I. SISTEMA NERVIOSO PERIFÉRICO

Transcripción

1 neuroanatomia NÚCLEO para cual psycologos I. SISTEMA NERVIOSO PERIFÉRICO 1. Receptores 2. Nervios craneales espinales 3. Ganglios sensitivos autonomos 4. Vias sensoriales 5. Vias efectoras simpaticos parasimpaticos 17

2 1.1 esquema general de los receptores receptor raiz sensitiva del nervio ganglio sensitivo conductor nucleo sensitivo descripción localización La vista y el olfato son exepciones a este esquema. a si? En que forma? Como son? Porque? Y ademas acabo de examinar la mayoria de los otros: gusto, dolor, audicion, etc. y NI UNO SOLO es reconocible este esquema. o sea que chingados es esto. y para que lo ensenas. Si no pones aqui en palabras lo que tu explicas o elicitas de tus alumnos no tiene caso. Esto no es libro. Acaso seran tus personal teaching aids pero yo no veo aqui un libro... función BIBLIOGRAFÍA: 18

3 1.2 tipos de receptores Vista Conos Bastones The act of seeing starts when the lens of the eye focus an image of the outside world onto a light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye, called the retina. The retina is actually part of the brain that is isolated to serve as a transducer for the conversion of patterns of light into neuronal signals. The lens of the eye focuses light on the photoreceptive cells of the retina, which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural impulses. These signals are processed in a hierarchical fashion by different parts of the brain, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus, and the primary and secondary visual cortex of the brain. Audición Celulas ciliadas del organo de Corti Sound waves traveling through the ear canal will hit the tympanum, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). These ossicles act as a lever and a teletype, converting the lower-pressure eardrum sound vibrations into higher-pressure sound vibrations at another, smaller membrane called the oval window. Higher pressure is necessary because the inner ear beyond the oval window contains fluid rather than air. The sound is not amplified uniformly across the ossicular chain. The auditory reflex of the 19

4 tipos de receptores Olfato Celulas olfatorias Each olfactory receptor neuron expresses only one functional odor receptor.[citation needed] Odor receptor nerve cells function like a key-lock system: if the airborne molecules of a certain chemical can fit into the lock the nerve cell will respond. There are, at present, a number of competing theories regarding the mechanism of odor coding and perception. According to shape theory, each receptor detects a feature of the odor molecule. Weak-shape theory, known as odotope theory, suggests that different receptors detect only small pieces of molecules, and these minimal inputs are combined to form a larger olfactory perception (similar to the way visual perception is built up of smaller, information-poor sensations, combined Gusto Papilas fungiformes Papilas foliadas Papilas circunvaladas yemas gustativas de la epiglotis, laringe y esófago yemas gustativas del paladar Las células receptoras del gusto de encuentran en los brotes gustativos y éstos en las papilas de la lengua. En el ser humano, las papilas fungiformes están esparcidas sobre la superficie dorsal de la lengua y muchas de ellas están concentradas cerca de los bordes de sus dos tercios anteriores. Las papilas foliadas se encuentran en el borde de la parte posterior de la lengua; las papilas circulares en un surco en forma de V en la parte posterior cerca de su base. Las pailas filiformes no contienen brotes gustativos. Los receptores gustativos de los tercios anteriores de la lengua están inervados por fibras de la rama de la cuerda del tímpano del nervio facial; los del tercio posterior por fibras del nervio glosofaríngeo. Los pocos receptores gustativos de la faringe reciben fibras del nervio vago. 20

5 Tacto y presión discos de Merkel Terminaciones libres del foliculo piloso temperatura Corpúsculos de Krausse Dolor Terminaciones libres de la epidermis Corpúsculos de Paccini Corpúsculos de Ruffini tipos de receptores Each olfactory receptor neuron expresses only one functional odor receptor.[citation needed] Odor receptor nerve cells function like a key-lock system: if the airborne molecules of a certain chemical can fit into the lock the nerve cell will respond. There are, at present, a number of competing theories regarding the mechanism of odor coding and perception. According to shape theory, each receptor detects a feature of the odor molecule. Weak-shape theory, known as odotope theory, suggests that different receptors detect only small pieces of molecules, and these minimal inputs are combined to form a larger olfactory perception (similar to the way visual perception is built up of smaller, information-poor sensations, combined and refined to create a detailed overall perception)[3]. An alternative theory, the vibration theory proposed by Luca Turin[4][5], posits that odor receptors detect the frequencies of vibrations of odor molecules in the infrared range by electron tunnelling. However, the behavioral predictions of this theory have been called into question.[6] As of yet, there is no theory that explains olfactory perception completely. 21

6 tipos de receptores Sentido vestibular The vestibular system, or balance system, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about our movement and orientation in space. Together with the cochlea, the auditory organ, it is situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear (Figure 1). As our movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canals, which indicate rotational movements; and the Otoliths, which indicate linear translations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscles that keep us upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibuloocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control our posture are necessary to keep us upright. Crestas ampulares del conducto semicircular Celulas ciliadas del sáculo y del utrículo 22

7 tipos de receptores Propiocepción Organo tendinoso de Golgi Huso muscular Terminaciones libres y receptores articulares Merkel The proprioceptive sense is believed to be composed of information from sensory neurons located in the inner ear (motion and orientation) and in the stretch receptors located in the muscles and the joint-supporting ligaments (stance). There are specific nerve receptors for this form of perception, just as there are specific receptors for pressure, light, temperature, sound, and other sensory experiences, known as adequate stimuli receptors. Although it was known that finger kinesthesia relies on skin sensation, recent research has found that kinesthesia-based haptic perception strongly relies on the forces experienced during touch.[1] This research allows the creation of virtual, illusory haptic shapes with different perceived qualities. 23

8 tipos de receptores Viscerocepción Baroreceptores vasculares discos de Merkel en visceras quimio receptores vasculares 24

9 tipos de receptores Terminaciones libres paredes viscerales 25

10 1.3.1 receptores Clasificación de receptores por posición anatómica cefalicos Vista Conos Bastones Audición Celulas ciliadas del organo de Corti Olfato Celulas olfatorias Gusto yemas gustativas del paladar yemas gustativas de la epiglotis, laringe y esófago Papilas fungiformes Papilas foliadas Papilas circunvaladas Tacto y presión Dolor y temperatura somaticos discos de Merkel Corpúsculos de Paccini Terminaciones libres del foliculo piloso Corpúsculos de Krausse Corpúsculos de Ruffini Terminaciones libres de la epidermis Propiocepción Terminaciones libres y receptores articulares Merkel Organo tendinoso de Golgi Huso muscular Sensibilidad vestibular Crestas ampulares del conducto semicircular Celulas ciliadas del sáculo y del utrículo Viscerocepción Baroreceptores vasculares discos de Merkel en visceras quimio receptores vasculares Terminaciones libres paredes viscerales 26

11 receptores Clasificación de receptores por medio de referencia Vista Conos Bastones Exteroceptores propioceptores interoceptores Audición Celulas ciliadas del organo de Corti Olfato Celulas olfatorias Gusto yemas gustativas del paladar yemas gustativas de la epiglotis, laringe y esófago Papilas fungiformes Papilas foliadas Papilas circunvaladas Tacto y presión Dolor y temperatura discos de Merkel Corpúsculos de Paccini Terminaciones libres del foliculo piloso Corpúsculos de Krausse Corpúsculos de Ruffini Terminaciones libres de la epidermis Propiocepción Terminaciones libres y receptores articulares Merkel Organo tendinoso de Golgi Huso muscular Sensibilidad vestibular Crestas ampulares del conducto semicircular Celulas ciliadas del sáculo y del utrículo Viscerocepción Baroreceptores vasculares discos de Merkel en visceras quimio receptores vasculares Terminaciones libres paredes viscerales 27

12 receptores Clasificación de receptores por tipo de energía del estímulo Lumino receptores Vista Conos Bastones Mecano receptores Audición Celulas ciliadas del organo de Corgi Quimio receptores Olfato Celulas olfatorias Gusto yemas gustativas del paladar yemas gustativas de la epiglotis, laringe y esófago Papilas fungiformes Papilas foliadas Papilas circunvaladas Termo receptores Terminaciones libres (dolor) Tacto y presión discos de Merkel Corpúsculos de Paccini Terminaciones libres del foliculo piloso Dolor y temperatura Propiocepción Organo tendinoso de Golgi Huso muscular Corpúsculos de Krausse Corpúsculos de Ruffini Terminaciones libres de la epidermis Terminaciones libres y receptores articulares Merkel Sensibilidad vestibular Crestas ampulares del conducto semicircular Celulas ciliadas del sáculo y del utrículo Viscerocepción Baroreceptores vasculares discos de Merkel en visceras quimio receptores vasculares Terminaciones libres paredes viscerales 28