Simple, low-cost reservoirs to reduce vegetable contamination In Lima, Peru Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture International Wrap-up Event 26 28 June 2013, Tehran, Iran Eng. Julio Moscoso Cavallini National University of Agriculture La Molina - Peru
Peru: Peruviam population: 30 millions (2012) The Cost Region: 55% of the country population 42 rivers, most of them are smolers and stacionalities Only recibed 1.8% of the country water Near to hidric stress with a bad tendency by the climátic cheanges Only 10% is agriculture land 12 million hectars are arids Lima
Agriculture Production in Peru: Total area: 2.3 million of hectars Vegetables area: 164,000 ha Vegetables area with indirected use of waste water: 16,000 ha Map of the fecal coliforms contamination in the hidric resources of Peru DIGESA, 2004
THE STUDY AREA IN RIMAC RIVER BASIN Agriculture areas in Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo They produce 15% of the vegetables to Lima comsum
Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms in the water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo
Levels of contaminatión with human parasites in the water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo
Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms in the vegetables produced in Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo
Levels of contaminatión with human parasites in the vegetables produced in Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo
RESULTADOS DE LA EVALUACIÓN DE CALIDAD SANITARIA Yet despite high levels of lead in the river basin, levels found in soils and crops were not high enough to pose a health risk More than 97% of water samples from irrigation canals were far above maximum permitted limits of faecal coliforms and some samples had higher than 5E+6/100 ml 30% of the vegetables in Carapongo and 70% in Huachipa and Nievería are not good for human consuption Rímac river is the main source of fecal contamination of the irrigation water
SOLUTION: RESERVOIR Water retention to reduce contaminants in irrigation Use of irrigation methods more efficient Increased de agriculture productivity Added fishculture in order to compensate the land used for reservoir and diversify the production
Criteria for reservoirs design Volume of reservoir equivalent to irrigated used in 2 weeks on summer period Irrigation with only 50% of the volume Complete volumen to get a minimum retentión time of 7 days
Land irrigated with water of channels and reservoir efluentorio Radish and lettuce cultivated in Carapongo
Increase of irrigatio n water quality
Agriculture productivity in land irrigated with channel and reservoir water (en US $) Parámetro Agua de canal Agua de reservorio sin geomembrana Agua de reservorio con geomembrana Costo de Producción/ha 1,414 1,446 1,537 Producción lechuga (docenas/ha) Producción rabanito (atados/ha) 4,595 7,326 7,326 3,779 4,213 4,213 Costo por docena lechuga 0.63 0.63 0.63 Costo por atado rabanito 0.23 0.23 0.23 Ingreso Total lechuga/ha 2,872 4,615 4,615 Ingreso Total rabanito/ha 869 969 969 Ingreso Total /ha 3,741 5,584 5,584 Utilidad/ha 2,327 4,138 4,047 Incremento en la utilidad por el reservorio Capacidad de pago de deuda (campañas) 1,811 1,720 0.79 3.27
Tilapia production in reservoirs
Resultados del primer cultivo de tilapia en el Reservorio de Nievería Descripción Unidad P.U. Cantidad Total Costo de producción: 471.00 Juveniles peces 0.16 1,450 232.50 Alimento kilos 0.53 450 238.50 Ingresos por ventas: 839.00 Pescado vivo kilos 1.67 254 424.00 Pescado frito kilos 5.46 76 415.00 Consumo familiar kilos 37 Utilidad: 368.00 Relación B/C 1.78
RESULTS TO USE RESERVOIRS Retention times in reservoirs were 10-27 days before irrigation Human parasites were eliminated in reservoir and fecal coliforms decreased to less 1000 NMP/100 ml in irrigation water Rservorirs increased the productivity and income of the local agriculture, geting compensate land used for reservoir Fish culture increaed income, key to promove new reservoirs
Building of new reservoirs Nievería 1: 700 m3 Nievería 2: 1,800 m3
Reservoirs in Nievería Impermeabilization with geomembrane (Nievería 1) Impermeabilization with soil-cement (Nievería 2)
Laguna-reservorio de Huachipa (2,400 m3)
Cost of reservoirs building Lugar Volumen (m3) Costo (US$) US$/m3 Revestimiento %costo Carapongo 200 2,200.00 11.00 Geomembrana 62 Nievería 1 700 5,538.00 7.90 Geomembrana 66 Huachipa 2400 10,106.00 4.21 Geomembrana 52 Nievería 2 1800 3,344.00 1.86 suelo-cemento 20 Cost of impermeabilization Opciones de impermeabilización Area (m2) US $/m2 Concreto simple, f c=140 kg/cm2 232 7.97 Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 232 5.82 Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 714 5.13 Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 1350 3.76 Suelo-cemento, 0.06 bolsa de cemento/m2 1350 0.49 Arcilla compactada, 10 cm de espesor 1350 0.12
LEARNING LESSONS Reservoirs are a simple and cheap technology to increased the vegetables quality that actualy are irrigated with river water contaminated with urban waster water discharged in rivers We hope to promove this option in other coutries, that the same of Peru, have contaminated their water resources. Example: Haití have serius problems with colera
Evaluación de la calidad del agua y las hortalizas Parámetro Riego con agua de canal Riego con agua de reservorio Agua Rabanito Lechuga Agua Rabanito Lechuga Coliformes fecales/100 ml 5000-13000 430-4300 10-7500 13-240 0.4-2.3 0.9-210 HELMINTOS: Huevos Ascaris lumbricoides 5 0 Larva de strongyloides sp 9-14 4-8 0 0 0 0-2 Huevo de uncinaria 5 0 PROTOZOARIOS: Quistes de Endolimax nana 9 4-13 0-9 0 0-4 0 Quistes de Entamoeba coli 18 11-27 0-3 0 0-2 0-2