Tonnes of molluscicides applied over all Spanish crops in the last years (after AEPLA, 1999).
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- Gregorio Juárez Páez
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2 Tonnes of molluscicides applied over all Spanish crops in the last years (after AEPLA, 1999).
3 The Slugs Biological Cycle: Temperature Humidity Light Wind Shelter TEMPERATURE (ºC) Climatology of the Mediterranean Galicia J F M A M J J A S O N D RAINFALL (mm) No ativity Activity Climatology in the Atlantic Galicia BENEFITS Modelling Prediction Molluscicides Save Money TEMPERATURE ( ºC ) J F M A M J J A S O N D No ativity Activity RAINFALL (mm )
4 Controlling Slugs Search for warmadapted strain of slugparasitic nematodes Field experiments to investigate the efficacy of the nematode biocontrol agent (Nemaslug ) - Lettuce - Brussels sprout - Cabbage Laboratory and field experiments with low-chemical against slugs - Centrol H - Metaldehyde Mechanical methods Ploughing plot margins Cleaning shelter and weeds
5 Controlling Slug Eggs Laboratory test with Microwaves. Powers: 80, 150, 450, 750, 900 w Times: 15,30,45, 60 Laboratory and field test with Chemical compound with horticultural application Certrol H ; Tordon 101 ; Lugsamag-N; Talent ; Lotril ; Dimilin ; Metaldehyde ; Luqzinon 60 ; Linurex ; Ata-diuron ; Starane 20 ; Garlon Gs; Esantrene ; Chas 48 ; Sanol-50 ; Dipsol-80 ; Arañol ; Amigo. Laboratory and field test with Suidae and Bovidae Manure: Different concentrations and origins Laboratory test with Plant Extracts Digitalis purpurea L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Foeniculum vulgare Miller., Laurus nobilis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Rubia peregrina L. and Ruta graveolens L Deroceras reticulatum eggs
6 The soil and their dwellers The Slugs Ecosystem One unity interrelated Soil Vegetables Dwellers Weather Balance Equilibrium Disturbing Plughing Chemical Compounds
7 When apply the slug eggs killer on field? After harvest Between two ploughing Repeat the treatment before sowing Other Molluscicide will be necessary to apply as the vegetables are growing What we manage with that? Destroy the slug eggs Kill the remaining slugs Crops free of land snails
8 Effects of pesticides upon slug, land snail, annelid, nematode and arthropod populations in horticultural soils in Galicia (North-West Spain) Preliminary results. Authors: Castillejo, J. Iglesias, J. Department of Animal Biology Faculty of Biology University of Santiago de Compostela E Galica. Spain
9 Infaune monitored OBJETIVES: Study the effect of Phasmarabditis nematode strains on arable soil infaunae Assess the impact of some molluscicides on non-target soil invertebrates Round Worms Slugs MOLLUSCICIDES TESTED: Phasmarhabditis Metaldehyde Cow slurry/slug Eggs Killer Herbicides/Slug Eggs Killer Snails Earthworms Coleoptera Springtails
10 First Parcel NO TILLED parcel for 5 years before trials Ecosystem soil no disturbed Animal colony soil established
11 Second Parcel 50 cm depth TILLED parcel, ploughed yearly Destroyed ecosystem soil New animal soil reorganitation New soil colonisation
12 PARCEL miniplots 2.6 m 2.6 m 2 m m Six replicates for each crops/test Six controls plots/random selection Monthly sampling 1.4 m
13 Soil analyses Pontecesures O Grove Santiago TEMPERATURE (ºC) > RAINFALL (mm) MOISTURE (%) POROSITY (%) AIR CONTENT (%) FRACTION > 2 mm (g) GROSS SAND (%) THIN SAND (%) SLIME (%) CLAY (%) ph pk pv C/N Relation C (meq/100 g) N (meq/100 g) Na (meq/100 g) K (meq/100 g) Ca (meq/100 g) Mg (meq/100 g) Al (meq/100 g) Edaphic Analyses For the granulometric analysis, we took 1kg soil sample. Once in the laboratory the soil was dried at room temperature, and sieved through a 2-mm sieve. The fraction > 2 mm constitute the gravel. With the fraction < 2 mm we did the following analysis: one part was used for the granulometries, and we separated the thick sand (2-0.2 mm); the thin sand, big lime ( ) and clay (< mm). The other part is used for chemical analysis: ph, total N 2, Organic carbon, Relation Carbon/Nitrogen and Oxidable organic matter. Same soil was used to make analysis of moisture, air content and porosity.
14 SEASONAL HORTICULTURAL CROPS CHARDS (Beta vulgaris) LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa) BRUSSELS SPROUTS CAULIFLOWER
15 AREA FOR INFAUNAE SAMPLING 2 m 2 14 m 2
16 DIGGING for Earthworms, Lands Snails and Macroarthropods SAMPLING MONTHLY Surface: x 6 = 0.4 m 2 Volumen: m 3 25 cm SEASONS AND MONTHS Spring: March, April and May Summer: June, July and August Autumn: September, October and November Winter: December, January, February 20 cm deep
17 SEARCHING Inside Soil Samples for Lands Snails, Earthworms and Arthropods Sieves Column
18 PUNCHING for nematode, mite and springtail soil samples
19 First Parcel TESTING COMPOUNDS on NO TILLED arable soil for 5 years MOLLUSCICIDES SPRAYED ON miniplots before seasonal planting Phasmarhabditis nematode strains Metaldehyde pellets Cow slurry/slug Eggs Killer TARGETS: Earthworms Slugs and Snails Arthropods Data will be analysed using SPSSx for significance Phasmarhabditis nematode strains: 3 x 10 5 nematodes m -2 (Nemaslug ) METALDEHYDE: 3 g/m 2 of mini-pellets (Caraquim, Massó Chemical Industries) containing 5% Metaldehyde, broadcasted evenly over the surface of the central area of the plots on the same day of planting COW SLURRY: 2 litres m -2 of bovine-manure (equivalent to 20 m 3 / hectare) Before starting experiments the soil fauna was assessed on every plot and its spatial distribution was homogeneous
20 Periphery Phasmarhabditis Centre Phasmarhabditis Metaldehyde Cow slurry + Phasmarhabditis Before starting experiments the soil fauna was assessed on every plot and its spatial distribution was homogeneous
21 MORFOLOGÍA EXTERNA DE LAS LOMBRICES FIGURA 185. Anélidos oligoquetos. Morfología externa de Lumbricus
22 MORFOLOGÍA EXTERNA 1. Animales terrestres o marinos 2. Alargados con metamería Homónoma 3. No tienen podios, las sedas se insertan directamente en el cuerpo 4. Tamaño: Chaetogaster mide 0,5 mm y Megascolex (Megascolécido) mide 3 m 5. Cuerpo formado por anillos que se repiten, dividido en 3 zona: Protomio (no segmento) Metastomio Pigidio (no segemento) 6. Poros genitales : lumbrícidos seg Poros geniales : segmento 15 (posición varía con las especies) 8. Poros de las espermatecas 9. Poros de los nefridios: un par por segmento 10. Poros dorsales 11. Clitelo: espesamiento glandular Forma anular Forma de herradura Tubérculos pubertarios Formación del capullo 12. Quetas por anillo (8)
23 DISPOSICIÓN Y ESTRUCTURA DE LAS QUETAS
24 Digestive system Calciferous glands Crop Gizzard Esophagus Pharynx Intestine
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26 CÓPULA 1. CÓPULA: surcos o canales exteriores 2. Clitelo con glándulas de la albúmina producen capullo. Fecundación dentro del capullo: capullo + óvulo + esperma = se cierra el limoncillo, puede haber hasta 20 huevos dentro del capullo 3. El desarrollo es directo, no hay metamorfosis, ni larvas de vida libre, del capullo sale una lombriz igual que el adulto
27 El capullo de lombriz
28 DISTRIBUCIÓN VERTICAL DE LAS LOMBRICES
29 Epigeas Anécicas Endogeas Epigeas Anécicas Endogeas
30 SPECIES of EARTHWORMS FOUND Lumbricus terrestris Lumbricus castaneus Lumbricus rubelus Lumbricus friendi Allobophora oliveirae Allobophora caliginosa Allobophora parva TYPE OF TERRESTRIAL ANNELID WORMS EPIGEIC: Top soil species ENDOGEIC: Inside soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species Eisenia eiseni Eisenia veneta Eisenia foetida Dendrobaena octaedra Dendrobaena madeirensis Dendrobaena rubida LAND SNAIL SPECIES MONITORED Deroceras reticulatum Arion intermedius Arion ater Ponentina ponentina Oxychillus sp.
31 Phasmarhabditis vs Earthworms* Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow SAMPLING MONTHLY Surface: x 6 = 0.4 m 2 Volumen: m 3 *Number of Oligochaete worms for 1.2 m 2 / for Season Six replicates for each crops/test Six controls plots Monthly sampling SEASONS AND MONTHS Spring: March, April and May Summer: June, July and August Autumn: September, October and November Winter: December, January, February Periphery Centre
32 Phasmarhabditis vs *Lumbricus Earthworms Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow *Lumbricus juveniles and adults for 1.2 m 2 Lumbricus terrestris Lumbricus castaneus EPIGEIC: Top soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species Lumbricus rubelus Lumbricus friendi
33 Phasmarhabditis vs Lumbricus friendi anecic worms Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2 EPIGEIC: Top soil species ENDOGEIC: Inside soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species Periphery Centre Data will be analysed using SPSSx for significance
34 Phasmarhabditis vs Lumbricus rubellus epigeic worms Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2 EPIGEIC: Top soil species ENDOGEIC: Inside soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species Data will be analysed using SPSSx for significance
35 Phasmarhabditis vs Lumbricus juveniles Earthworms Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow * Number of Oligochaete for 1.2 m 2 Data will be analysed using SPSSx for significance
36 Phasmarhabditis vs Deroceras reticulatum Slugs Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow 20 0 Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow * Slugs for 1.2 m 2 Periphery Data will be analysed using SPSSx for significance Centre
37 Phasmarhabditis vs Arion intermedius Slugs Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow * Slugs for 1.2 m 2
38 Phasmarhabditis vs Arion ater Slugs Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2
39 Phasmarhabditis vs Oxychilus Snails Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow
40 Phasmarhabditis vs Ponentina Snails Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow 0 Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema Once Nema+Cow
41 Collateral effect on bordering areas 70 Metaldehyde and Cow Slurry vs Earthworms Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow *Number of Oligochaete worms for 1.2 m 2 Lumbricus, Allobophora, Eisenia, Dendrobaena Genera Periphery EPIGEIC: Top soil species ENDOGEIC: Inside soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species Centre
42 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Cow slurry vs *Lumbricus Earthworms Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow *Lumbricus juveniles and adults for 1.2 m 2 EPIGEIC: Top soil species ENDOGEIC: Inside soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species
43 Collateral effect on bordering areas 60 Metaldehyde, Cow slurry vs Lumbricus friendi anecic worms Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2 EPIGEIC: Top soil species ENDOGEIC: Inside soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species Periphery Centre
44 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Cow slurry vs Lumbricus rubellus epigeic worms Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2 Periphery Centre
45 Metaldehide, Cow Slurry vs Lumbricus juveniles Earthworms Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2 EPIGEIC: Top soil species ENDOGEIC: Inside soil species ANECIC: Vertical burrow soil species
46 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Cow Slurry vs Deroceras reticulatum slugs Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2 Periphery Centre
47 Collateral effect on bordering areas 60 Metladehyde, Cow Slurry vs Arion intermedius Slugs Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2
48 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Cow Slurry vs Arion ater Slugs Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2
49 Collateral effect on bordering areas 35 Metaldehyde, Cow Slurry vs Oxychilus Snails Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2
50 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Cow Slurry vs Ponentina Snails Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Meta Centre Nema+Cow * for 1.2 m 2
51 Collateral effect on bordering areas Phasmarhabditis, Cow Slurry, Metaldehyde vs Coleoptera Summer 99 Autumn 99 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nema Centre Nema Periph Nema+Cow Nema Once Metaldehide Periphery Centre
52 Second Parcel TESTING COMPOUNDS ON ARABLE Soil, 50 cm depth ploughed yearly before trials MOLLUSCICIDES SPRAYED ON miniplots Phasmarhabditis nematode strains Metaldehyde pellets Herbicide Centrol H, Ioxynil active principle/slug Eggs Killer Phasmarhabditis nematode strains: 3 x 10 5 nematodes m -2 (Nemaslug ) METALDEHYDE: 3 g/m 2 of mini-pellets (Caraquim, Massó Chemical Industries) containing 5% Metaldehyde, broadcasted evenly over the surface of the central area of the plots on the same day of planting HERBICIDE: Comercial name Certrol H Composition Ioxynil 12% ; MECOPROP 36%. Manufacture Comercial Quimica MASSO S.A Activity Herbicide Data will be analysed using SPSSx for significance Before starting experiments the soil fauna was assessed on every plot and its spatial distribution was homogeneous
53 Centre Collateral effect on bordering areas Periphery (Nothing) Phasmarhabditis Metaldehyde Ioxynil (Herbicide) Phasmarhabditis + Ioxynil Phasmarhabditis + Metaldehyde 2 m 2 14 m 2
54 Collateral effect on bordering areas Phasmarhabditis vs Oligochaete Worms* Control Nematode Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nematode Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta * Earthworms for 1.2 m 2 EARTHWORMS Allobophora oliveirae (Epig.) Allobophora caliginosa (Endog.) Dendrobaena octaedra (Epig.) Periphery Centre
55 Collateral effect on bordering areas 12 Phasmarhabditis vs Deroceras reticulatum Slugs Control Nematode Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta 2 0 Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nematode Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta * for 1.2 m 2 LAND SNAIL Deroceras reticulatum Arion intermedius Arion ater Cepaea nemoralis
56 Collateral effect on bordering areas O.COLEOPTERA G. Harpalus G. Anisodactylus G. Amara G. Acupalpus G. Poecilus G. Calathus G. Claenius G. Xantolinus Phasmarhabditis vs Coleoptera Arthropods* 35 Control Nematode 30 Nema+Ioxy 25 Nema+Meta Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Nematode Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta *Number of Coleoptora for 1.2 m 2
57 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Ioxynil vs Oligochaete Worms Control Metaldehide Ioxynil Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Metaldehide Ioxynil Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta * Earthworms for 1.2 m 2 EARTHWORMS Allobophora oliveirae (Epig.) Allobophora caliginosa (Endog.) Dendrobaena octaedra (Epig.) Periphery Centre
58 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Ioxynil vs Deroceras reticulatum Slugs Control Metaldehide Ioxynil Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Metaldehide Ioxynil Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta * for 1.2 m 2
59 Collateral effect on bordering areas Metaldehyde, Ioxynil vs Coloptera Arthropods 50 Control Metaldehide 40 Ioxynil Nema+Ioxy 30 Nema+Meta Winter 99 Spring 00 Summer 00 Autumn 00 Control Metaldehide Ioxynil Nema+Ioxy Nema+Meta * for 1.2 m 2
60 Impact on Crops Soil Infaunae Impact on Adjacent Areas Soil Infaunae Oligo. Slugs Snails Arthr. Oligo. Slugs Snails Arthr. Phasmarhabditis Yes No No No Yes No No No Phasmarh. Once Yes No Yes No No No Cow Slurry Yes No Yes No No No Herbicide: Ioxynil Metaldehyde Yes No Yes No No No In Process
61 PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS. During this trial was observed: 1.- Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita strains scattered on arable soils at 3 x 10 5 strain-nematodes for m 2 reduce the population of earthworms. The effect is more significant on anecic Oligochaetes than on epiegeic species. 2.- Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita strains used a molluscicide dose on horticultural crops have collateral effect on bordering areas earthworm populations. 3.- The effect of Phasmarhabditis nematode strains on earthworms could persist for more than two years on arable soils and bordering areas. 4.- Phasmarhabditis strains haven't any effect on Slug, Snail, Coleoptera and Crane fly populations, neither in direct application zones nor in bordering areas. 5.- Metaldehyde mini-pellets, used as molluscicide (3 g/m 2 ) has similar effects on anecic earthworms than Phasmarhabditis strains in direct application areas and adjacent zones. 6.- Metaldehyde applied on arable soils in molluscicide doses haven't any collateral effects on adjacent areas slug, snail and Coleoptera populations. 7.- Cow slurry applied on arable soil as nitrogen fertilizer (20 m 3 / hectare) have collateral effects on adjacent areas anecic earthworm populations, and no effect on others animals popultions monitored. 8.- On Ioxynil (Herbicide) effects upon slug eggs we haven't enough field trials, we are working on. Tested on standard artificial soil work destroying slug eggs. 9.- The molluscicides compounds tested on 50 cm-depth-ploughed-parcel were deterred by the ploughing disturbance effect on infauna structure populations caused by farming. Perhaps, one year period could be necessary for reorganise infauna ecosystem parcels after deep ploughing farm works.
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63 Efectos sobre la fauna edáfica de tratamientos molusquicidas empleados en el control de plagas de babosas en la horticultura Ramón Castro, Javier Iglesias, José Castillejo, Manuel Barrada, Federico Villoch & Inés Seijas
64 Diseño experimental + parcela de 576 m cuadros de 16 m 2 (4 4 m) TRATAMIENTOS. Control: no tratado. Metaldehído: 3 g m -2 minigránulos 5%. NC3: 3 x 10 5 larvas m -2 3 días / centro. NP3: 3 x 10 5 larvas m -2 3 días / periferia. NCU: 3 x 10 5 larvas m días / centro / una aplicación. NP: 2 litros m -2 de purín vacuno 7 días / centro 3 x 10 5 larvas m -2 3 días / centro
65 Diseño experimental RECOGIDA Y EXTRACCIÓN Caracoles, Babosas y Lombrices: muestra de suelo (25x25x10 cm) por cuadro. Extracción por lavado con agua sobre una torre de tamices. -Nematodos, Ácaros y Colémbolos: 4 muestras de suelo (3,5x10 cm) sólo en tratamientos C, NC3 y NP3. Extracción de microartrópodos (flotación en heptano) y nematodos (continuación con centrifugación en gradiente de sacarosa). + Dos sistemas de muestreo para: - Caracoles, Babosas y Lombrices - Nematodos, Ácaros y Colémbolos
66 MOLUSCOS D reticulatum, D caruanae Arion ater Ponentina ponentina Oxychilus helveticus mayo-1999 junio-99 a mayo-01 Moluscos en muestras de suelo control metaldehído NC3 NP3 NCU PN Moluscos en muestras de suelo control * metaldehído NC3 * NP3 NCU PN D. reticulatum D. caruanae A. ater Caracoles
67 LOMBRICES Lumbricus friendi Lumbricus rubellus Dendrobaena madeirensis Dendrobaena octaedra mayo-1999 junio-99 a mayo-01 Totales Lumbricus spp. Dendrobaena spp.
68 NEMATODOS Nenamtodos en muestras de suelo control NC3 NP3 * mayo-1999 junio-99 a mayo-01
69 MICROARTRÓPODOS mayo-1999 Figura 1 Figura 2 junio-99 a mayo-01 Microartrópodos en muestras de suelo control NC3 NP3 Microartrópodos en muestras de suelo control NC3 NP3 Ácaros Colémbolos
70 Conclusiones Los tratamientos molusquicidas ensayados sólo afectan de forma significativa a las poblaciones de babosas, sin que se vea afectado ninguno de los otros grupos de la fauna edáfica que fueron estudiados. Este trabajo ha sido financiado por los proyectos FAIR CT 5-PL (UNIÓN EUROPEA), y PGIDT00AGR20001PR (XUNTA DE GALICIA)
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73 POSIBLES PREGUNTAS 1. En función de sus hábitos alimenticios y su desplazamiento horizontal en el suelo, cuantos tipos de lombrices hay 2. Que diferencias estructurales podemos encontrar en las comunidades de animales invertebrados edáficos en parcelas que se labran (aran) todos los años y en las de barbecho, que están abandonadas o no se labran 3. Para tener información cuantitativa, explica como se extrae la fauna del suelo por vía húmeda 4. En los lumbricidos, define: clitelo, quetas, buche, molleja, capullo, hermafrodita, proterándrico, vuelta encontrada 5. Explica por que los purines atacan las lombrices del suelo
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