ENERGÍA SOSTENIBLE EN ENTORNOS URBANOS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN URBAN AREAS

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Juan Antonio Paz Cano
hace 7 años
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1 ENERGÍA SOSTENIBLE EN ENTORNOS URBANOS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN URBAN AREAS Jornada 09 Junio 2015, Madrid

2 Evaluación de Sostenibilidad en Ciudades

3 Evaluación de Sostenibilidad en Ciudades [Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo - Iniciativa Ciudades Emergentes y Sostenibles]

4 Innovación y Tecnología Gobernanza Proyectos y planificación Financiación Modelo de des. económico

5 PILARES SMART CITY TECNALIA Innovación y Tecnología Aplicación de la innovación y la tecnología a las ciudades y regiones para conseguir procesos más eficientes y con un menor consumo de recursos.

6 PILARES SMART CITY TECNALIA Gobernanza Implicación de todos los agentes, especialmente los ciudadanos, a través del desarrollo de modelos de gobernanza integrados.

7 PILARES SMART CITY TECNALIA Proyectos y Planificación Proyecto de ciudad sostenible a largo plazo, para el que la estrategia Smart City sirve como primera etapa.

8 PILARES SMART CITY TECNALIA Financiación Nuevos modelos de financiación, a través de Colaboraciones Público-Privadas, Compra Pública Innovadora, Inversiones Territoriales Integradas de los Fondos Estructurales Europeos , Proyectos de Innovación de Horizon 2020, etc.

9 PILARES SMART CITY TECNALIA Modelo de desarrollo económico basado en el conocimiento Potenciación de nuevos sectores económicos basados en la innovación y la tecnología, que respondan a modelos abiertos, transversales y emergentes

10 ÁMBITOS DE ACTUACIÓN

11 Energía Sostenible y Planeamiento Urbano

12 Que es energía sostenible? Empleo Acceso a la energía

13 Sustainability & Life Cycle Thinking Goals of Life Cycle Thinking Reduce resource use and environmental impact as well as improve socio-economic performance throughout the life cycle. Going beyond the traditional focus on production sites and manufacturing processes. Environmental, social, and economic impact of a product over its entire life cycle, including also the consumption and end of use phase. Source:

14 Sustainability & Life Cycle Thinking - Energy Technologies Source: NREL, 2012,Life Cycle Assessment Harmonization Project.

15 Environmental Impacts Sustainability & Life Cycle Thinking - Energy Technologies Source: IPCC, 2011

16 Social Impacts Sustainability & Life Cycle Thinking - Energy Technologies Source: UNEP, Green Economy Report, 2011.

17 Sustainability & Life Cycle Thinking - Energy Technologies Economic impacts -> Life Cycle Costs - Including externalities?

18 Buscando la sostenibilidad energética: Sigue aplicándose Trias Energética a nivel de barrio o ciudad? AHORRO - CONSERVACIÓN

Buscando la sostenibilidad energética: Lograr un bajo consumo energético en el ciclo de vida, en edificios, servicios y transporte Aprovechar el potencial de recursos

19 Buscando la sostenibilidad energética: Lograr un bajo consumo energético en el ciclo de vida, en edificios, servicios y transporte Aprovechar el potencial de recursos renovables. Hacer un uso eficiente de fuentes de calor residual (ej. aprovechamiento en calefacción de distrito) Facilitar energía distribuida mediante el desarrollo de infraestructuras

20 Estrategia hacia la sostenibilidad energética Ahorro + Eficiencia + Energías renovables AHORRO -- Medidas pasivas EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA - Cogeneración - Recuperación de calor (ej. Industrial) - Bombas de calor para calefacción y/o refrigeración - Calefacción de distrito - Almacenamiento energía térmica (corto y largo periodo) USO DE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES Solar térmica Solar fotovoltaica Bioenergía Eólica

21 CONSERVACIÓN: Estrategias Pasivas Climate Analisys before you start designing analyze the climatic conditions. Tools like Climate consultant, weather tool DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - San_Sebastian, ESP 2nd June to 1st November C C th 14th 21st 28th 7th 14th 21st 28th 7th 14th 21st 28th 7th 14th 21st 28th 7th 14th 21st 28th Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Define the first general strategies. Capture the greatest amount of heat through the glazed openings Collect this heat captured by the thermal mass of the building. Leverage internal heat loads.

22 CONSERVATION: Passive Strategies Solar/shadows Analisys Source: Oregi Isasi, X. Define the first strategies about. District Building height, width of streets, geometry proportions Building optimize orientation, window sizing, need for shading

CONSERVATION: Passive Strategies Building Thermal behaviour optimization Envelope transmitance value (U) directly related with the insulation. Envelope thermal inertia. Internal gains.

23 CONSERVATION: Passive Strategies Building Thermal behaviour optimization Envelope transmitance value (U) directly related with the insulation. Envelope thermal inertia. Internal gains. Windows properties: Transmitance and solar factor. Building Use: occupation, schedule, distribution. PASSIVE Refurbishment: improve the characteristics of different elements that directly affect building energy consumption.

Incremento de escala de evaluación Distrito EN 15804 EN 15978 pren 16627 pren 16309 Puesta en obra Uso

24 Incremento de escala de evaluación Distrito EN EN pren pren Puesta en obra Uso Fin de vida ISO/DIS Movilidad Servicios Industria Otros Productos (DAP) Edificio ACV Distrito ACV 24

25 CONSERVATION: Passive Strategies LIMITATIONS In many cases it will be impossible to provide passive solutions. Appliances and non-building related energy use is increasingly important Define new solutions to improve environmental and energy performance of our buildings and cities 1. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY. 2. EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY.

26 Equilibrio entre medidas pasivas y activas 1-Perspectiva ciclo de vida 26

27 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Solar Thermal - Information Solar radiation Yearly horizontal global irradiation : kwh /m2

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Solar Thermal Flat plane collectors glazed flat-plate collector unglazed solar collector (Source: Victoria Sustainability.

28 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Solar Thermal Flat plane collectors glazed flat-plate collector unglazed solar collector (Source: Victoria Sustainability.) Evacuated-Tube Collectors Solar air heating/cooling system (Source: Franz Mauthner and Werner Weiss. Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, May 2013)

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Photovoltaics Current Technologies and future trends Wafer-based crystalline Singlecrystalline silicon cells: efficiencies 13-18% Multicrystalline silicon

29 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Photovoltaics Current Technologies and future trends Wafer-based crystalline Singlecrystalline silicon cells: efficiencies 13-18% Multicrystalline silicon cells: efficiencies 11-16% Ribbon silicon technologies: efficiencies 10-14% Thin film Amorphous silicon (a-si) Cadmium telluride (CdTe) efficiencies 6-9% Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS)

30 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Geothermal - Resources

EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES: GSHP Types pf Earth Connection Vertical (GCHP) -5-6 m between boreholes -Specialized installations -Small suface neededs Horizontal (GCHP) Groundwater (GCHP) -Good in wet

31 EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES: GSHP Types pf Earth Connection Vertical (GCHP) -5-6 m between boreholes -Specialized installations -Small suface neededs Horizontal (GCHP) Groundwater (GCHP) -Good in wet grounds -Non specialized installation -Large areas needed -Cost reductions -Impact reductions -New technology. Temperature variation effects? Thermoactive foundations (GCHP) Source: Source: Geothermal Energy. Clauser. 2006)

32 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Wind Turbines - Considerations Wind resource Grid access Power purchase agreement Planning issues Aesthetics & Marketing

33 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: Biomass Fuels Farmed Fuels Short Rotation Croppice Straw Waste fuels Sawmill residue Forestry residue Municipal waste Processed Fuel Pellets Briquettes

EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES: Seasonal THermal Energy Storage: STES Solar Thermal STES. Neckarsulm, Germany. 4 MW solar thermal power installed - 63.000 m3 STES into the soil.

34 EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES: Seasonal THermal Energy Storage: STES Solar Thermal STES. Neckarsulm, Germany. 4 MW solar thermal power installed m3 STES into the soil. Solar Thermal plant for district heating in Kungälv, Sweden. 7 MW solar thermal power installed m3 steel tank. Solar Thermal STES. Maarstal, Denmark. 13 MW solar thermal power installed m3 PIT. Solar Thermal plant for district heating in Graz, Austria. 1 MW solar thermal power.

35 EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES: District Heating - WASTE HEAT RECOVERY - COGENERATION - RENEWABLES (STES, SOLAR THERMAL PLANT, BIOMASS ETC..) Thermal generation plant. Centralysed heat and / or cold production in a large installation that generates thermal energy required to meet the demand of all users. Thermal energy can be generated by turbine engines, cogeneration system, waste heat and / or solar plants. Distribution pipe network. The distribution pipe network enables the supply of fluids (hot and/or cold) and is formed by isolated pipes to minimize heat losses. Usually the pipes are distributed in underground drains that follow the layout of streets in urban areas. Substations. The heat transfer between the distribution network and consumers (buildings or homes) is done through a substation. It consists on a heat exchanger, the elements that regulate and control the correct operation and the measuring elements to bill the energy.

EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES: Case Study: STES & Cogeneration & District Heating Electricity generation by cogeneration systems is limited by the use of the heat produced.

36 EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES: Case Study: STES & Cogeneration & District Heating Electricity generation by cogeneration systems is limited by the use of the heat produced. In summer, when buildings heating demand is at lowest annual levels, electricity consumption is progressively increasing through the world, mainly due to the use of airconditioning systems. In summer, therefore, the electricity/heat needs ratio is not the most favourable for cogeneration. Seasonal thermal energy storage is a strategic technology for its integration with cogeneration systems, as it makes possible a continuous electricity production during the whole year.

37 Matching Energy Demand and Supply options CONSERVATION + EFFICIENCY + RENEWABLES Need for an integrated approach for design and measuring performance

38 Matching Energy Demand and Supply options CONSERVATION + EFFICIENCY + RENEWABLES Need for an integrated approach for evaluating performance.. while maintaining the life cycle perspective for sustainability evaluation

39 Thankyou! Eskerrik asko! Gracias!

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