La célula Membranas biológicas FCEN BBE UBA 1

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Luis Moreno Sevilla
hace 5 años
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1 La célula Membranas biológicas FCEN BBE UBA 1

2 IGUAL Y DESIGUAL Forma Tamaño Estructura Componentes Diversidad Especialización Organización Entorno FCEN BBE UBA 2

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4 LO MAS PEQUEÑO FCEN BBE UBA 4

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6 LOS EXTREMOS Pueden existir células más pequeñas? Hay un límite? La restricción de la membrana: La membrana plasmática tiene 10 um por lo tanto el diámetro celular debería ser al menos de 30 um Espacio/volumen Hay un mínimo de reacciones enzimáticas que garantizan la vida celular (100 reacciones enzimáticas diferentes). Para ello se necesitan al menos 40 um! Masa / Volumen Presencia de moléculas de reserva pueden incrementar el tamaño mínimo a 50 um! FCEN BBE UBA 6

7 Cual es la célula mas grande? Hay un límite? FCEN BBE UBA 7

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9 El estudio de las células también implica analizar la información de la biodiversidad y la complejidad de la organización celular en los organismos: aún falta mucho por descubrir! FCEN BBE UBA 9

10 La importancia de sumar FCEN BBE UBA 10

11 Por qué las células en general son pequeñas? VOLUMEN afecta la velocidad de producción de calor / consumo de recursos AREA SUPERFICIAL afecta la velocidad de intercambio de materia y energia con el entorno Al aumentar el tamaño celular, disminuye la relación área superficial/volumen Las tasas metabólicas se incrementan mas rápido que la habilidad del area superficial de intercambiar sustancias, lo que limita el volumen final. La relación área superficial/volumen limita el tamaño de una célula SOLUCION: CÉLULAS PEQUEÑAS! FCEN BBE UBA 11

12 La importancia de sumar Existen además adaptaciones en las células para mejorar el intercambio de materia y energía Pelos en la raíz de una planta vascular Células de la cóchlea humana La forma: glóbulos rojos FCEN BBE UBA 12

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15 Organismos uni versus multicelulares FCEN BBE UBA 15

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17 Podemos hablar de combinaciones aún más complejas? FCEN BBE UBA 17

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21 Cell 158, (2014) These studies characterize important variables in early-life microbe-host metabolic interaction and identify several taxa consistently linked with metabolic alterations FCEN BBE UBA 21

22 Virus, Viroides y Priones FCEN BBE UBA 22

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25 Program An organized plan that describes both the ingredients themselves and the kinetics of the interactions among ingredients as the living system persists through time. Improvisation Ability to change its program in response to the larger environment in which it exists. An example of improvisation on earth is natural selection. Compartmentalization Separation of spaces in the living system that allow for separate environments for necessary chemical processes. Compartmentalization is necessary to protect the concentration of the ingredients for a reaction from outside environments. Energy Because living systems involve net movement in terms of chemical movement or body movement, and lose energy in those movements through entropy, energy is required for a living system to exist. Regeneration General compensation for losses and degradation in the various components and processes in the system. Living systems replace these losses by importing molecules from the outside environment, synthesizing new molecules and components, or creating new generations to start the system over again. Adaptability Ability of a living system to respond to needs, dangers, or changes. It is distinguished from improvisation because the response is timely and does not involve a change of the program. Adaptability occurs from a molecular level to a behavioral level through feedback and feedforward systems. For example, an animal seeing a predator will respond to the danger with hormonal changes and escape behavior. Seclusion Separation of chemical pathways and the specificity of the effect of molecules, so that processes can function separately within the living system. In organisms on Earth, proteins aid in seclusion because of their individualized structure that are specific for their function, so that they can efficiently act without affecting separate functions. FCEN BBE UBA 25

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The First Cell arose in the previously pre-biotic world with the coming together of several entities that gave a single vesicle the unique chance to carry out three essential and quite different life

27 The First Cell arose in the previously pre-biotic world with the coming together of several entities that gave a single vesicle the unique chance to carry out three essential and quite different life processes. These were: (a) to copy informational macromolecules, (b) to carry out specific catalytic functions, and (c) to couple energy from the environment into usable chemical forms. These would foster subsequent cellular evolution and metabolism. Each of these three essential processes probably originated and was lost many times prior to The First Cell, but only when these three occurred together was life jump-started and Darwinian evolution of organisms began. (Koch and Silver, 2005) FCEN BBE UBA 27

28 Y tambien FCEN BBE UBA 28

29 Organización celular en EUCARIOTAS FCEN BBE UBA 29

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32 Membranas biológicas FCEN BBE UBA 32

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