Joint ICTP-TWAS Workshop on Climate Change in Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas: Research experiences and new scientific challenges 7 May 12 May 2012 CIIFEN Headquarters, Guayaquil, Ecuador Long-term Monitoring of Temperature in Coral Reef Waters of the Colombian Caribbean Marko Tošić & Raúl Navas-Camacho Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives De Andréis Vinculado al Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - MADS Santa Marta, Colombia
Joint ICTP-TWAS Workshop on Climate Change in Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas: Research experiences and new scientific challenges 7 May 12 May 2012 CIIFEN Headquarters, Guayaquil, Ecuador Contents 1. Introduction of data used 2. Historical tendencies of temperature 3. Relation with bleaching events 4. Case Study: Chengue Bay 5. Calcultion of coral thresholds 6. Conclusions
Joint ICTP-TWAS Workshop on Climate Change in Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas: Research experiences and new scientific challenges 7 May 12 May 2012 CIIFEN Headquarters, Guayaquil, Ecuador Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR) José Benito Vives De Andréis Vinculado al Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible Santa Marta, Colombia
Joint ICTP-TWAS Workshop on Climate Change in Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas: Research experiences and new scientific challenges 7 May 12 May 2012 CIIFEN Headquarters, Guayaquil, Ecuador Data used in this study: 1. REDCAM Monitoring Program 2. SIMAC Monitoring Program 3. NOAA NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 Coral Reef Watch
Monitoring Network for Marine and Coastal Water Quality - REDCAM STATIONS CARIBBEAN : 236 PACIFIC: 122 TOTAL: 358 PARAMETERS (~25) Tem, Sal, ph, DO Nutrients Sediments 5 Microbiological Hydrocarbons Pesticides Heavy Metals
SALIDA DE INFORMACIÓN Monitoring Network for Marine and Coastal Water Quality - REDCAM Database Management Capacity Building ENTRADA DE INFORMACIÓN Nodos de la REDCAM Salidas de campo Otras entidades Información primaria Información secundaria Almacenamiento de datos en archivo digital BASE DE DATOS 4 15% Laboratorio SIG Mapas Tablas Gráficos 3 15% 1 40% 2 30% INVEMAR 18/05/2012 6 Interfaz del usuario construida con herramientas Oracle Consultas Interfaz del usuario construida con herramientas HTML-JAVA -
National System for Coral Reef Monitoring in Colombia - SIMAC Health status of coral reefs Changes in coral reefs and causes Recomendations for sustainable use and conservation
SIMAC Monitoring Program Benthic organism coverage using point-intecept transects Richness and abundance of reef fish Ocurrence of bleaching and diseases Presence y abundance of urchins and other invertebrates Abundance of gorgonians
Temperature (C) Temperature (C) NOAA s NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 Temp. Data: 1950 2010 Increases: 0.3-0.4 C Rate: 0.006 C/y El Niño La Niña NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 Isla San Andres - Promedios Mensuales y = 0.000x + 27.96 R² = 0.002 30.5 29.5 28.5 27.5 26.5 25.5 30 29 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 201 Year NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 Isla Tesoro - Promedios Mensuales y = 0.000x + 28.40 R² = 0.021 28 27 26 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 201 Year
Historical Coral Bleaching Events in Colombia Colpophyllia natans Montastraea faveolata Diploria strigosa
Temperature (C) Temperature (C) Historical Record of Temperature in Marine Waters of the Colombian Caribbean 31.0 Avg Caribe 32 Hist Avg Dept 30.0 29.0 30 28.0 28 27.0 26 24 Temp. Data: 2000 2011 Increases: 0.3 C Rate: 0.03 C/y
Temperature (C) Historical Record of Temperature in Marine Waters of the Colombian Caribbean 34 Dry Season Rainy Season 32 30 28 26 24 Department (West-East)
The Guajira Upwelling System December 2005 Mini-Curso: February 2006 Monitoreo de calidad de aguas en playas turísticas from: Andrade & Barton 2005
Aeropuerto Alcatraces Bahía Chengue Bahia Concha Boya 2 Cabotaje (calle 10) canal Escollera Emisario 8 F. Buritaca F. Cordoba F. Costa Verde F. Don Diego F. Gaira F. Guachaca F. Manzanares F. Piedras F. Toribio P. Batallón P. Blanca P. Mendihuaca P. Municipal P. Neguanje P. Rodadero P. Salguero P. Taganga Parque Acuático Playa Grande Pozos Colorados puente Calle 22 Taganga T1 Aeropuerto Alcatraces Bahía Chengue Bahia Concha Boya 2 Cabotaje (calle 10) canal Escollera Emisario 8 F. Buritaca F. Cordoba F. Costa Verde F. Don Diego F. Gaira F. Guachaca F. Manzanares F. Piedras F. Toribio P. Batallón P. Blanca P. Mendihuaca P. Municipal P. Neguanje P. Rodadero P. Salguero P. Taganga Parque Acuático Playa Grande Pozos Colorados puente Calle 22 Taganga T1 Temperature (C) Historical Record of Temperature in Marine Waters of the Department of Magdalena 31 Dry Season 1 (Seca) 1 (Seca) Rainy Season 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 29 27 25 23 Stations
Temperature (C) Historical Record of Temperature in Marine Waters of Tayrona Park 32 Tayrona - Anual Averages 31 30 29 28 27 Bahía Chengue Bahia Concha P. Neguanje 26 25 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year
Chengue Bay Tayrona National Natural Park Watershed: Area: 8 km 2, natural Live Coral Coverage: 27.05% Number of Coral Species: 30 sp Predominant Species: Montastraea faveolata, Colpophyllia natans Montastraea annularis Diploria strigosa Ecosistemas: Manglares Pastos marinos (Thalassia) Corales Fondos blandos Litoral rocoso
Incidencia en % Chengue Bay Bleaching Events Bahía de Chengue 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 BLANQUEAMIENTO ENFERMEDAD Montastraea faveolata La Niña 2010: Temperature (30 C) Salinity (30 ppt) Turbidity
Temperature (C) Temperature (C) Chengue Bay Historical Temperature Records 31 Max Average Linear (Average) 30 29 Data Logger: Hourly 1994 2010 Rate: 0.06 C/y 28 27 26 25 24 31 29 y = 0.061x + 25.92 R² = 0.237 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Min Promedio Max 27 25 23 21 19
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Temperature (C) Chengue Bay Historical Temperature Records Increase: 0.8 C Rate: 0.05 C/y 30 29 28 27 Monthly Averages Average Min Max Linear (Average) Linear (Min) Linear (Max) y = 0.004x + 28.19 R² = 0.169 26 25 24 23 22 y = 0.004x + 25.88 R² = 0.033 y = 0.004x + 23.69 R² = 0.063 21
Febrero Junio Octubre Febrero Junio Octubre Febrero Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Noviembre Marzo Julio Diciembre Mayo Septiembre Enero Chengue Bay Historical Temperature Records El Niño Max La Niña Average 31 30.5 30 29.5 29 28.5 28 27.5 27 26.5 26 25.5 25 24.5 24 23.5 23 22.5 22 21.5 21 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20102011
Coral Temperatura Thresholds Bleaching Risk -Temp Intensity -Duration from: Marshall and Shuttenberg 2006 Temp Anomaly: Degrees above maximum monthly average. 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 Promedio Mensuales Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre
Coral Temperatura Thresholds Bleaching Event 2010 Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) = Σ Anomaly x # weeks DHW > 4 High stress DHW > 8 Severe bleaching 32 Chengue Bay - Temperature 2010 31 30 29 Temperature (C) 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 Date
Coral Temperatura Thresholds Bleaching Event 2010 Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) = Σ Anomaly x # weeks DHW > 4 High stress DHW > 8 Severe bleaching 2010 2005 2005 2010 from: NOAA s Coral Reef Watch http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov
Number of Days Coral Temperatura Thresholds Observational Data: - Max Temp - # Days 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Max Temp vs Number of Days y = 54x 2-3281.x + 49844 R² = 0.843 29 29.5 30 30.5 Temperature (C) Year Number of Days > 29.0 > 29.5 > 30.0 > 30.5 1995 44 22 5 1996 3 1997 7 1998 32 1999 29 9 2000 19 2001 10 2002 9 2003 45 2004 37 2005 90 10 1 2006 29 1 2007 55 12 1 2008 59 2 2010 117 72 17 1
Coral Temperatura Thresholds Laboratory Experiments Effect (# Weeks): 3 2 1 4 From: López Londoño et al. 2011
Conclusions Temporal data show increases in temperature at regional (0.006-0.03 C/y) and local scales (0.06 C/y). Spatial variation of temperature along the Caribbean coast of Colombia, highlighted by strong seasonal variation in the eastern provinces. While climatic phenomena can affect sea surface temperature, local procesos (eg. upwelling) may have greater effect. Predictive tools provided by NOAA were shown to be effective in identification of coral bleaching risks. Precision of bleaching-temperature relationship at local scale is recommended. Predictive tools, however useful, are limited by their lack of incorporation of other factors (eg. Light intensity, sedimentation, salinity, etc.)
Acknowledgements REDCAM, SIMAC, NOAA, INAP Beatriz Almonacil, David Alonso, Luisa F. Espinosa, Diana Isabel Gomez, Kelly Gomez Campo, Carolina Gutierrez, Tomas Londoño Lopez, Laura Perdomo, Johanna Vega Sequeda, Lizbeth Janet Vivas Aguas Joint ICTP-TWAS Workshop on Climate Change in Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas: Research experiences and new scientific challenges.
Gracias por su atención marko_tosic@invemar.org.co