Unit 6: LIVING THINGS

Unit 6: LIVING THINGS

Unit 6: LIVING THINGS 1. What makes living things special? 2. Living matter 3. Organisms are made up of cells 4. Cell types 5. Cells specialise and form group

1. WHAT MAKES LIVING THINGS SPECIAL? Living things consist of organic matter. Organic matter is constituted by chemical elements which join together to form molecules. Chemical elements join together Molecules The chemical elements that form living beings are called BIOELEMENTS. - Carbon (C): key chemical element of organic matter or living matter (elemento químico característico de la materia orgánica o materia viva) - Other bioelements that are abundant in living things: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S). Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe)

The molecules that form living beings are called BIOMOLECULES. There are two types of biomolecules: inorganic biomolecules and organic biomolecules. Bioelements join together Biomolecules Carbohydrates (glúcidos) Inorganic biomolecules Organic biomolecules Lipids (lípidos o grasas) Proteins (proteínas) Water (H 2 O) Mineral salts Vitamins Nucleic acids

Simple carbohydrate (glucose) Complex carbohydrate Cell membrane lipid Protein

ACTIVITY 5 ON PAGE 60

2. LIVING MATTER A. Characteristics of living matter All living beings have several characteristics in common: 1. They are made of cells. 2. They have a complex chemical composition. 3. They need energy to perform their life processes. 4. They grow and develop over time. 5. They reproduce by producing similar organisms. 6. They repond to environmental stimuli. 7. They adapt to their environment. Viruses are composed of biomolecules and have a structure similar to the cell of a living being, but they are not considered living beings. B. The life processes of living things The three fundamental life processes of living things are nutrition, interaction and reproduction. NUTRITION INTERACTION REPRODUCTION

ACTIVITY 8 ON PAGE 61.

3. ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS Louse Bacteria Worm Mushroom

3. ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS CELLS VARY IN SIZE: some cells can only be seen using a microscope but others are visible to neked eye (for example: egg yolk). There are UNICELLULAR (bacteria, protozoan ) and MULTICELLULAR living things (lion, pine, ant ). Human beings consist of billions of cells. THE CELLS SPECIALISE in different functions. PARTES DE UNA CÉLULA: MEMBRANA CELULAR: capa o membrana que rodea la célula. CITOPLASMA: líquido gelatinoso del interior de la célula con unas estructuras especiales denominadas orgánulos. Cada orgánulo tiene una función específica en la célula. Orgánulos: cloroplastos, mitocondrias, vacuolas, aparato de Golgi, lisosomas, ribosomas, retículo endoplasmático liso (REL), retículo endoplasmático rugoso (RER), centriolos MATERIAL GENÉTICO

ACTIVITY 10 ON PAGE 62.

4. CELL TYPES There are two types of cells: PROKARYOTE CELLS (células procariotas) AND EUKARYOTE CELLS (células eucariotas). Del griego. Pro: primitivo o antes de. Karyon: núcleo. Eu: verdadero. CÉLULAS PROCARIOTAS Pequeñas y simples. Tienen tres membranas: membrana celular, pared celular y cápsula. El material genético (ADN) está libre en el citoplasma (no tienen núcleo). Las BACTERIAS son los únicos organismos con este tipo de célula. CÉLULAS EUCARIOTAS Más grandes y más complejas que las células procariotas. Tienen una o dos membranas: - las células animales tienen una sóla membana: la membrana celular - las células vegetales tienen dos membranas: la membrana celular y la pared celular. El material genético (ADN) se encuentra en el núcleo, el cual está rodeado por una doble membrana. El citoplasma contiene muchos orgánulos. Hay dos tipos: CÉLULAS ANIMALES Y CÉLULAS VEGETALES

Prokariotic cell

Animal eukariotic cells

Plant eukariotic cells

ACTIVITY 12 ON PAGE 63. ACTIVIDAD. CUÁLES SON LAS PRINCIPALES DIFERENCIAS ENTRE LAS CÉLULAS ANIMALES Y VEGETALES? UTILIZA LA TABLA DE LA PÁGINA 63.

ACTIVIDAD. COMPLETA LOS NOMBRES DE LA IMAGEN Y RESPONDE LAS CUESTIONES.

ACTIVIDAD. COMPLETA LOS NOMBRES DE LAS IMÁGENES Y RESPONDE LAS CUESTIONES.

Functions of cell membrane, cell wall and some organelles CELL MEMBRANE: controls the exchange of substances between the cell and its environment (controla el intercambio de sustancias entre la célula y el medio). CELL WALL: rigid structure that protects the plant cell and helps maintain its shape (estructura rígida que protege la célula vegetal y ayuda a mantener su forma). MITHOCHONDRIAS: cell organelles that provide all the necessary energy to the cell, and they obtain this energy of the nutrients (orgánulo celular que aporta toda la energía necesaria a la célula y obtiene dicha energía de los nutrientes). RIBOSOMES: cell organelles that make proteins (orgánulo celular que fabrica proteínas). CHLOROPLASTS: cell organelles where photosynthesis occurs thanks to photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll) (orgánulos donde tiene lugar la fotosíntesis gracias a los pigmentos fotosintéticos (clorofila)). VACUOLES: cell organelles that store different substances (orgánulos celulares que almacenan diferentes sustancias). CENTRIOLES: cell organelles that help the cell to divide (orgánulos celulares que ayudan a la célula a dividirse).

5. CELLS SPECIALISE AND FORM GROUPS During the development of the embryo, some cells differentiate into specialised cells. The form of cell depends on its function. CELLS Muscular cell, epithelial cell, bone cell Cells with the same function group together to form tissues TISSUES Muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, glandular tissue Tissues group together to form more complex structures called organs ORGANS Heart, stomach, liver, lung Organs group together to form tracts and systems TRACTS AND SYSTEMS (group of organs working together to perform a specific function) Digestive tract, circulatory tract, nervous system

LEVEL OF ORGANISATION OF HUMAN BODY Bioelements Biomolecules Tracts or systems Macromolecules Organ Organism Organelle Cell Tissue

ACTIVITY 14 AND 15 ON PAGE 64 ACTIVITIES ON PAGE 65

VOCABULARY 1. Organic matter, living beings, bioelement, biomolecule, join together, carbon, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, provide, energy, strutural, regulatory, nucleic acids, inheritance information. 2. Perform, environmental stimuli, grow, survive, interaction, perceive. 3. Cell, cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, jelly-like liquid, nucleus, organelle, chloroplast, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, lysosome, ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. Prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, cell wall, capsule, animal cell, plant cell, optical microscope, electron microscope. 5. Development, specialised cell, tissue, organ, tract, system.