Ecology and Conservation of Coreura albicosta Draudt, 1916 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Ctenuchina), an Endemic Species of Mexico Author(s): Fernando Hernández-Baz, Jorge M. González and S. Bradleigh Vinson Source: Southwestern Entomologist, 37(3):369-378. 2012. Published By: Society of Southwestern Entomologists DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3958/059.037.0313 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3958/059.037.0313 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.
VOL. 37, NO. 3 SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST SEP. 2012 Ecology and Conservation of Coreura albicosta Draudt, 1916 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Ctenuchina), an Endemic Species of Mexico Fernando Hernández-Baz 1, Jorge M. González 2,3, and S. Bradleigh Vinson 2 Abstract. Specimens of Coreura albicosta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Ctenuchina) deposited in national collections and reported in literature published from 1916 to 2010 were studied. The gathered information suggested that the species is endemic to Mexico, because it has been found only in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz in the Eastern Sierra Madre. The species lives in cloud forest ecosystems. Based on our findings, we propose that this Coreura species should be included in the Official Mexican Norm 059 (Norma Oficial Mexicana 059), which encompasses the environmental protection of wild flora and fauna species native to Mexico and their risk categories, as well as specifications for their inclusion or exclusion, and a list of all species at risk. Resumen. Se revisaron los ejemplares de Coreura albicosta Draudt (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Ctenuchina) depositados en diversas colecciones nacionales, además de estudiarse la información bibliográfica publicada entre 1916 a 2010. Los resultados indican que la distribución geográfica de la especie está restringida al territorio mexicano, específicamente en las vertientes de la Sierra Madre Oriental, en los estados de Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, y Veracruz. Prefiere los ecosistemas Bosque mesófilo de Montaña o bosque nublado. Basados en este estudio, se propone que esta especie de Coreura sea incluida en el documento conocido como Norma Oficial Mexicana 059, el cual abarca la protección del medio ambiente de la flora y fauna nativas de México y sus categorías de riesgo, así como las especificaciones para su inclusión o exclusión, y una lista de todas las especies en riesgo. Introduction Mexico is one of the many countries adhering to the convention on biological diversity (Conabio 1998). Among Mexico s commitments is development of strategies to preserve biodiversity in terms of wealth, abundance, and biomass of genes-species-ecosystems widely dominated by communities of invertebrates (Wilson 1987). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) developed the red list of threatened species (IUCN 2011). For Lepidoptera of the world, 388 species of butterflies and moths are listed for protection, none of which are found in Mexico 1 Corresponding author; Facultad de Biología-Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana. Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n. C.P.91000. Zona Universitaria. Xalapa, Veracruz, México,. PhD student CITRO- Universidad Veracruzana E-mail: fhernandez@uv.mx; ferhbmx@yahoo.com.mx 2 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843-2475. 3 Research Associate, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity. 369
(IUCN 2011). The Convention on the International Commerce of Species Threatened with Fauna and Flora Silvestre (CITES) protects 30 species of Lepidoptera, but only day-flying butterflies and not one moth (CITES 2011). None of the listed butterflies is found in Mexico. Brazil, Colombia, Spain, and Venezuela have their own Red Books of Fauna. Even though the first edition of the Red Book of the Venezuelan Fauna included day-flying moths of the family Castniidae, together with several butterflies, as threatened, the latest edition included only six butterflies, but no moths (Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez 1995, 2008; González 1999). Colombia has also published a Red Book for Invertebrates and lists 12 species of Lepidoptera of which eight are butterflies and two are moths (Amat-García et al. 2007). Verdú and Galante (2006) included 19 species of Lepidoptera in their Red Book of Invertebrates from Spain; 10 are Butterflies and the other nine are moths. The Brazilian Red Book includes 26 species of butterflies and only two moths (Lucci and Marini-Filho 2011). In Mexico, the Official Mexican Norm NOM-059-ECOL-2001 (Semarnat 2010) on threatened and protected species includes only three insects, two of which are butterflies, the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.), with Special Protection, and Papilio esperanza Beutelspacher, which is listed as Threatened (Semarnat 2010) Wasp-moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) have two subtribes (Ctenuchina and Euchromiina), and have seldom been studied in Mexico (Lafontaine and Fibiger 2006, Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010). Most adults are aposematic wasp mimics, and many are strikingly similar to their wasp counterpart (Powell and Opler 2009). These moths fly mainly during the night, although some Ctenuchina species of the genera Cacostatia, Coreura, Ctenucha, Cyanopepla, Dinia, and Trichura fly during the day (Hernández-Baz and Bailey 2006). Their distribution is basically Neotropical, with much diversity in the Amazon forests and the eastern slopes of the South American Andes, but some taxa are in the Neartic region (Hernández-Baz and Grados 2004). The number of species in the Americas is 2,532, of which 2,496 are distributed within the Neotropics (Heppner 1991), and 36 are in the Neartic region (Ferguson et al. 2000, Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010). Hernández-Baz et al. (2012) listed 240 wasp-moths in Mexico. The subtribe Ctenuchina has 128 species in 39 genera, while the subtribe Euchromina has 112 species in 31 genera (Hernández-Baz 1992, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011a,b). Little has been recorded about their life cycles, ecologies, trophic relations, associated parasitoids, and distributions. The genus Coreura was described by Walker (1865), and the only species recorded from Mexico is C. albicosta Draudt, 1916 (Hernández-Baz 1992). The aim of this work was to present and analyze the geographical, biological, and ecological information concerning the wasp-moth C. albicosta, which seems to be an endemic species that inhabits only the cloud forests of Mexico. As a strategy for its conservation, we propose it should be included in the Official Mexican Norm NOM-059-ECOL-2001 of species protection. Materials and Methods The geographical and ecological information on C. albicosta was obtained by the use of three sources: A) all bibliography indexed by Wiley Interscience, Blackwell Publishing, EBSCOhost, ISI-Thompson Scientific, Periódica, Latin Index, Redalyc, biodiversity library (http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/), and information on 370
wasp-moths published by Druce (1894), Hampson (1898), Draudt (1916), and Hernández-Baz (1992, 2009, 2011a,b); B) the database polilla annex to the key collection SEMARNAT/CITES/CP-0026-VER/05, containing information on Euchromiina collected and reported for the period of time covering the years 1758-2011; and, C) revision of the following Mexican insect collections: Natural History Museum of Mexico City (MHNCM), butterfly and moth collection of the University of Colima (UCOL), national Collection of Insects of the Institute of Biology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (CNI-IBUNAM), and the private collection SEMARNAT/CITES/CP-0026-VER/05 (CPFHB) from Xalapa, Veracruz. The insect collections of ECOSUR of San Cristóbal de las Casas (ECO-SC-E), Chetumal (ECO-CH-E), and Tapachula (ECO-TAP-E), as well as the Costa Rica InBIO data base Atta were used to verify the southernmost distribution (Inbio 2001). All records were organized in an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft 2002). The locality georeferencing was based on the Mexican National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Computer Science catalogue of names and the 1:250000 topographic map of Mexico 1:250 (INEGI 2012). The coordinates were verified with the use of http//www.googleearth.com. All georeferenced localities were converted into sexagesimal data for inclusion in a geographical information system for the Arc view 2.0 program (ESRI 1998). The collecting and registered records of C. albicosta from Mexico were compared against the information about the distribution in the Americas of all recorded species of Mexican Ctenuchina found by Walker (1854), Druce (1886), Hampson (1898), Draudt (1916), and Zerny (1912). The records were also compared with the North American species recorded by Ferguson et al. (2000) and Lafontaine and Schmidt (2010) and with the Central and South American species recorded by Hernández-Baz and Bailey (2006) from Guatemala, Hernández-Baz et al. (2004) in Nicaragua, and Piñas and Manzano (2003) from Ecuador. To evaluate the degree of vulnerability and endangerment of the species C. albicosta, we used the method recently proposed by Hernández-Baz (2012). The method is suitable to use with any insect species and analyzes six different variables: (1) continental geographic distribution, (2) endemicity, (3) habitat specificity, (4) persistance, (5) rarity, and (6) extractive actions. Results and Discussion Material Examined. In total, 38 specimens were recorded from different revised sources from 1916 to 2011: MEXICO: Chiapas: La Trinitaria, Santa Rosa, 1,500 m, 9-viii-1963, R. de la Maza, 2 specimens (P080-Conabio); 9-iii-1964, 2 specimens (P080-Conabio); 9-vii-1963, 2 specimens (P080-Conabio); 1,250 m, 10- ix- ba a M) axaca yotzintepec, Metates, 800 m, 28-ix- 1976, R. de la Maza, 2 specimens (P080-Conabio) (Maza 1998); 24-v-1981, González, 2 specimens (P080-Conabio); Santa María Jacatepec, Jacapetec, 450 m, 8-ix-1979, González (P080-Conabio); Santiago Comaltepec, Puerto Eligio, 1,100 m, 21-v-1976, R. de la Maza, 2 specimens (P080-Conabio); Puebla: Zihuateutla, Patla, 800 m, 18-vi-1977, González, 2 specimens (P080-Conabio); Xicotepec de Juárez, Barranca de Patla, 1,350 m, 20-viii- M) -viii- (IBUNAM); Cuetzalan, Cuetzalan, 1,106 m, 10-viii- alda a M) Veracruz: Coatepec, 2 km al Sur Tenerías, 1,100 m, 8-i-2010, F. Hernández-Baz, ) xh atl n del ca esidio a dt ) aolinco Naolinco, 1,517 m, viii-1968, A. Díaz- ances M) e ote as Minas 371
1,538 m, 10-xi- M) an nd s xtla staci n de iolo a Tropical Los Tuxtlas, 161 m, 23-ix-1968, (Pérez and Sánchez 1979); Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigía, 850 m, 16-iv-1985, R. de la Maza (P080-Conabio); Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigía, 850 m, 28-vii-1965, R. de la Maza (P080-Conabio); Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigía, 850 m, 25-vii-1982, González (P080-Conabio); Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigía, 850 m, 21-vii-1965, R. de la Maza (P080-Conabio); Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigía, 814 m, 17-vii- antia o xtla e o el i a m, 7-viii- e and nche e and nche ) antia o xtla Santiago Tuxtla, 300 m, 9-ix-1964, R. de la Maza, 2 specimens (Maza 1998)); Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigía, 850 m, 30-ix-1964, R. de la Maza (P080-Conabio); Santiago Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigía, 850 m, 20-ix-1969, R. de la Maza (P080-Conabio); Teocelo, Teocelo, 1,150 m, 14-viii-1978, R. de la Maza, (P080-Conabio); Xalapa, 2 km al Sur zona UV, 1259m, x-2007, F. Hernández-Baz (Hernández-Baz 1992); Xalapa, 2 km al Sur zona UV, 1,259 m, x-1987, F. Hernández-Baz (Hernández-Baz 1992); Xalapa, 2 km al Sur zona UV, 1,259 m, ix-1988, F. Hernández-Baz (Hernández-Baz 1992); Xalapa, Sur de Xalapa, 1,300 m, 6-x-1988, F. Hernández- a ) Distribution. Coreura albicosta (Ctenuchina) (Fig. 1) was originally described based on specimens collected by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1916 in the type locality esidio alon the cent al o ntaino s e ion in the state of Veracruz. Selander and Vaurie (1962) cited esidio as ail oad station k so theast o doba eet. The typical vegetation of this region is montane cloud forest (Rzedowski 1994). The species has been found only in the montane cloud forests in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz in Mexico (Hernández-Baz 1992, Hernández-Baz and Grados 2004) (Fig. 2). After comparison with faunal works on wasp-moths from Guatemala (Hernández- Fig. 1. Male Coreura albicosta Draudt, 1916, A. Dorsal view, B. ventral view, specimen deposited at Semarnat/ Cites/CP-0026-Ver/05 (CPFHB) Collection, Mexico. Photograph: F. Hernández-Baz. 372
Fig. 2. Distribution of Coreura albicosta in Mexico. Dots represent all localities gathered from database Polilla, of the Lepidoptera Collection: Semarnat/Cites/ CP-0026-Ver/05, Mexico. Baz and Bailey 2006), Nicaragua (Hernández-Baz et al. 2003, 2004), and Costa Rica [Data Base ATTA (Inbio 2001)] we were unable to find other records of the species. This evidence clearly indicated that C. albicosta was an endemic species associated with montane cloud forests of México. Ecology. The life cycle of C. albicosta is unknown. The time of day it flies is also unknown, but it is recorded in the Polilla Data Base that the species was flying and collected between 0700 and 0830 hours along the Xalapa-Coatepec- Xico-Teocelo region in the state of Veracruz. One specimen was collected at a light trap. The evidence suggests that this species is a day-flying moth. Coreura albicosta flies all year (Fig. 3), except during the months of February, November, and December. It is most active during the months of August and September. It seems that this is a multivoltine species. Its population density is low, especially when compared with other wasp-moths of Mexico, because only 38 specimens were collected in 95 years. Its habitat is restricted to the montane cloud forests distributed discontinuously along the Eastern Sierra Madre, from the southwest of Tamaulipas to the north of Oaxaca and Chiapas (Fig. 4). It has not been found on the slopes of the Pacific Ocean, although the cloud forest also appears in the mountain range 373
Number of specimens collected 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months of collection from 1916-2011 Fig. 3. Flight period of Coreura albicosta in Mexico. Period of time: 1916-2010. Source: Data Base Polilla, of the Lepidoptera Collection: Semarnat/Cites/CP- 0026-Ver/05, México. Altitude (m above sea level) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 1250 C-SR C-SR 0-Jac 0-Met 0-PE 200 0 1500 450 1100 800 800 1106 1350 Fig. 4. Altitudinal distribution of Coreura albicosta in Mexico. C-SR (Chiapas, Santa Rosa); O-Jac (Oaxaca, Jacatepec); O-Met (Oaxaca, Metates); O-PE (Oaxaca, Puerto Eligio); P-Pat (Puebla, Patla); P-Cue (Puebla, Cuetzalan); V-EBTLT (Veracruz, Estación de biología tropical Los Tuxtlas); V-ST (Veracruz, Santiago Tuxtla); V-CV (Veracruz, Cerro Vigía); V-Coa (Veracruz, Coatepec); V-Teo (Veracruz, Teocelo); V-Pre (Veracruz, Presidio); V-Xal (Veracruz, Xalapa); V-Nao (Veracruz, Naolinco); V-Min (Veracruz, Las Minas). Period of time: 1916-2012. Source: Data Base Polilla, of the Lepidoptera Collection: Semarnat/Cites/CP- 0026-Ver/05, Mexico. 161 P-Pat P-Cue P-Pat V-EBTLT V-ST 814 300 834 1100 850 V-CV V-CV V-CV V-Coa 1150 1222 Collecting localities, México. Time period 1916-2011 1259 1517 1300 1538 V-Teo V-Pre V-Xal V-Xal V-Nao V-Min 374
from north of Sinaloa to Chiapas. The general altitude range in which C. albicosta has been found oscillates between 161 and 1,538 m, but depending on the state of Mexico the altitude at which it was found varies. For example, it has been collected between 1,250 and 1,500 m in Chiapas, 450 and 1,100 m in Oaxaca, and 800 and 1,350 m in Puebla. More variation in altitude was found in Veracruz where the species was collected at 161 m at the Tropical Biology Station of Los Tuxtlas with Tall Evergreen Tropical Forest vegetation. But being found at this low altitude is because of the closeness of the cloud forest of the volcano of San Martin Tuxtla and Cerro El Vigía. Most specimens were collected near the cloud forest in the region of Las Minas to Teocelo, Veracruz, in the Eastern Sierra Madre. Conclusions. The species C. albicosta Draudt 1916 is distributed in only 0.9% of Mexico and is restricted to the mountainous region along the Eastern Sierra Madre and adjacent areas associated with montane cloud forests, mainly from 800 to 1,538 m. These montane cloud forests have cool and wet climate influenced by very humid winds from the Gulf of Mexico and that help produce rainfall events all year. The altitude of some localities such as Santa María Jacatepec (Oaxaca) at 450 m seems atypical of where most of the moths were collected. The appearance of only one specimen at that site perhaps was because it was collected in September when strong winds blow from the central region of Mexico. Atypical localities from Veracruz are 161 m at the Tropical Biology Station Los Tuxtlas and 300 m at Santiago Tuxla. Both localities are close to the cloud forest of El Vigía and San Martín volcanoes. Based on the localities of the cloud forests in Mexico (Rzedoswsky 1994), we believe the species could fly along the montane tropical rain forests of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosí where weather conditions (temperature, humidity, and rainfall) might favor C. albicosta. This work is the first of its type in which all biogeographical, ecological, environmental, and curatorial information is studied for a Mexican lepidoteran. These allowed us to know its distribution, endemicity, habitat specificity, ecosystem persistence, rarity, and extractive actions to which the species is subject. The analysis was based on a method designed by Hernández-Baz (2012) to analyze the vulnerability and degree of endangerment of Lepidoptera. As a result we can confirm that C. albicosta is an endemic species in Mexico and flies in ecosystems that have not been preserved but are altered and suffer systematic anthropic pressure. Information on specimens of this species collected from 1916 to 2010 suggests the moths are not abundant, indicating a rare species that depends on very threatened and fragile habitat. Information on C. albicosta clearly indicates it should be listed as a threatened species in the wild flora and fauna in the Mexican Official Norm 059 for Environmental Protection of Native Species of México (Semarnat 2010). Acknowledgment We would like to thank all curators who kindly allowed us to review the collections under their care: Maria E. Díaz-Batres (Museo Historia Natural Ciudad de México), Jorge León-Cortes (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR), and Manuel Balcázar Lara (Universidad de Colima). We are indebted to Julio Bernal (Texas A&M University) for his help in proofreading the final manuscript. The first author wishes to thank CONACyT, México for financial support (scholarship code: 223961). 375
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