1981. La Molina-Lima. Perú.

Transcripción

1 Proceedings VI World Avocdo Congress (Acts VI Congreso Mundil del Agucte) Viñ Del Mr, Chile Nov ISBN No CORRELATION OF OIL CONTENT, DRY MATTER AND PULP MOISTURE AS HARVEST INDICATORS IN HASS AVOCADO FRUITS (Perse mericn Mill) GROWN UNDER TWO CONDITIONS OF ORCHARDS IN CHINCHA-PERÚ. G. Prodi 1, M. Snchez 2 nd W. Dg 1 1 Instituto Ncionl de Investigción y Extensión Agrri INIEA. PNI-Frutles. Av. L Molin L Molin-Lim. Perú. Emil: gprodi@ini.go.pe, gprodi@lmolin.edu.pe, wdg@ini.go.pe 2 Fcultd de Agronomí. Universidd Ncionl Agrri L Molin. Deprtmento de Horticultur. Av. L Molin s/n Lim. Perú. Emil: dhorticultur@lmolin.edu.pe This work imed t the determintion of the correltion mong oil content, dry mtter nd pulp moisture in vocdo fruits (Perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss) grown in two loctions: Alto Lrán (L Cler frm) nd El Crmen (Copcn frm), oth in Chinch-Perú. Hrvest strted 208 dys fter min flowering stge nd lsted seven weeks. Results showed positive correltion etween oil content nd dry mtter content of pulp in fruits from in Alto Lrn (r = ), which is shown y the regression eqution y = x In El Crmen the correltion ws lso positive (r = ) nd its eqution ws y = x The oil nd pulp moisture content hd n inverse correltion in Alto Lrn (r = ) with regression eqution s y = x In El Crmen the negtive correltion (r = ) ws explined through the regression eqution y = x The posthrvest respirtory curve of the vocdo fruits showed typiclly climcteric response, otining the climcteric crisis 16 dys fter fruit hrvested in Alto Lrn nd within 18 dys in those hrvested in El Crmen. Key words: mturity indices, hrvest, posthrvest, correltion CORRELACIÓN DEL CONTENIDO DE ACEITE, MATERIA SECA Y HUMEDAD DE PULPA COMO INDICADORES DE COSECHA EN FRUTOS DE PALTO (Perse mericn Mill) VAR. HASS CULTIVADA BAJO CONDICIONES DE DOS LOCALIDADES EN CHINCHA-PERÚ. G. Prodi 1, M. Snchez 2 y W. Dg 1 1 Instituto Ncionl de Investigción y Extensión Agrri INIEA. PNI-Frutles. Av. L Molin L Molin-Lim. Perú. Correo electrónico gprodi@ini.go.pe, gprodi@lmolin.edu.pe, wdg@ini.go.pe 2 Fcultd de Agronomí. Universidd Ncionl Agrri L Molin. Deprtmento de Horticultur. Av. L Molin s/n Lim. Perú. Correo electrónico: dhorticultur@lmolin.edu.pe Se relizó un ensyo con el ojetivo de determinr el grdo de correlción entre el contenido de ceite, mteri sec y humedd de pulp en frutos de plt (Perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss cultivd en dos locliddes, Alto Lrán (predio L Cler) y El Crmen (predio Copcn) uicdos en Chinch- Perú. L cosech de los frutos se inicio los 208 dís después de cujd l florción principl. L recolección de frutos se relizó durnte siete semns

2 consecutivs. Los resultdos muestrn un correlción positiv entre el contenido de ceite y el de mteri sec de l pulp en los frutos provenientes de l loclidd Alto Lrán (r = ), l cul se interpret trvés de l ecución de regresión: y = x 10.43; mientrs que pr los frutos provenientes de l loclidd El Crmen l correlción positiv (r = ) se interpret medinte l ecución: y = x El contenido de ceite y humedd de pulp mostrron un correlción invers en l loclidd Alto Lrán (r = ), y un ecución de regresión de: y = x , mientrs que en l loclidd de El Crmen l correlción invers (r = ) se interpretó trvés de l ecución: y = x El ritmo respirtorio poscosech de los frutos mostró un comportmiento típicmente climtérico, oteniéndose los 16 dís el instnte de crisis climtéric en quellos frutos provenientes de l loclidd Alto Lrán, y los 18 dís en los recolectdos en l loclidd de El Crmen. Plrs clves: índices de mdurez, recolección, poscosech, correlción. 1. Introduction The qulity of the fruits is comintion of ttriutes which ring vlue to them s food. Therefore, it is very importnt to sustin these ttriutes y conducting timely hrvest t the optimum moment (Kder, 1992; Pntstico, 1985). In the cse of vocdo, the time of hrvest is very importnt to otin stisfctory storge (Cjuste, 1992; Prodi nd Lerner, 1995). Generlly, it is difficult to determine visully when n vocdo fruit is redy to e picked off, due to the fct tht it does not show notle chnges in its externl ppernce (Lee, 1981; Lewis, 1978; Pntstico, 1975). In reference to vocdo hrvest indictors, perhps the most importnt of them is the determintion of oil (INIA, 1997), due to the direct reltion mong the mturity grde of fruit nd the oil ccumultion nd dry mtter (Lee et l., 1983; Lewis, 1978). Nowdys, the oil content s well s the dry mtter content re used in lmost ll the regions of the world tht produce vocdo, in order to determine minimum mturity for the fruit (Prodi, 1996). These indictors re lso pplied in the Peruvin cse, lthough there is not ccurte informtion y vlleys or zones regrding the minimum level of oil tht fruits require to strt the hrvest (Prodi, 1998). Usully, the Peruvin centrl cost vlleys strt the Hss vocdo hrvest with minimum oil content of 8-9 % nd dry mtter content of 20-21% (Frnciosi, 2003). Nevertheless, since there is lck of ccurte dt, it ws suggested tht vlues could e higher thn the ovementioned (Prodi 1996). The ojective of this work ws to reserch out Hss vocdo fruits cultivted in two loctions of Chinch in order to determine not only the correltion degree of oil content with dry mtter nd with pulp moisture for Hss, ut lso the vrition in these prmeters during the period of hrvest. 2. Mterils nd Methods The test considers two loctions: Alto Lrán (Fundo L Cler t 201 m..s) nd El Crmen (Fundo Copcn t 102 m..s), oth situted in Chinch-Ic.

3 Just fter set fruit, totl of 308 fruits resulting from the min flowering of August-Septemer were mrked in ech loction. The hrvest strted 208 dys fter set fruit (sf) is over, nd 44 fruits were picked off once week during 7 weeks in ech loction. These fruits were plced in preconditioned environment with temperture which fluctuted etween 20 nd 24ºC, in order to otin its posthrvest nturl ripening. There were otined 4 repetitions of 2 fruits from the 44 hrvested fruits, which were used to estimte the hrvest indictors. The remining 36 fruits were distriuted in 9 smples composed y 2 repetitions of 2 fruits, which were used to determine the respirtory rhythm. The model of simple liner correltion, which ws pplied s sttisticl test for the experimentl work, determined the reltionships etween oil content nd dry mtter nd etween oil content nd pulp moisture nd otined the ssocition intensity using the correltion coefficient. During the test period, the sttistic nlysis of chnges in hrvest indictors ws developed y one-wy ANOVA with CDR rrngement tht considered 7 tretments, where ech week ws ssumed s tretment composed y 4 repetitions. Likewise, Tukey s Men Seprtion Test ws performed with significnce level of 1%. The evlutions performed were: Respirtion intensity: Expressed s ml CO 2 kg-hr -1 lierted y the vocdo fruits inside hermeticlly -seled glss continer. A MOCON gs nlyzer ws pplied during the test. Dry mtter nd pulp moisture: Otined y weight difference of 50 grms of fruit pulp plced in MEMMRET oven t 70ºC during 48 hours. Oil content: Otined y the method of extrction tht employs Soxhletdistiller. The officil USDA procedure for determintion the oil content of vegetle orgns ws followed employing petroleum ether s solvent (Lee, 1981). 3. Results nd Discussion Correltion etween oil concentrtion versus dry mtter nd pulp moisturet: The otined results in terms of oil content expressed s function of dry mtter content (Fig.1) showed higher positive correltion; it mens tht, in the cse of vocdo fruits, the dry mtter content increses s the oil content increses. Alto Lrán showed correltion coefficient (r) of , while El Crmen otined r = The high degree of correltion etween these two components hs een mentioned efore y other reserchers (Lee et l., 1983; Rnney, 1991). On the other hnd, it ws otined high inverse correltion etween oil nd moisture contents of vocdo fruits (Fig. 2). It mens tht there is n increse of oil content with reduction of the moisture content. In this cse, Alto Lrán showed correltion coefficient (r) of , while El Crmen otined r = The reltion degrees otined etween oil nd dry mtter contents or etween oil content nd percentge of pulp moisture re interesting due to the fct tht oil percentge in vocdo fruits results fesile to estimte y these two components. In this cse, there is the possiility to estimte oil content using s references the dry mtter or the moisture content nd pplying

4 the equtions resulted of simple liner regression, which re prcticl nd esy to follow (Lee, 1981) y = x R 2 = y = x R 2 = Contenido de ceite (%) Oil content (%) Alto Lrán El Crmen Mteri sec (%) Dry mtter (%) Mteri sec (%) Dry m tter Figure 1: Oil content in vocdo fruits (Perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss in function of the dry mtter content Contenido de ceite (%) Oil content (%) y = x R 2 = Alto L rá n y = x R 2 = El C rm e n C o n te n id o d e H u m e d d (% ) H u m id ity co n te n t (% ) Contenido de Humedd (% ) Humidity c ontent Figure 2: Oil content in vocdo fruits (Perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss in function of the pulp moisture.

5 Respirtion intensity: The ehvior of typiclly climcteric respirtion presents prticulr evolution of the fruits depending on their loction of origin (Fig.3). The fruits produced in Alto Lrán show their moment of climcteric crisis 16 dys fter hrvest, except in the third week when the climcteric crisis 110,0 Respircion en ml CO2/kg-hr Respirtion ml CO2/kg-hr 100,0 90,0 80,0 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 Alto Lrán 30,0 20, Dís después de cosech Dys fter hrvest 110,0 100,0 90,0 El Crmen Respircion en ml CO2/kg-hr Respirtory ml CO2/kg-hr 80,0 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20, Dís después de cosech Dys fter hrvest Cosech de 208 dís/hrvest of 208 dys Cosech de 215 dís/hrvest of 215 dys Cosech de 222 dís/hrvest of 222 dys Cosech de 229 dís/hrvest of 229 dys Cosech de 236 dís/hrvest of 236 dys Figure 3: Respirtory curve of vocdo fruits (Perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss hrvesting y seven weeks in Alto Lrán nd El Crmen.

6 occurred on dy 18, with mximum vlues etween 93.4 nd ml CO 2 kgh -1. Nevertheless, the fruits otined from El Crmen reched the moment of climcteric crisis on dy 18, except in the cses of the third nd fourth weeks when the climcteric crisis occurred on dy 16, with mximum vlues etween 81.4 nd ml CO 2 kg-h -1. Generlly, the registered levels of respirtory intensity fll within the rnges considered for Hss vocdo fruits (Briceño 1994; Eks 1978). However, it is importnt to remrk tht fruits produced in Alto Lrán tend to soften fster thn those otined t El Crmen, due to the set of externl conditions or mngement conditions under which plnttions produce in ech loction. This spect determines the prticulr ehvior during the posthrvest mturity process of vocdo fruits (Kder, 1992; Pntstico, 1975). Chnges in the oil content, dry mtter nd pulp moisture: The oil nd dry mtter contents nd the pulp moisture for ech evluted loction showed sttisticl differences regrding the hrvest moments. The otined results of oil contents showed tht it incresed while the hrvest of fruits ws performed ech time lter (Fig.4). Under Alto Lrán conditions the highest results of oil content were otined t 243 sf (14.63%) nd 250 sf (15.85%), while The Crmen showed the highest vlues of oil content t 243 sf (12.58%) nd 250 sf (13.44%). The vrition in oil content ws 3.82% from the first to the lst moment of hrvest t Alto Lrán, while the sme indictor ws 2.38% t El Crmen. It mens tht fruits produced in Alto Lrán showed vlues of oil content somewht higher thn those otined t El Crmen. Likewise, the dry mtter content lso incresed s the hrvests were performed ech time lter (Fig 5). The picked fruits from Alto Lrán reported increses since the hrvest tht ws performed t 222 sf; lter these vlues stood until level of 243 sf nd t the end they reched level of 250 sf. El Crmen response ws similr to the one otined t Alto Lrán: n increse in dry mtter of fruits ws oserved since the level of 222 sf, then it stood until level of 243 sf nd it showed gin light increse t 250 sf. However, El Crmen lwys showed vlues of dry mtter content lower thn those otined from Alto Lrán t ny of the hrvest moments. In terms of moisture content of the pulp, it showed downwrd trend during the hrvest period. The fruits otined from Alto Lrán showed t 222 sf first remrkle chnge in their moisture content, which didn t report gret differences until level of 243 sf nd then decrese gin t 250 sf. El Crmen showed similr trend ut with lower vlues of moisture content in fruits. The trends oserved in terms of oil nd dry mtter nd moisture contents of the pulp re relted to those reported y other uthors (Cjuste, 1992; Lee et l., 1983; Lewis, 1978; Rnney, 1991). Likewise, the increses of oil nd dry mtter contents s well s the stedy decrese of moisture content in Hss vocdo fruits, while the hrvests for oth loctions re performed ech time lter, clerly show the fruit cpility of Hss vocdo tree to ccumulte oils while it remins on tree (Prodi 1996).

7 17.00 Contenido de ceite (%) Oil content (%) Tukey P< ,03 Alto Lrán 12,24 13,19 13,98 c 14,10 c 14,63 cd 15,85 d ,61 11,25 El Crmen 11,33 11,87 c 11,92 c 12,58 cd 13,44 d Dís despues de cujdo Dys fter fruit set 8.00 Dís después de cujdo Dys fter fruit set Figure 4: Oil content chnges in vocdo fruits(perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss to differents hrvest moments. Contenido de mteri sec (%) Dry mtter content (%) ,33 Alto Lrán Tukey P < ,83 24,48 24,63 24,98 25,28 c 26,10 c ,38 El Crm e n 22,25 22,28 22,45 22,90 c 23,65 cd 24,25 d Dís despues de cujdo Dys fter fruit set Dís despues de cujdo Dys f ter f ruit set Figure 5: Dry Mtter chnges in vocdo fruits (Perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss to differents hrvest moments.

8 Contenido de humedd (%) Humidity content (%) ,68 77,18 75,53 Tukey P< ,38 Alto Lrán 75,03 74,98 c 73,90 c ,63 77,75 77,73 77,55 77,10 c El Crmen 76,35 cd 75,75 d Dís despues de cujdo Dys fter fruit set Dís despues de cujdo Dys fter fruit set Figure 6: Pulp moisture chnges in vocdo fruits (Perse mericn Mill) vr. Hss to differents hrvest moments. 4.Conclusions The oil nd dry mtter contents showed positive correltion t Alto Lrán (r =0.9583) nd t El Crmen (r =0.9544). The oil content nd the fruit moisture hd high inverse correltion t Alto Lrán (r = ) nd t El Crmen (r = ). The fruits produced in Alto Lrán hd climcteric crisis 16 dys fter hrvest, while t El Crmen the climcteric crisis ws on dy 18. The percentges of oil nd dry mtter showed n upwrd trend, while the hrvests were performed ech time lter. The moisture content showed progressive downwrd trend, while the hrvests were done ech time lter. 5. References Briceño, L Utilizción de envses flexiles pr el lmcenmiento refrigerdo de l Plt (Perse mericn Mill) Vr. Hss en tmósfer modificd utogenerd. Tesis Mg. Sc. Tecnologí de los Alimentos. Universidd Ncionl Agrri L Molin. Escuel de Postgrdo. Lim-Perú. 160p. Cjuste, J Efecto del grdo de mdurez en l frigoconservción de gucte (Perse mericn Mill) cv. Hss. Tesis Mestrí en

9 Ciencis. Colegio de Postgrdudos. Progrm de fruticultur. Montecillo México. 183p. Eks, I Ripening, Respirtion, nd Ethylene Production of Hss Avocdo Fruits t 20 to 40 C. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103: 576. Frnciosi, R El Plto. Producción, cosech y post-cosech. Ediciones Cimgrf. Lim Perú. 225p. INIA, CONAFRUT El cultivo del Plto. Aspectos de l producción, mnejo post-cosech y comercilizción. Boletín Técnico Nº 9. 47p. Kder A, Indices de Mdurez, Fctores de Clidd, Normlizción e Inspección de Productos Hortícols. Fisiologí y Tecnologí Postcosech de Productos Hortícols. Yhi, E y Higuer, I. Editores. Edit Limus- Mexico 303 pp. Lee, S A review nd ckground of the vocdo mturity stndrd. Cliforni Avocdo Soc. Yerook. 65. p Lee, S.K., R.E Young, P.M. Schiffmn, nd C.W. Coogins, Jr Mturity studies of vocdo fruit sed on picking dtes nd dry weigth. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108: Lewis, C. E The mturity of vocdos: generl review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 29. p Pntstico, B Posthrvest Physiology. Hrding nd Utiliztion of Tropicl nd Sutropicl Fruits nd Vegetles. The Avi Pulishing Compny, Inc. Westport, Connecticut - USA. 560p. Prodi, G Mnejo de Cosech y Postcosech del Plto. Curso Teórico Práctico sore Fisiologí, Mnejo de Cosech y Postcosech en Fruts y Hortlizs. Fcultd de Agronomí.Dpto Horticultur- UNALM. s/n Prodi, G Aspectos Sore Mnejo en Cosech y Post Cosech del Plto. I Seminrio Tller Interncionl. Producción, Mnejo Post Cosech y Comercilizción de Fruts y Hortlizs. UNALM - Lim. Prodi, G. y Lerner, M Ensyo sore Almcenmiento en Frío de Plto Hss. Proc. Intermer. Soc. Trop. Hort. 39: Rnney, C Reltions etween physiologicl mturity nd percent dry mtter of vocdos. Cliforni Avocdo Society Yerook. 75: