ACTIVE & PASSIVE CARACTERISTICAS 1. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significación del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires. (Pedro de Mendoza fundó Buenos Aires). 2. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significación del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza. (Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza). 3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga. 4. El complemento de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente. 5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomática). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano. MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO PRESENTE I am seen, soy visto you are seen, eres visto he is seen, es visto we are seen, somos vistos you are seen, sois vistos they are seen, son vistos PRETERITO PERFECTO I have been seen, he sido visto you have been seen, has sido visto he has been seen, ha sido visto we have been seen, hemos sido vistos you have been seen, habéis sido vistos they have been seen, han sido vistos PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO I shall be seen, seré visto you will be seen, serás visto he will be seen, será visto we shall be seen, seremos vistos you will be seen, seréis vistos they will be seen, serán vistos PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO: I had been seen, había sido visto CONDICIONAL: I should be seen, sería visto FUTURO PERFECTO: I shall have been seen, habré sido visto CONDICIONAL PERFECTO: I should have been seen, habría sido visto
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS. 1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado más el participio del verbo principal. En inglés es mucho más frecuente que en español y, normalmente, aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una acción sino el hecho en sí. Por eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto que en español suena más forzado. Sólo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo). VOZ ACTIVA Tom writes a letter Tom is writing a letter Tom was writing a letter Tom wrote a letter Tom has written a letter Tom had written a letter Tom will write a letter Tom is going to write a letter Tom can write a letter Tom could write a letter Tom must write a letter Tom may write a letter Tom might write a letter VOZ PASIVA A letter is written by Tom A letter is being written by Tom A letter was being written by Tom A letter was written by Tom A letter has been written by Tom A letter had been written by Tom A letter will be written by Tom A letter is going to be written by Tom A letter can be written by Tom A letter could be written by Tom A letter must be written by Tom A letter may be written... A letter might be written... 2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las ocasiones se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quién exactamente ejecuta la acción. Si una oración activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva: ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomática) La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc. ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la formación de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be: get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost 3. THE PASSIVE TO REPORT O -FACTUAL I FORMATIO Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy típicas de la pasiva y difíciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de construcción pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con las estructuras de passive 1 or passive 2 PASSIVE 1 sujeto + to be + participle +that: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos: ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard.
PASSIVE 1: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 1: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...) PASSIVE 2 SUJETO + REPORTING VERB IN PASSIVE+ INFINITIVES ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard. PASSIVE 2: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 2: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)?????infinitives???? TO WORK TO BE WORKING TO HAVE WORKED TO HAVE BEEN WORKING 4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debería cumplir. You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!! b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente no se cumplieron: The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock) You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn't go) c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibición de hacer algo: You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here) You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files) A:555. 5. THE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE: HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE La estructura HAVE/GET DOMETHING DONE (FOR YOU) se utiliza cuando uno no hace las cosas por sí mismo, sino que se las hacen. YOU DO IT YOURSELF I cut my hair every month Yesterday I changed the oil in my car I have painted my house I m going to repair my video I will kill the coakroaches SOMEO E DOES IT FOR YOU I have my hair cut very month Yesterday I had the oil in my car changed I have had my house painted I m going to have my video repaired I will have the coakroaches killed
PASSIVE EXERCISES A. ACTIVE OR PASSIVE 1, It s a huge company. Two thousands people (employ) there. 2. The explosion..(happen)just after 9.00a.m 3. The hotel we stayed at was quite good. The rooms.(clean) every day and the towels (change) everyday 4. He only has himself to blame. He.(warn)he could lose his licence the next time he.(catch) speeding.
5.All the children (send) home when the school s central heating system.(break down) last winter. 6. The watch isn t worth much but it has sentimental value. It (give) to me on my 21 st birthday. 7.Five hundred employees (make) redundant since the company (take over) six months ago. 8. I wonder why Michael (not invite) to Lee s party next Saturday. Everyone else is going. B. PUT THE VERBS I THE PASSAGE I TO THE ACTIVE OR THE PASSIVE In 1970 a different way of reading information about goods 1.).... (introduce): the bar code.this is a label which 2)..(print with a series of black or coloured stripes and white spaces.there 3).(be) one on the cover of this book!the thickness of the stripes and spaces4).(correspond) to a code which can 5)..(understand) by a computer. For example, many libraries now 6).(use ) bar codes.when you 7).(borrow) a
book,the bar codes on your library ticket and book 8) (scan) with a light pen,which 9)..(shine) an infra-red laser beam onto the bar code. Only the white spaces 10)..(reflect)the light.when the light pen 11).(move) over the bar code by the librarian,the reflected rays 12).(pick up)by a sensor which 13)..(send) a series of messages to the scanner. The information 14) (go) to a central computer which 15) (record) when the book 16)..(borrow) and the date it 17)..(be) due back.if the book 18).(become) overdue,you 19)..(receive) a card,which 20)..(print) by the computer requesting you to return the book.
C.NON-ACTUAL INFORMATION: WRITE UP THIS NEWS REPORT USING THE PRESENT PASSIVE OF THE VERBS BELOW,FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE OR PERFECT INFINITIVE TO SHOW WHICH INFORMATION IS UNCONFIRMED. SAY BELIEVE REPORT THI K 1. A Boeing 747 has crashed in Peru. The plane was carrying 250 passengers. Several of the passengers were British. The plane was on a routine flight between Madrid and the capital, Lima. It ran into problems as it was coming into land. 2. An Essex man has dug up some coins in his garden. The coins are Roman. They date from the 1 st century B.C 3. The police are looking for two men in connection with a robbery which took place at goodbye Supermarket at 5 p.m. yesterday. One of the men has a scar on his left cheek. The other speaks with a northern accent.
D- MATCH A WORD FROM 1-8 WITH SOMETHING THAT IS DONE B THAT PERSON OR IN THAT PLACE. THEN MAKE SENTENCES OF USING ALL THE INFORMATION AND THE VERBS IN BRACKETS. 1. hairdresser s vaccinate dogs (have) 2. optician s do annual accounts (have) 3. dentist s service cars (get) 4. doctor s test eyes (have) 5. vets design new houses (have) 6. garage cut hair (get) 7. architect take out teeth (have) 8.accountant take blood pressure (have) 1. Tomorrow I m going to the hairdresser s to have my hair cut. 2. Yesterday
3. This afternoon 4. last week 5. Next Saturday 6. The day before yesterday 7. Last year 8. Next week