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

40 +,-. /. #-, +#()#((+0( $##(* (1 % 6(+ + +?(,&- # + # #/# ( #(1'(((# (2(/#2/#2++((.( (###(#(+)#+(,## (-/# 31 >(+( (+ (# 9#+((+#)(( +2#+#(#+)+ ((#( ((+#((1# +($# +( 2) ( * (( # # 9(+( +./# (/# 3 + $(#(##$1 6#/#+(+*(?(,&-$ /#( +((+(3(( +#1 A+(+3#(+(+ /#3++++)+2+3 (#($$(1>#/#(++(2( (##++($+3##*( )+(0((##+ #((( 1 ;' ( # (( (3 ( # +$ +(#( #(#<,?(&&- '(#(2# /#( (((/#*(+16((+ (+#+"U22)3( ;6(+ $.#( ( +(( /#+( ++#(+# <1?(7 ( #(+(##)# ;cb (( d(2(2((u #( (2(/## (++(+( (+)((<,=- 3 No es objeto de este trabajo explicar con detalles algunas de las diferenciaciones y conceptualizaciones necesarias para comprender el fenómeno de las migraciones transnacionales, como es el caso de la distinción del transnacionalismo desde arriba y desde abajo. Para mayor explicación veáse Portes 2005, Vertovec 2003 o Bauböck "U22)3((A1;B+16+) #+( # # ( +(<?1 I( \ L& # + # 9+ 1

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

42 +,-. /. #-, ' ((/# $+ +( 2 *9( #+ + ()(/#(*# ((+ ( 2 #/# # )(+( 2) ( ( (*+ +(+*)/#3+#( = (*+)+ (#(##,(#( +-)+#2 /## $(## #)# #@ # 1 "1": A#0( > +# (+(/# 3 2 (/# #++( ((# +) (+( + +2((()92( (+(+$16(( #(/#( +((#(+($$(# ((((# ++(#(+((+0( )#/#2 $3 # ($ ()($(++1 >#((3 9()#+(#/# #3 ()(# ++)+(+ +#) ( # ( $ +# +) + ++1>+$+ /#+#2(+*+ ( +3 +), # 9(. /# +2+)#/#*(.#(( #$+( /#.9(1' $2+3( #+/#2 +)+0(+(/#22( #/#2$#((221 E(2(+($+ +#?#(A+(+*2#++# #+)(+$ +((# 1 + ">? 6 A+ +( ( # 2+ (#(# ( (# 3 #( = La estabilidad emocional y personal de la persona migrante resulta en ocasiones trascendental para la consecución de objetivos económicos y el éxito en la sociedad de destino.

43 "! " # (#)($(+(+#2++++A+ V/#9*+(1 A+ V ( +() 2+ #( 3 +# +/#9(.*+( + )(((*+.($(016(#.(( 1+#(+($#(+#+9() $1 1( ()+9(1 %1"(++(+.## 1 1?#(+#+/# #$1 6+#)+( )(3 9( +.+()((+#/#$3(* #) +. +( # # + ) # 6((+ +(+)0 /# /# + () +)+2) 1>$++((#(;#$# (#( ( +# +) +# ($ #( ((#A++( + (+(+#(# 1<?(.(+A+V(.# (+( 1A#(+(+ 9() ($# B 7 (( 3 +( /#* +9( /#*+( ()# # ((1 IB(+# )# (/# /#+#9($1?( 6 + +#$(/# ($#$) 3 *(22 1?( +7$(0(+## +9(+ ) #1 >#(A#)# # +9(1 % 69($de

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57 "! " # #(#(+*(((* 9<1 & 6610D@ >"I6'>1,-;F *+,-#$() ## ( <1A2 '1)'1,1-+ ) $((1%=1 >"V'>IfQ1,F1-AIVXJ1)'WX>W1,=-#.+(+*(1> +) (( 1?+( #) >("6A VA'1,FTTT1+1#+1-1 >"V'>IfQ1,F1-,-'+#.#A('2>(+ #) () +(*1>("6AVA'A6F6IA> J6>(6/#1,FTTT1+1#+1- >'>IW1,-;I()(#+#.. +#<Q +#.+#1>?>1,F 2(( 8TTT1#(#1+88.(+(8(g8+#8+g1 - >F6IW1,-F(2F()SUHB2( +(#1'XU1 >V>X1,&-B.#++)#1"1 WVIF6V?1,-I3(1($ 1>U1 A>>I6IW'1,-#.)#16$#/#((#(#.1 A>>I6IW'1>1,A1-A>B6''>W1'1">IA]>1)>?6FIWI1,=-6(. 1B)(#+#.#671B>((#(#.1 A>II>AWA1)>DWIFWW1,-;'+)($(++(# '6#(? >()*<1?$()\%1 F]>XMF6XA1,-6(( +).#(##1>?>6(#\%1 %1 F]>XMF6XA1)F]>X>IB]6XA1,&-;F+#.+#.(( +2# 2 ++#<1>#(#)\=1&1 6AIKb>1,-;G6+H?#+*(<1?= 1%%1 "I6"WIWA1,L- +1#+(*11 E>IF"1,=-A)J++1(1 6,L-;6#(+(1>#(<1(?6 +)L1,FTTT118812(+- QV'>WF1,L-'/#1##(#+#.1E)E1 QV'>WF1)>E1,-;"*+ <1?##hQ11)A1,61-'+ 9(.67)("AA"6&1

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61 "! " # = &,> FT Y! ALUMNADO EXTRANJERO, SEGUN ORIGEN Y TITULARIDAD DE CENTRO (M.E.C., ) OCEANIA ASIA AM. SUR AM. CENTRAL AM. NORTE AFRICA EU RESTO EU TOTAL % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% PUBLICOS PRIVADOS J#(161A11?((( +/#0 ++ ((1' +(b 3#[(0) + ()#+##L[(0+(/# +(3+(#=[ 2(1' #+/# V 6#,-#(0#L[ +( +( +6#&) + $#,I#+?VUD#(1-1 E+ ((+(#/##(#++( #( 1 %( C #+3/ "03 > VW,VW,? #(#/# #+(### ((+(#(1>((# +)() # +( /# ## (#+( (,?+(6#L-1'* (5$((# #(+ ( ++( # + 73 # # 73 1 '#( #+(/#2(#(#(GA#((+ /##++(#+#+(# #H1A##++(3+(((

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63 "!"# %,> 5,> >! > Z =% ALUMNADO EXTRANJERO Y TOTAL, SEGÚN EL MODELO LINGUISTICO. PAIS VASCO INMIGRANTES MODELO A; 49,6 MODELO B; 27,6 MODELO D; 22,8 TOTAL MODELO A; 26 MODELO B; 23 MODELO D; 51 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% J#("KF(+(6# V( = 69(# + (.#++()(() (((+((/##++(3+> # /#2#+#1F (# L[ #+ +( 3 + F +(/#+&[((#+2+1 B)+2((A.6K,&-#+/#(+ #( ((0)+>2/#/#(# ++.)/#+ 3 (/#+ )(3 #1 ++# ((3/##+/#3+> ##+(5$(+$+##/#(+ #+#2/#3+,6K6&-1?((* ( #+ +( 3. # #,( ( #U- #(2( #(#5$(++2/##( ( (#+)#+(+) #(#( )( " > #!,,> > > /# #+ +( +#( +()( ((# ( 2 #,((?1)A2("1=-(( +?>=/#3 (# %$WAF6/##++(# #( +./# # +7 ( +( #( + +(+((#)1' +#$+>#(*

64 +,-. /. #-, F+J>+E)#31E)+ ($+ >#(A#X)A21 A+ # #( +) #/# 2 +#++(1B+*(# #((#() ( $$+9(+)5$(#+ +(1 6(#+#(($(#(/# + (7)7$3 #+ $1?+ (7($2./#(+* 2($((3 1 # 7) 7 $ 3 ($((1 <(> # %$$;, > (> = INFORME PISA OCDE. (30 paises) Puntuación en tres areas según origen de los alumnos Nativos 2ª generacion No nativos MATEMATICAS LECTURA CIENCIAS B)++ ((#(0+((9 ++(+((#)1?.#(%$3WAF6 +(+( &#( (#((+ #+ f,#+ $ 3 9(.-1' +)++(#+f,

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

78 +,-. /. #-, G, F,? >,!, K, L? J '( #( $()#+$+( +1?((+ #+(( +( # +( + # 2) +/# # (1 A+((+(27#+(.Q'# #.+( (# ( +( $(1 (( # + +.) # /#+(+)+##($(/#9) +)3+(2# ),#/# # (- /# 2)# $()# (,'# -1'( #++(+./#( ( $( +) #(#1? +( 2)#.2$(( 1( ++( /# 2)( /# + (/# ( 2+(#(#( = 1E)/# # ((# + /# 2 4) + ++( /# + #( 9(+( ++ 2/# (,#2(-/#$++( ( +(1F +++ ( #( +((+ (/##(. #$++#((+(# (,?.-1 G+ K,E >??. J A/#( ;#( $(+() +)$<,#ju-+( (((++.#$ )+ +)#(#1F#(((++ +2/#(2$ +(+ +) #(# # (/# +( ( 1 ># +(+(/#*(((#(/#+( 2# # (1 A(9((++((# ( #/#$1E)/#(#(#)#(2# *1'+ ( ( +# $( 2(( ( ) #(#1 ># 2) ;(+(< /# ) +( +0(/#+ (1A( +( +#(#)(# +(( #( () 9(.+ 16 Buen ejemplo de ello ha sido la reforma de la Ley 4/2000, y toda la legislación española posterior en materia de extranjería, por más que a las leyes se las denomine como de integración. Por si ello fuera poco, la nueva Ley de Extranjería que posiblemente ya esté aprobada al iniciarse este congreso, dificultará todavía más la integración y recortará los ya mermados derechos de los extranjeros. L

79 "! " # :((((+)(9( +)#(#$ +(/##($1 B.) ( # #+(+( +)1667(.9(.9(+#(# (+(:) # ( # +( (. #( (1I3## #+#++( /### ((# +#( (1'( )((#(.#$(1?6()+)( #+(((#9( )3 1 6# ' ###+9(.+(0+#+ #( (#/#(+*(#(+##(1#2 ++;( <;(# <(+ # # #(# # (#(# #1 F( ( + ( 2) ++ 2(/# ( #+ #( () (# +( +(2+* 16(#+/#(+) #( ($ #( (+ #( #/# ((+* 2 2(*(#)#++( (+4() 3 4)9(( +)1 #)#(?+((+)+.+/#(# + 1 6( 3 (#) #( ( 2#++#2+(+()/#+(*# (# ( ((+)#(#16(+. ( #( ( (1E)/# +. /#+ $ /# +() 3 2 ( )/#+(# #(.#$+#2 (#+)+# #* #(##+( +/# (/# #( (+( # ( #1' +( ( 9#( + ++ /#(#+(/#$ /#($/##$#2#1+ +( ( ( ( #( ( +(9#(0+##(2+#1 KV3(# +((#)(.(+ /# # +( #( ( #( (# 16(+(+*+(#+(((. #( ( )/# ( #+( #) * +;)<;/##<16+(+ (+()/#((#)### #+(#)((#)#++(+(( (+#+9$(1 I6#(( +() #( ( (3+) ()2$+/#2;

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81 "! " # $ #.+3/#(2(+(( /#+ 3(. (( ( #( ( * ( #) 0(1+ #(#/##(9 (# (( #(#$+#2+9$( ((+(3 ;(<1 G3 K,E L?>, L?>,,J '+)(/#(#((+.+ )( (,#/# + 2$/# + ) - #(3#(#(#(()#( ((()#( +(/# # +. ) ;(<1V(#(#( ($ #(/#2( 3) )/#2,' ( &-1' #(# ( $ + /#( ;( < # ( + ( (+(+( *+#.(/#+(/# ;( <);((</##(##)# 2#+16(/#( ((+ ) (/#((1 A+ +#,%-; (3( (()3+#( ) +##(#( <1? (#(3+(+(+#() ((( +( #+ (* i(^/# (+*+((+(# ((+) +#2+0(,>-1?$+#2+ ():( 0( #(# + (# ) + 1' #(# +),-+ ( ++ ( * +(+(1 '(++#+/#(+.(/# +0(+ (4) (1"+( # ( (/#. +#2 + #(;D*/#*)#().< +/#*+#+(+()(+.() (/# +#(+0((((( 1D((#(#(#)+)+#.#( ($(/#:+# #(# ((1 '#(#(((+0( (,Y)+U&-1>2# +( (+ + #(/# + $+0( ( ((2+#(;(<##+(*(1 6(3 #(#,B*-/##/##(## )8#*((##/#(##+( ($ 1 F+++/# ( ; < ( ;++<,) ++- ((+(,/#)+$/#(+$)/# /#(+$-4( #(#( (($/#(/#(2/#(/#2) L

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

83 "! " # #)#((#+9(+ (#( #()+(1>$;((2#( /#(*+i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s el caso de EEUU y Canadá, por ejemplo. Una sociedad donde prevalece el multiculturalismo es una sociedad que reconoce las diferencias culturales, pero no por ello evita las discriminaciones. Tanto en las versiones asimilacionistas, como en la segregacionistas, pasando por el melting pot norteamericano, finalmente se trata de una sociedad de culturas adosadas, segregadas, aisladas, convertida en compartimentos estancos, guetizada en suma (Del Campo, 2003). 18 En las sociedades capitalistas, el mercado reconoce y fomenta a menudo las prácticas multiculturales de consumo y la diversidad cultural que lleva asociada. Es lo que podríamos denominar un multiculturalismo de mercado que provoca una apertura multicultural individual que no desemboca necesariamente ni en una reflexión profunda a propósito de la democracia multicultural ni en un compromiso político a favor de ésta última. Este multiculturalismo light no constituye un cuestionamiento profundo de las estructuras sociales y políticas; y aunque culturalmente pueda parecer progresista, políticamente es conservador (Martiniello, 2004). L%

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