Saludos Greetings. Using your new sounds. Medical Spanish Review Part I November 13 th, 2014

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1 Medical Spanish Review Part I November 13 th, 2014 Course created and taught by Saturnino Nino Rodriguez, Ph.D Saludos Greetings Buenos días Good morning Buenas tardes Good afternoon Buenas noches Good evening/ good night Mucho gusto Nice to meet you Darse la mano shake hands Using your new sounds A (ahh) anemia alergia asma E (ehh) edema epilepsia esquizofrenia I (eee) infección insomnio sífilis O (ohh) vómito oxígeno doctor U (oo) Úlcera pus urticaria 1

2 Práctica Practice Señor, Señora Mr., Mrs. Señorita Miss (Ms.) Cómo está? How are you? Estoy bien, gracias. I am fine, thank you. Y usted? And you? Cómo se llama? What is your (his/her) name? Me llamo. My name is. Soy la doctora Ramos I am doctor Ramos Soy José, su enfermero I am José, your nurse. Mucho gusto Nice to meet you Nouns: gender and number All nouns (person, place, or things) are either masculine or feminine. There is no method to determine logically to which gender they belong, but most nouns are derived from either Latin or Greek. A general rule of thumb is if the noun (thing) ends in a, it is generally feminine. If the noun ends in o it is generally masculine. Nouns: gender and number The following are feminine nouns. They often end in a and take the definite article la. La is the feminine form for the word the. La pastilla The pill La casa The house La cerveza The beer La venda The bandage La enfermera The nurse 2

3 Nouns: gender and number The following nouns are masculine. They often end in o and take the word or definite article el. El is the masculine form for the word the. El vaso The cup El dinero The money El martillo The hammer El termómetro The thermometer El enfermo The sick Changing singular nouns to their plural form. La = the feminine singular Las= the feminine plural Feminine words generally end in a. To form the plural, add s. La enfermera Las enfermeras La receta (prescription) La cerveza (beer) La medicina (medicine) La venda ( bandage) La cara (face) Changing singular nouns to their plural form. El = the masculine singular Los = the masculine plural Masculine words generally end in o. To form the plural, add s. el helado los helados el carro (car) el termómetro (thermometer) el gotero (dropper) el enfermero (nurse) 3

4 Changing singular nouns to their plural form. If a noun ends in e add s to the form of the plural. el paciente (patient) la madre (mother) el padre (father) el nombre(name) el trámite (paperwork, red tape) la calle (street) paciente madre padre nombre trámite calle Changing singular nouns to their plural form. If a noun ends in a consonant, add es to form the plural. La irritación las irritaciones La inyección (injection) El pulmón (lung) La infección (infection) El frijol (bean) La mujer (women) inyeccion pulmon infeccion frijol mujer Changing singular nouns to their plural form. Indefinite articles also change to agree with nouns in number (singular or plural) and gender (feminine or masculine). Singular Plural Una =a, an, one (f.) unas= some (f.) Un = a, an, one (m.) unos = some (m.) Una enfermera unas enfermeras Un doctor unos doctores 4

5 What is this? Qué es esto? Your Spanish speaking patients will generally be quite impressed with the fact that you speak or are learning their language. Therefore, you may wish to enlist their aid in broadening your knowledge. A good way to do so is to point to something and ask, with a smile and questioning look, Qué es esto? Vocabulario Qué? What? Quién? Who? Dónde? Where? Cuándo? When? Cada Cuánto? How Often? Cuánto? ( a)? How much? Cuántos? ( as)? How many? Cuántas veces? How many times? Cómo? How? Cuál? Which? Por qué? Why? Ejercicio Provide Answers to the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Qué necesita el paciente una receta o una básula? What does the patient need a prescription or a scale? 2. Dónde necesito la inyección, doctor, en el brazo o en el dedo? Where do I need the injection, doctor, in my arm or my finger? 3. Cuándo necesito una inyección? When do I need an injection? 5

6 Estar ivamos a aprender el verbo estar! Let s learn the verb estar ( to be ) an indispensible verb for expressing states of being, illness, wellness, and existence in general. It is slightly irregular, but only in the yo form. Estar to be (yo) estoy I am (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal) (nosotros/as) estamos We are (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural) Estar is used for: Health Location Cómo está Ud.?/Estoy enferma. How are you? I am sick. El libro está en la mesa. The book is on the table. Dónde está el doctor? (Where is the doctor?) 6

7 Práctica Substitute the correct form of the verb estar and finish the sentence. EJEMPLO Yo estoy enfermo 1. Nosotros 2. Ellos 3. Juan 4. Los pacientes 5. Rafael y Armando 6. Los niños Práctica Provide possible answers in Spanish. ( Favor de contestar en español!) 1. Dónde está Ud. hoy? 2. Dónde está Lansing en Michigan o en California? 3. Dónde están los pacientes en el hospital o en la farmacia? 4. Estamos en la clínica o en la casa? 5. Está en una cama o en una silla? Expressions with estar denoting emotion and health. Singular estar contento ( a) estar alegre estar nervioso( a) Plural estar contentos( as) estar alegres estar triste estar deprimido ( a) estar tristes estar deprimidos ( as) estar emfermo ( a) = no estar bien estar borracho ( a) = tomar mucho licor o alcohol 7

8 Cognates Let s now look at cognates, which are a tremendous ally for any healthcare professional who is learning Spanish. If you will recall, cognates are words that are very similar in two languages, often because they come from the same origin (for example, Latin or Greek). The following cognates are grouped by endings, and once you master the corresponding English and Spanish ending changes to the main root word (which is almost always the same in both languages), you ll be astonished at how many Spanish medical terms you readily recognize. Formation of Spanish words and their English equivalents tion ción (f.) These are always feminine in Spanish.. constipation la constipación (el estreñimiento) recuperation la recuperación sterilization la esterilización exception la excepción contraception la contracepción LOS NÚMEROS cero 10 diez 20 veinte 1 uno 11 once 21 veintiuno 2 dos 12 doce 22 veintidós 3 tres 13 trece 23 veintitrés 4 cuatro 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro 5 cinco 15 quince 25 veinticinco 6 seis 16 dieciséis 26 veintiséis 7 siete 17 diecisiete 27 veintisiete 8 ocho 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho 9 nueve 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueve Notice the pattern for the numbers form 16 to 29: diez + seis = dieciséis; Veinte + uno = veintiuno. Notice that do not follow that pattern. 8

9 LOS NÚMEROS treinta 40 cuarenta 50 cincuenta 31 treinta y uno 41 cuarenta y uno 51 cincuenta y uno 32 treinta y dos 42 cuarenta y dos 52 cincuenta y dos 33 treinta y tres 43 cuarenta y tres 53 cincuenta y tres 34 treinta y cuatro 44 cuarenta y cuatro 54 cincuenta y cuatro 35 treinta y cinco 45 cuarenta y cinco 55 cincuenta y cinco 36 treinta y seis 46 cuarenta y seis 56 cincuenta y seis 37 treinta y siete 47 cuarenta y siete 57 cincuenta y siete 38 treinta y ocho 48 cuarenta y ocho 58 cincuenta y ocho 39 treinta y nueve 49 cuarenta y nueve 59 cincuenta y nueve Notice the pattern for the nunmbers over 30: treinta + uno = treinta y uno; Cuarenta + dos = cuarenta y dos; cincuenta + tres = cincuenta y tres; etc. LOS NÚMEROS sesenta 70 setenta 80 ochenta 90 noventa 100 cien Do not confuse sixty and seventy. Notice that sesenta is formed from seis, with an s and setenta is formed form siete, with a t. Common symptoms Since your patients come to see you with some malady, you may want to learn some vocabulary related to common symptoms. This will provide you with the ability to ask probing questions in Spanish in order to pinpoint more information concerning the chief complaints. ( Complaints is used in the plural here because there will almost certainly be more than just one, which may well be a cross cultural phenomenon). 9

10 Se siente? Do you feel...?/ Está? Are you...? Me siento...i feel.../estoy I am Mal bad triste sad Alegre happy mareado( a)dizzy Inflamado( a) inflamed agotado( a) exhausted Deprimido( a) depressed incómodo( a) uncomfortable Débil weak enfermo( a) sick Cansado( a) tired nervioso( a) nervous Confundido( a) confused estreñido constipated Constipado( a) stuffed up nasally (congested) Doctor patient relationship In order to establish a stronger, trusting doctor patient relationship, the Hispanic patient would experience less stress if the doctor would do the following: Shake hand and introduce him or herself. Try to pronounce the patient s name (nombre) and surnames (apellidos) correctly. Doctor patient relationship Attempt to speak some Spanish, even if only a few initial courtesy phrases. Sit down for a moment with the patient to inquire about the family, the children, and how the patient has been feeling in general lately, etc. Even through the doctor may be pressed for time, this initial conversation smoothes the way for more open dialogue and a more relaxed patient, allowing the remainder of the interview to be conducted more easily. 10

11 Ser: to be (yo ) soy (él, ella, Ud.) es I am He/she/it is (nosotros/as) somos We are (ellos/ellas/uds.) son They are Ejercicio Practiquémos con el verbo ser. Ejemplo: Yo soy médico. 1. Usted. 2.Ellos. 3.Ella. 4. Mi hermano. 5. Nosotros. Ser vs. Estar Here we can compare both forms of the verb to be (ser and estar). Note their conjugations in the examples and the differences in their usage. 11

12 Estar to be (yo) estoy I am (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal) (nosotros/as) estamos We are (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural) Estar Indicates temporary states or conditions. 2. Position or location: Dónde está la blusa (blouse)? La blusa está en la sala de operaciones. Theblouseisin the operating room. 1. Health (emotional and physical): Cómo están Juan y María? How are Juan and María? Están enfermos. They are sick. Ser Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics. 1. Color De qué color es la blusa? Es blanca 2 Size: Los cuartos son pequeños. 3. Possession: La blusa es de María. 4. Origin and nationality Juan es de México. Tú y yo somos mexicanos. 12

13 Ser Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics 5. Religion: La familia Sánchez es católica. 6. Profession: Elisa es doctora. 7. Time: Qué hora es? Son las seis. Ejercicio: Practiquémos con los verbos ser y estar! 1. Rosa católica. 2. La aguja (needle) en la mesa. 3. Pedro enfermo. 4. Marcela de méxico. 5. El señor Ruiz médico. 6. Dónde la biblioteca? 7. Hoy lunes, el 7 de abril. Telling time Las horas Las horas Qué hora es? The time What time is it? Qué horas son? What time is it? temprano siempre tarde early always late 13

14 Hora Es la una Son las dos Son las cuatro y diez Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of adjective: quantitative and qualitative. Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun they describe. In Spanish the quantitative adjectives are placed before the noun; are other adjectives are generally placed after the noun. Adjectives Adjectives agree with the noun in gender (masculine and feminine) Ramona toma un vino bueno y frío (masculine) Roma drinks a good and cold wine. Ramón toma medicina buena y fría. (feminine) Ramon takes good and cold medicine. 14

15 Adjectives Adjectives agree with the noun in number (singular and plural) Nacho compra medicinas frescas y económicas. (feminine plural) Nacho buys fresh and economic medicines. Maria necesita medicamentos buenos y económicos. (masculine plural) Maria needs good and economic medicine. Adjectives ending in e or most consonants don t change to reflect gender. Adjectives ending in or add a to the ending for the feminine form. Un doctor masculino Simpático Interesante Trabajador Una doctora femenino simpática interesante trabajadora If an adjective is used to modify a plural noun or more than one noun, it must be used in its plural form. To create the plural of an adjective ending in a vowel, add s. To create the plural of an adjective ending in a consonant, add es. To create the plural of an adjective ending in or, add es to the masculine form and as to the feminine form. 15

16 El doctor Los doctores Las doctoras simpático simpáticos simpáticas azul azules azules trabajador trabajadores trabajadoras As with articles and subjects pronouns, adjectives that apply to mixed groups of males and females use the masculine form. Qualifying Adjectives Los colores Rojo ( a) Negro ( a) Amarillo ( a) Azul Rosa Blanco ( a) Verde Morado ( a) Café Colors red black yellow blue pink white green purple brown Ejercicio El ojo está rojo. Your eye is red. La cara está amarilla. Your face is yellow. La lengua está roja. Your tongue is red. La cara. La lengua. Las manos. Los labios. El cuello. Las orejas. La nariz. Los dientes. La barbilla. El cabello. La frente. La boca. 16

17 More qualifying adjectives Alto (a) Bajo (a) Rápido (a) Lento (a) Irregular Normal Gordo (a) Delgado (a) Flaco (a) Rubio (a) Moreno (a) Oscuro (a) Pequeño (a) Grande high, tall low, short fast slow irregular normal, regular fat thin, slim skinny blond, light dark skin color dark little, small big, large Hay One of the most useful words in Spanish is hay, which means both there is and there are, is there? and are there?. You don t have to learn any endings or make any changes. Hay There is Hay una tableta There is one tablet. There are Hay tres tabletas. There are three tablets. Hay? Is there? Hay una tableta? Is there a tablet? Are there? Hay tabletas? Are there tablets? Cuánto? Cuánta? How much Cuántos? Cuántas? How many Cuántas pastillas hay? EJEMPLO: Hay dos pastillas 1.. (5) 2.. (15) 3.. (75) 4. Cuánta agua hay? 17

18 First, let s being by refreshing our memories. Do you remember what an infinitive is? An infinitive in English consists of the word to and a verb: to take, to eat, to examine, to walk, to run, and so on. However, in Spanish, an infinitive is comprised of only one action word, which ends in either ar, er, or ir. In Spanish, there is no equivalent of the separate word to. To conjugate an ar verb: drop the ar ending. Tomar the ending = tom Take the stem tom and add: (yo) tomo I drink (él, ella, Ud.) toma he, she,you (formal) drinks (nosotros/as) tomamos we drink (ellos, ellas, Uds.) toman they (m., f.), you (pl) drink Hablar, caminar, estudiar Take any regular ar verb, drop the ar and add these endings to the stem to form the present tense: o amos a an Conjugate the following. (Conjugue lo siguiente) Hablar (to speak) (yo) habl (él) habl (ella) habla (Ud.) habl (nosotros) habl (ellos) habl (ellas) habl (Uds.) habl 18

19 Common ar verbs Caminar to walk Preguntar to ask Comprar to buy Recetar to prescribe Defecar to defecate Regresar to return Descansar to rest Respirar to breathe Hablar to talk Sacar to take out, to take Lavar to wash (i.e. Xrays) Llamar to call Tocar to touch Orinar to urinate Vomitar to vomit Visitar to visit Necesitar Now that you know something about conjugating verbs, let s look at the verb necesitar (to need),one of the most useful and important ar verbs. Necesitar Qué necesita? What do you need? While you may not necessarily ask your patient this question, this is an effective way to learn how to use regular ar verbs in a simple and somewhat painless manner. Yo necesito Nosotros/as necesitamos El/ella/Ud. Necesita Ellos/ellas/Uds necesitan Necesito un gotero, por favor. I need a dropper, please. Necesito una receta, por favor. I need a prescription, please. Necesito. I need Necesita. You need Necesita? Do youneed? Qué necesita? What do you need? 19

20 Necesitar Another exciting and simple aspect of the Spanish language is that there are essentially no auxiliary verbs such as do, does, did, etc. as there are in English. For example, to ask: Do you need.?, just as Necesita? In an inquiring tone, which literally means, Need? (both the words do and you are understood). What do you need?, just say Qué necesita? Or, literally, What need? ( You is understood from the a ending.) Necesitar Continued: What do I need, just say Qué necesito? or, literally, What need? (The word I is understood from the o ending.) Where do I need.?, just say Dónde necesito.? Or, literally, Where need? (The word I is understood from the o ending.) Necesitar + Infinitive There is another extremely helpful use of the verb to need. With the form necesito, you can simply add any infinitive verb. For example: Necesito tomar su temperatura Necesito examinar su oído Necesito recetar medicina I need to take your temperature. I need to examine your ear. I need to prescribe medicine. 20

21 Just as in English, when two verbs are used together, the first one is conjugated (necesito, I need ) and the second verb remains untouched in its infinitive form (examinar, to examine ). Therefore, I need to examine becomes, in Spanish, necesito examinar. (So, in Spanish as in English, you would not conjugate both verbs by saying I need I examine. ) Necesitar + Infinitive Once you get the hang of this simple concept, you can begin to talk up a storm! For example: Necesito escuchar los pulmones Necesito examinar su brazo. (Usted) necesita tomar su medicina. Necesita cuidar la infección. Necesita regresar en dos semanas. Necesita examinar los (sus) senos en casa. Necesito pesar al niño. Práctica Translate into Spanish. (Favor de traducir al español.) 1. I need to examine your ear.. 2. I need to take your pulse.. 3. I need to prescribe pills.. 4. You need to take your medicine.. 5. You need to examine your breast at home.. 6. You need to drink a lot of fluids (liquids). 21

22 The Latino Patient Within the Hispanic culture the extended family plays an extremely important role. The Hispanic family tends to be very close knit. A patient may often be accompanied by other family members for moral support, due to cariño (affection), or merely out of habit. The Anglo healthcare professional may feel somewhat overwhelmed by this, perhaps even somewhat defensive or frustrated, but there is no need to feel so. It is fairly customary. 22