkd xksj[kiqjh 12- Hkkjrh; lkfgr; µ fnyyh fo'ofo ky; dk izdk'ku 13- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgr; dk :in'kzu µ xksjh'kadj iam~;k 14- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgr; % fofoèk vk;ke µ la- lrh'kdqekj jsgjk 54

55 55 iz'ui=k&21 leorhz ikb~;øe & vuq kklu dsfunzr&2