Parlamentos y control de la Corrupcion Instrumentos de Transparencia y Monitoreo Sao Paulo - Brasil 11-13 13 de Junio de 2003 Luiz Pereira da Silva Development Economics Vice-Presidency The World Bank
Quales son los problemas? Presupuesto planeado y votado por los Parlamentos puede ser diferente del ejecutado Presupuesto ejecutado al nivel del Gobierno central y de sus Ministerios puede ser diferente de los pagos a unidades decentralizadas Pagos pueden ser diferentes de lo que es recibido por la poblacion
Quales son las consequencias de la ineficiencia del gasto publico? Efectos macroeconomicos Corrupcion formacion de expectativas, credibilidad, riesgo-pais pais,, etc. deuda publica,, etc. Efectos microeconomicos Indicadores socio-economicos del pais sin relacion con la estrutura del gasto en politicas sociales capital humano crescimiento incentivos para los individuos,, etc.
Evaluar los efectos de la politica fiscal? Qual es el papel del gasto publico afuera de su efecto macroeconomico sobre la demanda agregada? Efectos microeconomicos, estructurales necessitan una evaluacion especifica; por ejemplo,, a quien van los beneficios del gasto publico en salud y educacion? Evaluacion por tecnicos del Ejecutivo pero tambien puede haver pedidos de parte de otros actores (Parlamentos?)
Instrumentos simples de evaluacion de los efectos de las politicas p sociales Toolkit de instrumentos de evaluacion http://www.worldbank worldbank.org/poverty/.org/poverty/psia/tools.htm Encuesta especiales de monitoreo del gasto publico (PETS e QSDS) Mapas de monitoreo del gasto publico y de su focalizacion
Characteristics of PETS Diagnostic or monitoring tool to understand problems in budget execution delays / predictability leakage / shortfalls discretion in allocation of resources Data collected from different levels of government, including service delivery units Reliance on record reviews, but also interviews (with households, etc.) Variation in design depending on perceived problems, country, and sector
Public Expenditure Tracking and Service Delivery Surveys First Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) carried out in Uganda in 1996 Since then, a large number of PETS and related surveys have been implemented Scope and nature of surveys have differed, but common theme is link between public spending and development outcomes Surveys to date Completed Uganda (3) Tanzania (2) Ghana Rwanda Mozambique Zambia PNG Honduras Peru Bangladesh and more Ongoing Ethiopia Nigeria Brazil Laos
What have we learnt? Leakage Education sector in Uganda 1996 Data from 250 schools and administrative units Only 13 percent of intended capitation grant actually reached schools (1991-95). 95). Mass information campaign by Ministry of Finance (the press, posters) Follow-up surveys (PETS, provider surveys, integrity surveys, etc.) High leakage has also been found in other countries (Tanzania, Ghana, Zambia, Peru) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Leakage of non-wage capitation grant to schools 1991-1995 2001
What have we learnt? Ghost workers and absenteeism Salary payments leak differently Different measurement approaches: PETS with data collection on payroll and staffing data (Honduras 2000, Peru 2002, Zambia 2002, Mozambique 2002, etc.) Unannounced visits to schools and health facilities (Bangladesh 2002, India 2002, Uganda 2002) Health Ghost workers Honduras 5.0% Absenteeism Bangladesh 35.0% Honduras 27.0% India 43.0% Peru 26.0% Uganda 35.0% Educ. 8.3% - 14.0% 23.0% 13.0% 26.0%
Poverty Maps & Public Exp. Madagascar: Per capita health spending per district Madagascar: Incidence of Poverty per district 468-1707.2 1707.2-2216.1 2216.1-2639.2 2639.2-4040.8 4040.8-13777.3 0.191-0.566 0.566-0.696 0.696-0.766 0.766-0.833 0.833-0.946
Papel para los Parlamentos? Conozcer la existencia de tecnicas de evaluacion del presupuesto Pedir su utilizacion sistematica y transparente, utilizando el Ejecutivo y tambien agencias independientes Publicar los resultados de evaluaciones del presupuesto Corrigir les procedimientos del presupuesto basado en los resultados de las evaluaciones
Finding out more Survey reports, instruments, and documentation on: www.publicspending publicspending.org http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/pe/trackingsurve ys.htm Some references: Dehn, Reinikka, and Svensson. 2003. Survey Tools for Assessing Performance in Service Delivery. In Bourguignon and Pereira da Silva, eds. Evaluating the Poverty and Distributional Impact of Economic Policies. Oxford University Press and the World Bank. Forthcoming Email: Lpereiradasilva@worldbank.org