University of Santiago de Compostela Faculty of Biology Spain CONTROL DE LAS PLAGAS DE BABOSAS EN CULTIVOS HORTÍCOLAS CON PRODUCTOS OVICIDAS*.

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1 University of Santiago de Compostela Faculty of Biology Spain CONTROL DE LAS PLAGAS DE BABOSAS EN CULTIVOS HORTÍCOLAS CON PRODUCTOS OVICIDAS*. Autores: José CASTILLEJO, Javier IGLESIAS * Investigación financiada por: la Unión Europea. Nº de Proyecto: FAIR5-PL Título: Novel technologies for integrated control of slug damage in key horticultural crops la Xunta de Galicia. Nº de Proyecto: PGIDT00AGR20001PR Título: Alternativas a los molusquicidas comerciales actuales

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3 Destrucción de huevos de babosas Con sales minerales

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15 Experiments with Organic Manure. Organic Manure from: - Cow - Pig Objetives Observe the effect of this manure in the embryo of Deroceras reticulatum in filter paper and in Standard soil. Cow manure Pig manure

16 The manure Used in agriculture like fertilizer. mixtured with or without vegetal material.

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20 Filter paper 1 ml of product(mg/cm 2 ) Dry off Dead 1 Alive 0 Hatch 1 ml of Destilled water D. reticulatum eggs + Activity / tested in standard soil Activity / no tested in standard soil

21 Artificial soil composition Natural Water 3% Caolin 10% Quartz Sand 70% Sphagnum 17% Quartz S and S phagnum Caolin Natural Water Artificial Soil composition. The initial 3% humidity is an intrinsic factor to this soil. We have used two different moistures: 35% and 40%. For reach this humidity was neccessary to add extra water on the soil: 49.5 g and 64 g, respectivily.

22 Pig Manure test on Filter Paper 100 % mortality Time in days 25,2 12,6 6,3 3,15 Fig 12 Mortality evolution over exposition time.

23 Pig Manure test on Standard Soil. 100 % mortality Time in days ,5 Fig. 13 Mortality evolution over exposition time.

24 Pig manure 25.23mg/cm 2 Pig manure 12.6mg/cm 2 Pig manure 6.3mg/cm 2 Pig manure 3.25 mg/cm 2 Normal development

25 Cow Manure test on Filter Paper 100 % mortality Time in days 26,5 13,25 6,625 Fig. 14 Mortality evolution over exposition time.

26 Cow Manure test on Standard Soil % mortality Time in days ,5 123,25 Fig. 15 Mortality evolution over exposition time.

27 Cow manure 26.5mg/cm 2 Cow manure 13.25mg/cm 2 Cow manure 6.625mg/cm 2 Normal development

28 Dose in mg/cm 2 (log scale) ,2 156,2 228,9 10 4,7 4,9 6, Time of exposition in days Pig-manure on paper Pig-manure on soil Cow-manure on paper Cow-manure on soil

29 Efectos de los Purines sobre la Fauna del Suelo Aplicado en gran cantidad afecta a: Aireación del suelo Composición de la atmósfera del suelo Toxico contra lombrices (100% mortalidad) Mortalidad en pájaros al ingerir lombrices (gaviotas, cuervos, tordos,..) Reduce drásticamente las poblaciones de Colembolos detritívoros, pero no a los fitófagos El Amoniaco de los purines reduce las poblaciones de Ácaros A los nematodos omnivoros, fitófagos, pero no los microbianos Aplicado en moderados niveles es beneficoso para el suelo y la fauna del suelo Aumento de la biomasa de lombrices en un 60%

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39 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MW ENERGY APPLICATION FOR CONTROL OF SOIL PESTS the lethal mechanism is thermal (heating) selective heating is possible

40 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS Conventional MW oven (SANYO EM- D973) was used in all experiments Frequency of operation: GHz PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS (first annual report) Six powers and four exposure times tested 80, 150, 300, 450, 750, 900 W 15, 30, 45, 60 seconds Petri-dishes with 30 g of standard-soil, 40% moisture content (ww) 3 eggs of D. reticulatum per dish, on surface of soil 3 replicates per treatment

41 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS Exposition time in seconds Power in watts = no effect on egg viability = 100% mortality of eggs Minimum soil surface temperature for 100% mortality 36 ºC

42 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS NEW EXPERIMENTS Power = 900 W Exposure time = 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 s Soil moisture = 20 % and 35% (ww) Eggs buried at 1 cm deep 10 eggs per replicate 4 replicates per treatment eggs were recovered after treatment and incubated on paper in dishes

43 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS Mortality of eggs exposed to 900W MW energy for different times % mortality % soil moisture 20% soil moisture 20 0 Control 5 s 10 s 20 s 40 s 80 s 100 Dose-response relationships, 24 hours after treatments 20% soil moisture: LD s 35% soil moisture: LD s % mortality Log dose in seconds 35% soil moisture 20% soil moisture

44 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS Effect on earthworms?

45 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS 900 W / 10 s 20 % soil moisture 900 W / 20 s 35 % soil moisture

46 MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS EGGS CONCLUSION Practical application of MW energy for field control of soil pests is usually subjected to criticism in the literature becouse of high costs of energy and equipment, and problems of safety for operating personnel. MW treatments required for effective control of slugs eggs are also lethal to beneficial invertebrates like earthworms. Application of MW energy for control of slugs eggs is not feasible in the field.

47 CONTROL DE LAS PLAGAS DE BABOSAS EN CULTIVOS HORTÍCOLAS CON PRODUCTOS OVICIDAS*. 1.- Nombra 3 sales que tengan efectos ovicidas sobre los huevos de babosas, explica como actúan. 2.- Señala la composición de suelo artificial donde se hacen los ensayos con agentes ovicidas 3.- Indica los efectos de los purines sobre la fauna del suelo 4.- Como actúan las M.W. (900W) sobre la fauna del suelo

48 Fin de la Comunicación * * En el respeto al equilibrio está el éxito de nuestra lucha particular