SOLAR POTENTIAL OF FACADES INTEGRATING URBAN DENSITIES. Critical review in the Chilean Urbanism normative

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1 SOLAR POTENTIAL OF FACADES INTEGRATING URBAN DENSITIES. Critical review in the Chilean Urbanism normative Compiegne, France, Julio 2015 Prof. Dra. Luz Alicia Cárdenas Jirón University of Chile Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism

Compiegne, France, Julio 2015 Prof. Dra.

2 Introduction The Chilean urban normative (OGUC) has spatial regulations for shaping architectural form according to three wide regions of the national territory although vast latitudinal range of it (17 S to 56 S aprox) To avoid 3D uggly shapes in high densities building a new interesting compulsory measure was arisen about shadows on flat surfaces. Net Billing established recently in Chile (2014) open great opportunities to install solar energy collectors on buildings so the urban form and the solar envelope emerges as a relevant issue on the urban planning Note: OGUC means general ordenance of urbanism and construction. Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcciones

3 SOLAR POTENTIAL OF FACADES INTEGRATING URBAN DENSITIES. Critical review in the Chilean Urbanism normative Chile; cluster of normative regions for shadows and location of selected cities Antofagasta NORTH Lustrines building (feet box) Santiago CENTER Puerto Montt SOUTH

of normative regions for shadows and location of selected cities

4 Objective: to explore the rationale of the Chilean urban normative relate to spatial arrangement and energy. To study solar potential of facades in neighbourd tall building on renewal areas. Method: Heliodon 2 was applied to simulate solar radiation on facades of an architectural project. Three cities were selected located on each cluster of regions: north, center and south established by urban normative (OGUC) Antofagasta (Lat y Long ) Santiago (Lat y Long ) Puerto Montt (Lat y long )

Method: Heliodon 2 was applied to simulate solar radiation on facades of an architectural project.

5 Results and discussion: - Solar energy reduction on facades and urban spaces because of increasing of shadows on them. - Urban normative might be improved considering energy impacts capture whether passive or active systems. - Urban form has to be considered to control and to get the most of sólar ressources as ERNC.

- Urban normative might be improved considering energy impacts capture whether

6 The Chilean urban normative components link to architectural form and energy HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS Building High Horizontal Distance according to windows Windows on facade No windows on facade Less than 3.5 m 3.0 m 1.4 m between 3,5 m and 7.0 m 3.0 m 2.5 m More than 7.0 m 4.0 m 4.0 m Tabla 1: Minimum horizontal distance to boundary wall located between ground neighbourd according to building heigh and windows on facade Source: Titulo 2: De la Planificación. Capítulo 6, Del agrupamiento de los edificios y su relación con el suelo. Art , OGUC. Diciembre2014. OBSTRUCTION ANGLE Administrative Region Rasantes (Obstruction angle allowed) Cluster of regions I to III and XV Regions 80 North IV to X Región and RM 70 Center X to XII and XIV Regions 60 South Tabla 2: Obstruction angle allowed by urban normative for each cluster of regions in Chile. Fuente: Titulo 2: De la Planificación. Capítulo 6, Del agrupamiento de los edificios y su relación con el suelo. Art , OGUC, Diciembre2014.

0 m 4.0 m Tabla 1: Minimum horizontal distance to boundary wall located between ground neighbourd according to building heigh and windows on facade Source: Titulo 2: De la Planificación.

7 Maximum angles prescribed by normative to calculate shadows above surfaces parallel to the average tilted ground. There are two methods: (i) To apply angle from the bottom of the ground where boundary wall is built (ii) To divide building heigh by value mentioned on table SOMBRA PROYECTADA I A III Y XV Regiones IV A X Región y RM X a XII y XV Regiones Hacia el Sur 63 Dividir la altura por Dividir la altura por Dividir la altura por 1.23 Hacia el Oriente 28 Dividir la altura por Dividir la altura por Dividir la altura por 0.45 Hacia el Poniente 28 Dividir la altura por Dividir la altura por Dividir la altura por Fuente: Titulo 2: De la Planificación. Capítulo 6, Del agrupamiento de los edificios y su relación con el suelo. Art OGUC, Diciembre2013. Elaboración propia.

IV A X Región y RM X a XII y XV Regiones Hacia el Sur 63 Dividir la altura por 1.96 57 Dividir la altura por 1.54 51 Dividir la altura por 1.23 Hacia el Oriente 28 Dividir la altura por 0.

8 SOME QUESTIONS To what seasons correspond shadows according to OGUC and Art ? How does solar potential modify if same buildings project change its location in each regions? (OGUC applied ) What is the effect of shadows on solar potential on facades? (kwh/m2)

9 Shadows applied by urban normative correspond to equinox Rasante applied and shadows surfaces on ground according to urban normative OGUC: north, center and south. The norther region the more floors (indoor spaces) are affected by shadows cone on facades and then solar energy supply. The norther region the less ground surfaces (outdoor spaces) are affected by shadows Because of warm climate the latter conditions might be beneficial in urban spaces but not neccesarily in indoor spaces if an active system is needed for climatisation using solar energy

The norther region the more floors (indoor spaces) are affected by shadows cone on facades and then solar energy supply.

10 FINAL RESULTS Heliodon 2 is applied for solar energy simulation. Irradiation is calculated whether in private and public domain for three cities: Antofagasta, Santiago y Puerto Montt.

11 CONCLUSIONS Shadows projected above urban spaces and building facades in three cluster of regions Solar potential on cities ENERGIA TOTAL SISTEMA (kwh/m²) FACHADA PONIENTE (kwh/m²) ESPACIO INTERSTICIAL (kwh/m²) DIFERENCIA Antof.-P.Montt 0,7 0,8 1,3 % PERDIDA POTENCIAL 20% (-)50% 30% Shadows surfaces on urban spaces are greater (m2) on souther regions than norther meanwhile shadows on neighbourd facades are lesser in souther regions than norther ones if apply OGUC. Lost of irradiation (kwh/m2) is bigger in urban space than in building facades if compares northern city (Antofagasta) with southern city (Puerto Montt)

Montt 0,7 0,8 1,3 % PERDIDA POTENCIAL 20% (-)50% 30% Shadows surfaces on urban spaces are greater (m2) on souther regions than norther meanwhile shadows on

12 REFERENCES Beckers, B., Solar Energy at Urban Scale. ISTE. London. Cárdenas, L.A., El derecho de acceso solar. Exploración de mecanismo de regulación. En El Nuevo Marco legal para el cambio climático. Moraga, P. (Ed,) Centro de Derecho Ambiental. Universidad de Chile. Pp85-91 Cárdenas, L.A. y Vasquez, J. (2015) Potencial solar en fachadas integrando la densidad urbana. Una mirada critica a la norma urbanistica chilena. Revsita AUS N 16. Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia. (en publicación Sept) Capeluto, I.G., The influence of the urban environment on the availability of daylighting in office buildings in Israel. En Building and Environment (38) pp Capeluto, I.G. y Shaviv, E., On the use of solar volumen for determining the urban fabric. Solar Energy 70(3), pp Cordero, E., El derecho urbanístico chileno y la garantía constitucional de la propiedad. En revista Nomos. Universidad de Viña del Mar. pp DDU 168, Normas urbanísticas, rasantes, volumen teórico, sombra proyectada. División de Desarrollo Urbano. Circular Ordinaria N Ministerio de la Vivienda. Santiago.

(2015) Potencial solar en fachadas integrando la densidad urbana. Una mirada critica a la norma urbanistica chilena. Revsita AUS N 16. Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia.

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