ENGLISH AUXILIARY VERBS En Inglés, existe un grupo muy exclusivo de verbos, apenas llegan a la decena, con un funcionamiento muy especial. Son los VERBOS AUXILIARES. Se les llama así porque suelen ayudar al resto de los verbos a construir tiempos o formas esenciales. Cuáles son y para qué los utilizamos? Aquí tienes un breve esquema: VERB USE EXAMPLE 1. To be was - been -Attributive John is tall -Continuous Tenses John is studying (Be + Gerund) 2. To have had had -Have got (tener) John has got a car -Perfect Tenses John has come (Have + Participle) 3.Can - could --- -Modal I can go Must - ----- --- I must go May - might --- He may go Will - would --- He will go Shall - should --- We shall go 4. To Do - did done -Negativas e I read > I do not read Interrogativas > Do I read? CÓMO FUNCIONAN? Estos verbos forman grupo por compartir ciertas características, que son: 1. NO NECESITAN LA AYUDA DE TO DO PARA HACER FRASES NEGATIVAS NI INTERROGATIVAS. Por qué no? Porque en Inglés, el adverbio negativo NOT necesita ir detrás de un verbo auxiliar pero, como estos verbos ya son Auxiliares, no necesitan la ayuda de To Do. En las preguntas, estos verbos ocupan el lugar de Auxiliar, o sea, delante del Sujeto. John is tall John is not tall Is John tall? John has come John has not come Has John come? John can go John cannot go Can John go? John will go John will not go Will John go? John would go John would not go Would John go? To Do - did - done: -Es el Auxiliar Universal para todos los verbos NO-AUXILIARES en Negativa e Interrogativa, pero cuidado! SÓLO EN PRESENTE Y PASADO SIMPLES (Los demás tiempos ya tienen otros verbos Auxiliares: will, would, have..) Cuando actúa como Auxiliar, NO se traduce (y por eso solemos olvidarnos de él) You study You DO not study DO you study? John studies John DOES not study DOES John study? I studied I DID not study DID I study? * Debemos fijarnos en que el verbo al que ayuda To Do va siempre en Infinitivo sin To, y deja todo el trabajo al Auxiliar. Curiosamente, el propio To Do también necesita otro To Do que le ayude cuando significa hacer. Por qué? Porque ya hemos dicho que un To Do Auxiliar sólo sirve para apoyar la negación Not, pero que no se traducía. Así que esto: I DO not my homework, se traduce por Yo NO mi tarea. Necesitaremos poner también el verbo hacer : I DO not do my homework, DID you do it?
2. CASI TODOS los verbos auxiliares presentan CONTRACCIONES con NOT To Be > aren't, isn't, wasn't, weren't (* amn't, no existe) To Have > haven't, hasn't, hadn't Verbos Modales > can't / cannot (* can not, no existe), couldn't mightn't (*mayn t, no existe) shan t (shall + not); shouldn't won t (will + not); wouldn t To Do > don't, doesn't, didn't. 3. ALGUNOS verbos Auxiliares pueden CONTRAERSE CON EL SUJETO de la oración: To Be > am ( I m ); are ( you re ); is ( he s ); To Have > have ( I ve ); has ( she s ); had ( I d ) Verbos Modales > will ( I ll ); would ( I d ); shall ( I ll ); * Aunque algunas contracciones coinciden, el significado lógico de la oración dejará claro cuál es el verbo escondido en la contracción. POR OTRO LADO, LOS VERBOS MODALES PRESENTAN ALGUNAS PECULIARIDADES PROPIAS: a).-no pueden utilizarse solos, ya que no expresan un significado completo. Necesitan llevar detrás otro verbo, siempre en INFINITIVO sin "TO". b).-la 3ª persona singular de Presente NO AÑADE "-s." (Son los únicos en esto) c).-no tienen FORMAS NO-PERSONALES (ni Infinitivo, ni Gerundio, ni Participio). Esto trae varias consecuencias: -Ninguno tiene Conjugación Completa. A todos les faltan tiempos. Tendremos que recurrir a otros Verbos Sustitutivos para realizar esos tiempos. (Ej, Be able to en lugar de Can ) - No pueden ir detrás de otra forma verbal. Siempre han de ir los primeros. - Son incompatibles. No pueden aparecer dos juntos (esto querrá decir que ninguno de ellos podrá conjugarse ni en Futuro ni en Condicional). - Por no tener Gerundio, no tienen Tiempos Continuos. - Por no tener Participio, no tienen Tiempos Perfectos. d).-algunos incluso han perdido su significado propio, y se usan como "palabras marca" para algunos tiempos: "Will", para futuro: I will go "Would", para condicional: I would go Shall" también para futuro, pero sólo con las PRIMERAS PERSONAS: I shall go, We shall go.
1. CONJUGACIÓN DE UN VERBO AUXILIAR: TO BE - WAS - BEEN.: Ser / estar :El más difícil SIMPLE PRESENT (Yo soy o estoy, ) I am (I'm) I am not Am I? You are (You're) You aren't (are not) Are you? He is (He's) He isn't (is not) Is he? She is (She's) She isn't Is she? It is (It's) It isn't Is it? We are (We're) We aren't Are we? You are (You're) You aren't Are you? They are (They're) They aren't Are they? SIMPLE PAST (Yo fui/era o estuve/estaba, ) I was I wasn't (was not) Was I? You were You weren't (were not) Were you? He was He wasn't Was she? She was She wasn't Was she? It was It wasn't Was it? We were We weren't Were we? You were You weren't Were you? They were They weren't Were they? FUTURE (Yo seré o estaré, ) I will / shall be (I'll be) I won't / shan't be Shall / Will I be? You will be You won't be (will not) Will You be? He will be He won't be Will he be? She will be She won't be Will she be? It will be It won't be Will it be? We will / shall be We won't / shan't be Shall / Will we be? You will be You won't be Will you be? They will be They won't be Will they be? CONDITIONAL (Yo sería o estaría, ) I would be (I'd be) I wouldn't be (would not) Would I be? You would be You wouldn't be Would you be? He would be He wouldn't be Would he be? She would be She wouldn't be Would she be? It would be It wouldn't be Would it be? We would be We wouldn't be Would we be? You would be You wouldn't be Would you be? They would be They wouldn't be Would they be? PERFECT TENSES: ( HAVE + Past Participle ) PRESENT PERFECT: (Yo he sido o estado,..) I have been ( I've been) I haven't been (have not) Have I been? He has been (He's been) He hasn't been (has not) Has he been? PAST PERFECT: (Yo había sido o estado,..) I had been (I'd been) I hadn't been (had not) Had I been? FUTURE PERFECT: (Yo habré sido o estado,..) I will have been I won't have been Will I have been? PERFECT CONDITIONAL: (Yo habría sido o estado,..) I would have been I wouldn't have been Would I have been?
2. CONJUGACIÓN DE UN VERBO NORMAL: TO GO - WENT GONE : Ir SIMPLE TENSES: Tiempos simples. SIMPLE PRESENT (Yo voy, ) : Cuidado con las 3ª personas del Singular I go I don't go (do not) Do I go? You go You don't go Do you go? He goes He doesn't go (does not) Does he go? She goes She doesn't go Does she go? It goes It doesn't go Does it go? We go We don't go Do we go? You go You don't go Do you go? They go They don't go Do they go? SIMPLE PAST (Yo fui/ Yo iba, ) : En Castellano tenemos Dos pretéritos simples. En Inglés, sólo UNO. I went I didn t go (didn t) Did I go? You went You didn t go Did you go? He went He didn t go Did he go? She went She didn t go Did she go? It went It didn t go Did it go? We went We didn t go Did we go? You went You didn t go Did you go? They went They didn t go Did they go FUTURE (Yo iré, ) : Shall y Shan t apenas se utilizan. I shall / will go (I'll go) I shan't / won't go Shall / Will I go? You will go You won t go (will not) Will you go? He will go He won't go Will he go? She will go She won't go Will she go? It will go It won't go Will it go? We will / shall go We won't / shan't go Shall / Will we go? You will go You won't go Will you go? They will go They won't go Will they go? CONDITIONAL (Yo iría, ) I would go (I'd go) I wouldn't go (would not) Would I go? You would go You wouldn't go Would you go? He would go He wouldn't go Would he go? She would go She wouldn't go Would she go? It would go It wouldn't go Would it go? We would go We wouldn't go Would we go? You would go You wouldn't go Would you go? They would go They wouldn't go Would they go?
PERFECT TENSES: ( HAVE + Past Participle ); Como en Castellano, los Tiempos Compuestos se forman con un tiempo del verbo Haber + un Participio de otro verbo. PRESENT PERFECT: (Yo he ido, ) : Es nuestro Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto I have gone (I've gone) I haven't gone (have not) Have I gone? You have gone (You ve) You haven t gone Have you gone? He has gone (He's gone) He hasn't gone (has not) Has he gone? She has gone She hasn't gone Has she gone? It has gone It hasn't gone Has it gone? We have gone We haven't gone Have we gone? You have gone You haven't gone Have you gone? They have gone They haven't gone Have they gone? PAST PERFECT: (Yo había ido,..) I had gone ( d gone) I hadn't gone (had not) Had I gone? You had gone You hadn't gone Had you gone? He had gone He hadn't gone Had he gone? She had gone She hadn't gone Had she gone? It had gone It hadn't gone Had It gone? We had gone We hadn't gone Had we gone? You had gone You hadn't gone Had you gone? They had gone They hadn't gone Had they gone? FUTURE PERFECT: (Yo habré ido, ) I will have gone I won't have gone Will I have gone? You will have gone You won't have gone Will you have gone? He will have gone He won't have gone Will he have gone? She will have gone She won't have gone Will she have gone? It will have gone It won't have gone Will It have gone? We will have gone We won't have gone Will we have gone? You will have gone You won't have gone Will you have gone? They will have gone They won't have gone Will they have gone? PERFECT CONDITIONAL: (Yo habría ido, ) I would have gone I wouldn't have gone Would I have gone? You would have gone You wouldn't have gone Would you have gone? He would have gone He wouldn't have gone Would he have gone? She would have gone She wouldn't have gone Would she have gone? It would have gone It wouldn't have gone Would It have gone? We would have gone We wouldn't have gone Would we have gone? You would have gone You wouldn't have gone Would you have gone? They would have gone They wouldn't have gone Would they have gone?
CONTINUOUS TENSES : ( BE + Gerund ) Aunque en Castellano no los consideramos tiempos, también los utilizamos y se forman igual: un tiempo de estar + el Gerundio de otro verbo. PRESENT CONTINUOUS: (Yo estoy yendo / voy a ir, ) I am going I am not going Am I going? You are going You are not going (aren t) Are you going? He is going He is not going (isn t) Is he going? She is going She is not going Is she going? It is going It is not going Is it going? We are going We are not going Are we going? You are going You are not going Are you going? They are going They are not going Are they going? PAST CONTINUOUS: (Yo estaba yendo / iba a ir,..) I was going I was not going (wasn t) Was I going? You were going You were not going (weren t) Were you going? He was going He was not going Was he going? She was going She was not going Was she going? It was going It was not going Was it going? We were going We were not going Were we going? You were going You were not going Were you going? They were going They were not going Were they going? FUTURE CONTINUOUS: (Yo estaré yendo, ) I will be going I will not be going (won t) Will I be going? You will be going You will not be going Will you be going? He will be going He will not be going Will he be going? She will be going She will not be going Will she be going? It will be going It will not be going Will it be going? We will be going We will not be going Will we be going? You will be going You will not be going Will you be going? They will be going They will not be going Will they be going? CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS: (Yo estaría yendo ) I would be going I would not be going (wouldn t) Would I be going? You would be going You would not be going Would you be going? He would be going He would not be going Would he be going? She would be going She would not be going Would she be going? It would be going It would not be going Would it be going? We would be going We would not be going Would we be going? You would be going You would not be going Would you be going? They would be going They would not be going Would they be going? IMPERATIVE : Sirve para dar órdenes. Como una orden sólo puede darse a las 2ª personas, es el único tiempo que no necesita el pronombre personal. No Tiene forma Interrogativa. Go (vé / íd) Do not go (No vayas / No vayáis) ----------