क ys ds nf{k.k&if pe esa fnaxkukyk gs] tks csrok esa feyrk gsa ukys ds ikl शfDr.

Transcripción

1 x<+dqamkj% og nq[kkar iz.k; dk lk{kh gs x<+dqamkj nqxz >kalh ls nf{k.k&iwoz esa chgm+ igkm+ksa vksj taxyksa ds chp viuh izkphurk vksj kkyhurk dk ifjp; nsrk gqvk vkt Hkh [km+k gsa pansy] [kaxkj vksj cqansyk ujs kksa dk laca/k bl nqxz ls jgk gs] fdurq blds iqufuzekz.k rfkk bls dsuæh; शfDr ds :i esa izfrfष ठत djus dk Js; [kaxkjksa dks tkrk gsa lu~ 1182 esa i`fohjkt pksgku ds izeq[k lkear [ksrflag [kaxkj us ijeky ds x<+ifr f kok dks gjkdj bl nqxz dks vius dcts esa fy;k vksj tstkdhkqfdr ¼tq>kSfr½ uked {ks= esa [kaxkj jkt; dh uhao MkyhA *,Sfrgkfld LFkkukoyh^ ¼ f k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj½ esa dqamkj nqxz dks 12oha krkcnh dk egroiw.kz LFky crk;k x;k gsa dqamkj nqxz ds lheiorhz LFky dk Hkh vrhr nq%[kn gs vksj LoIu dh rjg HkXu :प esa ml dfkk dks latks;s gq;sa dqamkj nqxz esa izeq[k n kzuh; LFkku gsa& guqeku th fl) LFkku] fl)ckck dk LFkku] eqjyh euksgj eafnj] u`flag eafnj] fjlkyk] rksi[kkuk] osnh] HkaMkj x`g] eksrh lkxj] va/kdwi ¼ckoM+h½ ckx] jkuh dk egy] jktegy] nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl] tsy[kkuk] gfklkj]?kqm+lkj]] pksdh jks ku&nku] fl;k dh jkojsa] ¼jko fl;k dk fuokl½ clk iozr flfkr iqjkuh x<+h&gkafm;k x<+] fla/kq lkxj rfkk blds lehi uhek uxj ds vo ksष] tgka gkaffk;ksa dk cktkj yxrk FkkA fla/kq lkxj ds ikl gh fx) okfguh nsoh dk eafnj gs] ftl ij gfksfy;ksa ds ekamus o iwtk fpug gsa क ys ds nf{k.k&if pe esa fnaxkukyk gs] tks csrok esa feyrk gsa ukys ds ikl शfDr HkSjo dk eafnj gsa mrrj&if pe esa rhu ehy dh nwjh ij csrok unh cgrh gsa csrok ds iwohz rv ij flfkr nsojkस, lsa/kjh, ek/kqjh vksj शfDr HkSjo ds taxyksa easa f kdkj [ksyk tkrk FkkA csrok ds if pe rv ij nsoy] nso/kj] Hkjriqjk] ctvk] fldjh] jkeuxj vkfn dh pksfd;ka FkhaA nsoy esa nsoh dk eafnj FkkA vc dqn VwVh&QwVh ewfrz;ksa orzeku nsoy ds ihns fc[kjh im+h gsaa Looànkouyky oekz us vius miu;kl ^x<+dqamkj* esa dqamkj rfkk bl {ks= dk fo kn o.kzu fd;k gs rfkk lqnwj vrhr dh >kadh izlrqr dh gsa iyksfkj dh igkm+h ij [km+s gksdj pkjksa vksj ns[kus okyksa dks dhkh viuk eu lksan;z ds gkfk esa vksj dhkh Hkze ds gkafk esa nsuk im+rk gsa,slk gh ml le; gksuk Fkk tc la/;k le; iyksfkj ds uhps csrok ds nksuks fdukjksa ij ka[k vksj?kavs rfkk dqamkj ds x<+ ls ls [kaxkjksa dh rqjgh ctk djrh Fkh A vksj vc Hkh tc iyksfkj dh pksvh

2 ij [km+k gksdj ukgj vius ukn ls nsojk nsoy] Hkjriqj br;kfn ds [kamgjksa dks xqatkrk vksj csrok ds dydy kcn dks Hk;kud cukrk gsa vc dqamkj esa rqjgh ugha ctrha mlesa dj?kbz dk bruk taxy Fkk fd lkaoj] lqvj vksj dhkh&dhkh rsanqvk Hkh fniko dk LFkku ikrs gsaa dqamkj nqxz fdys ds izos k }kj dh mapkbz 20 QqV gsa vius nksuks cqtksaz lfgr bldh yackbz 80 QqV gsa izos k }kj ds ckgj nks pcwrjs gsa] tks nhoku pcwrjs dgs tkrs gsaa M~;ks<+h nks eaftyk gsa vanj izos k djus ij ck;ha vksj,d lsfud pksdh gsa ;g nf{k.kh ijdksvs ls layxu gsa ijdksvk ewy :i ls irfkjksa o fev~vh dk cuk gs] ftlesa bzav ds pwus dk iz;ksx fqfu k ds fy, gqvk gsa Åij pwन dk iylrj gsa ijdksvs dh vkslr pksm+kbz pkj ls Ng QqV gsa cqtz FkksM+h nwj ij gs] ftuds vkarfjd Hkkxksa esa j{kk pksfd;ka gsaa eksjps ds daqxwjksa esa canwd/kkfj;ksa] rksifp;ksa o rhj dh ekj ds fy, njkjsa cuh gsaa jktegy fdys dk eq[; cqtz nf{k.k iwoz esa gsa] tks आB [kam egy dk,d Hkkx gsa bldk,d [kam ry esa rfkk lkr [kam Åij Nrfj;ksa dk fuekz.k fd;k x;k gsa jktegy yxhkx 150 QqV Åapk rfkk 400 QqV pksm+k gsa ;g esgjkcuqek LraHkksa ij [km+k gsa M~;ks<+h ikj djus ds ckn iwoz ls if pe,d vk;rkdkj d{k gs] ftlesa Åij ls izdk k O;oLFkk gsa Nrsa Hkh esgjkcnkj gsaa egy ds mrrj&nf{k.k okys [kam ls tqm+s vu; d{k gsaa egy dk vkarfjd Hkkx dkqh folrh.kz o O;kid gsa nf{k.k Hkkx esa geke gsa dqn yksx bls ;K kkyk crkrs gsaa if peh dksus ij,d cm+k njoktk gsa tgka ls gkfkh rfkk Hkkjh lkexzh jktegy esa yk;h tkrh FkhA jktegy ds chpksa&chp fo kky izkax.k gs] ftlesa lhf<+;ksa}kjk mrjk tk ldrk gsa mrrjh&if peh dksus esa HkaMkj x`g o jlksbz?kj gsa izr;sd eafty ij ikuh j[kus] श pky; vkfn dh O;oLFkk gsa vukt dh [kfrr;ka 12 QqV yach pksm+h fev~vh iryh bzavksa ls cuh gsa egy dh,d fo ksषrk ;g gs fd blesa fdlh Hkh rjq ls p<+sa],d gh LFkku ij igqaprs gsaa bl nqxz ds iqufuzekz.k rfkk bls dsuæh;

3 शfDr ds :i esa LFkkfir djus dk Js; [kaxkj vf/kifr [ksrflag dks gsa,d L=ksr ds vuqlkj [ksrflag xqtjkr lkezkt; ds jktk :<+nso ds iq= FksA :<+nso rfkk i`fohjkt pksgku ds firk lkses oj vfhkuu fe= FksA ;g fe=rk vkxs c<+ha i`fohjkt pksgku rfkk [ksrflag Hkh ckyfe= cu x;sa [ksrflag la;ksfxrk Lo;aoj ls ysdj rjkbzu ds ;q) rd i`fohjkt pksgku ds gene jgsa [ksrflag i`fohjkt pksgku ds egku lsukifr;ksa esa FksA tslk fd puncjnkbz ds jklks esa of.kzr gs& tga xksm+ lefrr;a eksjn;a] rga [ksr [kaxkj lqpkj Hk;a] [kam&[kam fuokzu lkeur lkj] [khaph lq xksm+ [ksrk [kaxkj] rksoj igkm+ iqmjhpana /kkoj lq/khj og im+s nan] [ksrk [kaxkj gkm+k gehja nkgqfyjk; /kfjifj xohja [ksrflag us vius dq ky iz kklu }kjk tstkdhkqfdr {ks= esa [kaxkj kfdr dh uhao gh ugha Mkyh] mls lqn`<+ Hkh cuk;ka ;g vuqie श ;Z dk /kuh j.kckadqjk [ksrflag lu~ 1212 esa ohjxfr dks izkir gqvka ç.k; dfkk mldh iakp ihf<+;ksa us x<+dqamkj ij jkt; fd;ka blh ijaijk ds vafre श ld ukxnso gq;sa bfrgkl izfl) nq[kkar iz.k; & dfkk bugha ukxnso vksj lksguiky dh iq=h :idqaoj ¼:ik½ dks ysdj gsa lksguiky dk kh dk jgus okyk FkkA ifjokfjd foxzg ds dkj.k mls cqansy[kam flfkr egksuh ds vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr gksuk im+k FkkA lksguiky b/kj m/kj?kwerk var esa x<+dqamkj vk;ka ;gka gqjer flag [kaxkj x<+dqamkj dk vf/kifr FkkA lksguiky us egksuh vf/kd`r djus ds fy;s lgk;rk ekaxha lksguiky dks dqamkj jkt; ds dqn xkao tgka tkxhj esa fey x;s rfkk bl izdkj [kaxkj ujs k us mnkjrk dk O;ogkj dj mls vius jkt; esa fuokl djus dk volj,oa vko ;d lq[k&lqfo/kk;sa nhaa blh chp lksguiky ds izeq[k lykgdkj o lkfkh /khj iz/kku rfkk gqjer flag ds iz/kku lykgdkj o dqamkj ds uxj lsb foष ण ik.ms; us lykg dha foष ण ik.ms; us lksguiky dks egksuh ds fo:) lgk;rk nsus dk izlrko iqu% gqjer flag ds ikl igqapk;ka vkf[kj bl izlrko dks gqjer flag us eku fy;ka bl izdkj lksguiky dks viuk egksuh ysdj iwjs {ks= dk vf/kifr cu tkus dk LoIu iwjk gksrk fn[kkbz nsus yxka djgkm+ ds lkear iq.;iky ijekj ¼iuiky½ dk mls i;kzir lefkzu rfkk lg;ksx Hkh fey jgk FkkA m/kj gqjer flag us lksguiky ls ukxnso ds

4 fy, :idqaoj dk gkfk ekaxka ukxnso rfkk :idqaoj esa izse laca/k FkkA vr%,slk izlrko lehphu gh ekuk tkuk pkfg,a lkfk gh gqjer flag us ijekj&xgm+okj /kqjh Hkax djus dh n`ष ट ls Hkh bl laca/k dks egro fn;ka [kaxkj {kf=; Fks rfkk muds osokfgd laca/k Hkh {kf=;ksa esa gq, FksA [ksrflag dh,d jkuh xgm+okj ifjokj ls Fkh] rks nwljh c?ksy ifjokj lsa [ksrflag dh ym+dh fot; dqaoj ckbz dk fookg HknkSfj;k ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA fqj Hkh lksguiky dks :i dqaoj dk gkafk ekaxuk vuqfpr yxka og,d vkkr vk kadk ls xzlr gks mbk vksj tsls&rsls [kaxkjksa ls fiam NqM+kus ds iz;kl esa [kaxkjksa ds fe= eqdqvef.k pksgku dh शj.k esa tk igqapka bl chp lksguiky vksj iuiky us feydj ;kstuk cuk;h fd lksguyky dks dqjkm+ ¼x<+dqaMkj½ okil pys tkuk pkfg, vksj [kaxkj ujs k dk izlrko Lohdkj dj ysuk pkfg,a izlrko Lohdkj dj fy;k x;ka शrZ ;g Fkh fd fookg ds le; ukxnso vius laiw.kz ifjokj dks ckjkr esa yk,xka [kaxkjksa }kjk शrZ eku yh x;ha ;g LokHkkfod FkkA bruk fudv dk fj rk gks x;k rks blesa fdlh nqjfhk laf/k dh xa/k ysuk ekuoksfpr ugha FkkA fuf pr frffk dks /kwe/kke ls ckjkr lksguiky ds e/kqiqjk flfkr }kj ij vk;ha vkuan&myykl dk flyflyk py fudyka शjkc dks foषdr dj is k fd;k x;ka ftlds ekjd izhkko esa [kaxkj tc gks k [kks csbs rks cqansyksa vksj ijekjksa dh ryokj ped mbhaa?kj vk;s esgekuksa ds izfr ;g vdyiuh; O;ogkj FkkA e iku dh [kqekjh esa [kaxkj viuk [kax tksgj dsls fn[kk ldrs FksA,d&,d dj [kaxkj ohj ejus yxsa gqjer flag] ukxnso vkfn lesr vusd [kaxkj ;ks)k ekj Mkys x;sa [ksrflag }kjk LFkkfir [kaxkj jkt; dh lekfir gks x;ha flfkfr dk ykhk mbkus dh n`ष ट ls eqdqvef.k pksgku Hkh blesa श fey gks x;ka nwj&nwj rd ;gka tks Hkh [kaxkj jktohj fn[kk;h fn;k] eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;k x;ka fl=;ksa vksj cppksa dks Hkh bl drysvke ls ugha cd kk x;ka [kaxkj bl dk;z dks Hkhष.k Ny&diV vksj /kks[ksckth Hkjk ekurs gsasa mugksus bl d`r; dks fo okl?kkr dh स ग य़ nh vksj rdz izlrqr fd;k fd ;g dk;z {kf=ro dk u gksdj furkar dk;jrk dk FkkA ukxnso&:idqaoj dh iz.k; xkfkk drysvke esa jdrjaftr gks x;ha fookg esa du;k nsus dk fuea=.k nsdj vkxr lelr vfrffk;ksa dks eksr ds?kkv mrkj nsus dh?kvuk ds vu; mnkgj.k Hkh feyrs gsa] fdurq x<+dqamkj dk drysvke mlls c<+dj FkkA blesa u flqz ckjkfr;ksa

5 lfgr jktohjksa dks ekjk x;k] vfirq Hkfoष य esa fojks/k djus ds fy;s dksbz flj u mbk ik;sa vr% bfrgkl x<+dksvk ds vuqlkj xhkzorh fl=;ksa ds xhkksza dh Hkh phj&qkm+ dk nh x;ha,d jkt; dk iru gqvk] fdurq ml tkfr dk Hkh] tks ogka fuokl djrh Fkh] D;ksafd mlds ckn [kaxkjksa dks viuh b;rrk nkao ij yxkdj शj.kkxr dh शrksZa ij thfor jgus ds fy, foo k gksuk im+ka x<+dqamkj ds iru dh?kvuk >kalh xtsfv;j ds vuqlkj lu~ 1288 dh gsa bjfou ds vuqlkj ;g le; lu~ 1292 gsa x<+dqamkj miu;kl ds jpf;rk Lo-oànkouyky oekz us ;g le; lu~ 1288 ekuk gsa jkt; x;k],s o;z x;k] fdurq ukxnso vksj :idqaoj dh iz.k;&dfkk vkt Hkh thfor gsa cqansy[kam vapy ds yksdxk;d bl iz.k; dfkk dks xk&xkdj vej cuk;s gq;s gsaa

6 {kf=; lekt esa ^flag* शCn dk izpyu tks egku ns khkdrksa dh Js.kh esa vxz.kh jgs gsa] ftugksus {kf=; lekt dks vius thoudky esa vusd miyfc/k;ka iznku dh gs] muesa ls,d izkfir ^flag* शCn dh gsa {kf=; lekt eas vius iq=ksa dk dqahkk] tks/kk] /kax] /kkjk] [ksrk] lkaxk vkfn ukedj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA tuuh tue Hkwfe ds fy;s tks fu%lokfkz Hkko ls lefizr gksrs jgs gsaa oklro esa os gh egkiq:ष dgykrs gsa vksj bfrgkl,sls ohj iq:ष dh fojfn cjoku djrs&djrs ugha v?kkrs gsaa og lekt esa vius ihns,d Nki NksM+ tkrs gsaa tks vuqdj.kh; gksrh gsa vkn kz kz dgykrh gsa Hkkjr esa lksjkष ट र izkur ds,d,sls gh jktiq:ष dh dgkuh gsa ftlds iksjl dh xkfkk,a dhkh bl ns k dh /kjrh ij xwatrh jgrh FkhA tks egku ns khkdrksa dh Js.kh esa vxz.kh jgs gsaa ftugksus {kf=; lekt dks vius thoudky esa vusd miyfc/k;ka iznku dh gsaa muesa ls,d izkfir ^flag* शCn dh gsa {kf=; lekt esa vius iq=ksa dk dqahkk] tks/kk] /kax] /kkjk] [ksrk] lkaxk vkfn ukedj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA uke ds lkfk शCn fy[kus dk izpyu ugh Fkk, tks egkjktk [ksrflag [kaxkj dh gh nsu gsa fnyyh oj egkjktk i`fohjkt pksgku viuh ;qok volfkk esa fxjukj ds ouksa ds f kdkj [ksyus tk;k djrs FksA,d ckj mugksaus taxy esa ns[kk,,d ukstoku jktdqekj oujkt dks yydkjdj dq rh ym+ jgk gsa dhkh oujkt Åij gksrk Fkk rks dhkh ujjkta pksgku og n` ; ns[k vkuan fohkksj gksdj volur [km+s jg x;sa muds ns[krs gh ns[krs, jktdqekj us cy kkyh oujkt dks inkm+ yxk nh vksj ykr?kwlksa ls mldks ekj MkykA tc ujjkt vksj oujkt dk ;q) lekir gks x;k rc pksgku ml ohj iq:ष ds ikl igqapsa cksys cm+s cgknqj gksa D;k esa vkidk ifjp; tku ldrk gwaa og ;qod izfrmrrj esa cksyk igys vki viuk ifjp; nsaa esa श dehkjh pksgku, egkjkt lkses oj dk iq= gwa, i`fohjkt pksgkua fnyyh dk iz kkld gawa ;qod brus tokc ls gh urelrd gks x;ka cksyk&egkjkt {kek djsaa vkkurko k esaus ew<+rk dh gsa esajk ifjp; ysdj egkjkt D;k djsa, ge rks vc ouoklh tu gsaa ugha, ugha vki viuk iwjk ifjp; nhft;sa rqegkjs y{k.k, jkt ifjokjksa tsls fn[krs gsa eqag ij dguk

7 vpnk ugha yxrk gsa vki,d vlk/kkj.k iq:ष gsaa eq>s lgh ifjp; nsus esa ladksp u djsaa dfg;s Hknz vki dksu gsaa i`fohjkt pksgku us viuh lsu; O;oLFkk esa lksyg lkeurksa dh jpuk dh] mleas jktdqekj [ksrk [kaxkj dks iz/kku lkeur fu;qdr fd;k x;ka egkjkt esjs firkeg jktk Ånyth [kaxkj twukx<+k/kh oj Fks, mugs ;kno oa kh jktkvksa us /kks[ks ls ekj Mkyk vksj lrrk Nhu yh gsa gekjk ifjokj fnuu&fhkuu gks x;ka vf/kdka k yksx] tstkgwfr izns k pys x;s gsaa esjs firkjh :<+nso [kaxkj ifjokj lfgr ikl esa gh fuokl djrs gsaa esajk uke [ksrk [kaxkj gsa ;gka vk[ksv esa vk;k FkkA oujkt ls HkasaV gks xbza ifj.kke egkjkt ds lkeus gsa jktdqekj ge egkjkt :<+nso ds n kzu djus dh bpnk j[krs gsaa D;k gesa muds n kzu ykhk fey ldsaxsa gka egkjkt t:j pfy;s, vc rks ge lk/kkj.k vkneh jg x;s gsa, gels vkidh tks VwVh&QwVh lsok gks ldsxh lsokfizr djsaxsa fnyyhifr i`fohjkt pksgku, ifmgkj ujs k :<+nso [kaxkj ls cm+h vkreh;rk ls feydj cgqr izluu gks x;s FksA ckrphr ds Øe esa pksgku cksys& egkjkt [ksrk jktdqekj cm+s vts; ;ks)k gsa esus mudh श johjrk ns[kh gsa cm+k izhkkfor gwaa egkjkt vktdy ns k dh n kk Bhd ugh gsa {kf=; oa k vkil esa gh ym+dj?kkr dj jgs gsaa ftlls ns k dh शfDr dk gzkl gks jgk gsa vk;s fnu ;ou vkøe.kdkfj;ksa ds geys ns k ij gks jgs gsaa j{kk dk pksdl izca/k dasnz esa ugha gsa tks cgqr t:jh gsa HkkjrHkwfe dh j{kk ds fy;s vkil tsष ट iq= [ksrk jktdqekj dks ekaxrk gwaa ns k dh j{kk ns khkdr ukstokuksa ls gh lahko gsa vk kk kk gs jktu eq>s fujk k u djsaxsa ouoklh :<+nso [kaxkj vokd jg x;s, dqn nsj ckn cksys HkkjrHkwfe ds xksjo, egkjkt i`fohjkt pksgku [ksrk jktdqekj ds cy ij gh ge bl fc;kcku taxy esa jgrs gsaa [khphdqekj vhkh uknku gsa egkjkt dh vkkkk gs ftlesa ns kfgr dh ckr dgh xbz gs, Vkyus dh fgeer ugha gks jgh gsa D;k d:a dqn le> eas ugh vk jgk gsa i`fohjkt pksgku dgus yxs & jktu] j?kqoa k Hkwष.k egkjkt n kjfk us eqfu fo okfe= okfe= dh ;K j{kk ds fy;s vius nksuksa jktdqekj jke&y{e.k dks Hkstdj mudh enn dh FkhA ;g rks tuuh tuehkwfe dh j{kk dk loky gsa vki ns kj{kk esa Hkkxhnkjh dj lq; k izkir djsaa gsa :<+nso dgus yxs & egkjkt dh vkkk f kjks/kk;z gsa tuuh tuehkwfe ds fy;s rks esjk jkse&jkse vfizr

8 i`fohjkt pksgku jktdqekj [ksrk [kaxkj dks muds ny&cy lfgr fnyyh ys vk,] cm+s हर षत FksA pksgku dgus yxs esa oujkt dh [kkst esa fudyk vksj ik x;k ujjkt dksa ml le; vtesj esa minzo gks x;k Fkk, jktlo olwyh can im+h Fkh, v kkafr dk okrkoj.k cu x;k FkkA vkrs gh le; egkjkt us jktdqekj dks canksclr ds fy;s vtesj Hkst fn;ka mugksus vius cqf) dks ky ky ls iw.kz श fr O;oLFkk dh vkssj jktlo olwyh dk flyflyk tek;ka i`fohjkt pksgku us viuh lsu; O;oLFkk esa lksyg lkeurksa dh jpuk dh] mlesa jktdqekj [ksrk [kaxkj dks iz/kku lkeur fu;qdr fd;k x;ka la;ksfxrk gj.k esa jktdqekj dk Hkjiwj lg;ksx fy;k x;ka pun dfo us vius i`fohjkt jklks uked xzufk esa bldk o.kzu fd;k gsa os dgrs gsa%& [k.m [k.m fuokz.k lkeur lkja [ksaph lqxksam [ksrk [kaxkjaa f[krr ju thfr;ka i`fohjkt pksgku us l=g ckj eqgeen xksjh dk blh lkeur ds izcy ijkøe ls [knsm+ dj Hkxk;k FkkA lu~ 1182 bz0 esa mjbz ds esnku esa vkyk&åny tsस txr izfl) cukqj ohjkds dk eku enzu dj, ijekj pansy ij fot;jh izkir dh ftlesa Åny ekjk x;k Fkk vksj vkygk Hkkx x;k FkkA i`fohjkt pksgku us foftr izns k dk izca/k lkeur [ksrk [kaxkj vksj iatqujk; dnokgk dks lksaidj lwcsnkjh fu;qdr dha pksgku, pansy dh ym+kbz dh mfky&iqfky eas, xkssm+ksa us dqamkj dj dctk dj fy;ka tks foftr {ks= dk vax FkkA jktdqekj [ksrk [kaxkj us xksm+ksa dk dqamkj ls [knsm+ dj Hkxk;k vksj viuk >.Mk xkm+ fn;ka i`fohjkt pksह न dqamkj dks [ksrk [kaxkj lkeur dh futh miyfc/k ekudj mugsa dqamkj dk vf/kifr?kksष त dj fn;ka ifmgkj jktdqekj [ksrk [kaxkj us dqamkj dks viuk eq[;ky; cuk;ka os egksck NksM+dj dqamkj esa vk x;sa ;gka vkdj mugksus izkphu i)fr ls lozizfke ijdksvs dk fuekz.k djk;ka ijdksvs dk eq[; }kj oanjuqek cuk;k x;ka eqflye dyk ns k esa tksjksa ij mhkjdj lkeus vk jgh Fkh ckjgoh krkcnh esa vanj dk fuekz.k fd;k x;ka ftlesa lksfeu dyk dh >yd fn[krh gsa mugksus,d vkdf kzr kzr lqn`<+ vfr nqxze nqxz dk fuekz.k djk;ka dqamkj vc x<+dqamkj ds uke ls fo[;kr gks x;ka iatqujk; dnokgk egksck] ifmgkj jktdqekj [ksrk [kaxkj x<+dqamkj dh [;kfr ls bzष;kzyq gq,] mugksaus i`fohjkt pksgku ds HkkbZ] dkugkiky pksgku dks vius i{k esa dj [ksrk [kaxkj dks ejokus ds ;Ru <wa<uk pkyw fd;sa cm+h&cm+h ;qfdr;ka <wa<h xbza var esa lkspk] egkjkt i`fohjkt pksgku [ksrk [kaxkj dks cm+k श johj dgdj iz kalk djrs gsaa os dgrs gsa fd [ksrk [kaxkj us lksjb ¼lkSjk lksjkष ट र ½ esa dq rh ym+dj श j ekjk gsa Hkyk ;g dsls

9 gks ldrk gsa D;ksa u श j ls ym+okdj [ksrk [kaxkj dks ejok fn;k tk;s, dkugkiky pksgku us iatqujk; dks Hkjkslk fn;k, esa egkjkt ls Lohd`fr ys ywaxka fhk.m ds ouksa esa vkneh vksj श j ds ;q) dk ukvd [ksyk tk;a ;qfdr Bhd gsa ;qfdr ds eqrkfcd fhk.m jkt;kurxzr fc;kcku taxy esa,d n kzd eap cuk;k x;ka vklikl ds lhkh jkts, egkjkts, lkear, ljnkj vkeaf=r fd;s x;sa egkjkt i`fohjkt pksgku dh vkkk ls ujjkt vksj oujkt ds vkकर ष कर षr ;q) dk,syku fd;k x;ka fuf pr frffk ij lc yksx ml fc;kcku taxy esa,df=r gq,a fnyyh oj negkjkt i`fohjkt pksgku us x<+dqamkj ds vf/kifr [ksrk [kaxkj dks oujkt ls dq rh ym+us gsrq fuokzfpr fd;ka taxy dk gkadk fd;k x;ka cccj श j ds fudyrs gh [ksrk [kaxkj dks eqdkcyk djus gsrq jktk us vknsf kr kr fd;ka taxyh esnku ds chp,d fugrfkk fo kkydk; शjhj jhj, g`ष ट ष ट-प ष ट jkschyh iq:ष [kstk [kaxkj fo eku FkkA mlh rjg g`ष ट ष ट-प ष ट jksfcyk cccj श j fudydj esnku esa vk;ka mlus vius f kdkj dks lkeus [km+k ns[kdj xqjkzdj iawn dks,sab ekjh vksj cm+h gsdm+h ds lkfk x<+dqamkj vf/kifr [ksrk [kaxkj ij vkøe.k dj fn;ka mlus geykoj cppu श j ds nksuksa isjksa dks vius nksuksa gkfkksa ls idm+ fy;ka oujkt vksj ijjkt nksuksa vkil esa xqrfke xqrfk gksus yxsa L;kjksa us le> fy;k Fkk fd mudk dkavk fcu iz;kl fudy x;k gsa egkjkt i`fohjkt pksgku Hkwrksa dh pkyksa ld vufhkkk FksA luukvk Nk;k gqvk FkkA [ksrk [kaxkj ij cccj श j gkoh FkkA [ksrk us viuh iw.kz शfDr ls oujkt dks /kdsyk vksj mls ivddj Åij lokj gks x;ka fqj ykr?kwalk ekj&ekjdj cccj श j dks ilr dj MkykA vkos k esa mlus cccj श j ds ck,a isj ij viuk nk;ka isj j[kk vksj mldk nk;ka isj vius gkfk esa ysdj mls phj MkykA cccj श j ds ejrs gh] miflfkr tu lewg fpyyk mbka श j fpjk] श j fpjk] eap ij rkfy;ka ct xbza egkjkt i`fohjkt pksgku [kq kh kh ls >we mbs] jdr jaftr [ksrk [kaxkj egkjkt i`fohjkt pksgku ds pj.kksa esa vkdj >qd x;ka श ckl vksj /ku;okn ds chp [ksrk [kaxkj dk t;?kksष xawt x;ka egkjky i`fohjkt pksgku us bl vfolej.kh;?kvuk ij ml txg,d xzke clkus dk,syku fd;k vksj mld uke j[k ^ ksjfpjk*a jktk us,slk dj tuok.kh dks Åij dj fn;ka jktk us fqj pun dfo ls iwnk & dfojkt श j dk dksbz vpnk lk uke crkvksa pun ckys jktu& ukgj, dsgj, flag, jkt cksys cl geus jktdqekj [ksrk [kaxkj dks vc ^[ksrflag*

10 [kaxkj dks lakk ns nh gsa D;ksa punh Bhd gs u] श j dks ekjus okyk flag iq:ष rks dgyk,xk gha egkjkt dh t; gks] t; gks dh /ofu vkdk k eamy esa xwat xbza rhkh cgknqj {kf=; yksx vius uke ds lkfk ^flag* शCn dk iz;ksx djus yxs gsaa

11 cqunsyh lald`fr vksj ^[kaxkj* jktoa k cqunsyh lkfgr; lald`fr dks uष ट djus ds fy;s vkrrkb;ksa us vusdksa ckj cqunsy[k.m ij vkøe.k fd;s] fdurq ohj {kf=; ;ks)kvksa us vius izk.kksa dh cfy nsdj viuk /kez] lald`fr vksj jhfr fjoktksa dh j{kk dha Hkkjr ekrk dk gǹ; LFky fou/;kupy dh ksy ekykvksa ls lq kksfhkr pacy fla/k] /klku osrkok dh] ikou /kkjkvksa ls flafpr egqvk] vke] tkequ] rsanw] clwj] dvhd vkgh ds ouksa ls vkpnkfnr ;g Hkw vkfn bfrgkl ds iuuksa esa pansy] cqunsyk vksj [kaxkj jktkvksa ls श flr viuh xfjek dk c[kku djrk gqvk iqfyun n k dqfur [krin, n kkz.k, tatkm ;qfn, tq>ksfr fou/;ay [k.m vkfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gsa vkt bl Hkw o`r dh dksbz jktuhfrd lhek rks ugh gs ijurq izkphu dky ls ysdj vkt rd ;g Hkw viuk,d bdkbz ds :i esa n`ष ट ष टO; gsa le; ij vusdkfrd शfDr;ksa us bl Hkw&Hkkx ij jkt; LFkkfir dj viuh Nki NksM+h gs] dhkh xqir lkezkt; rks dhkh okdkvd, ukxoa kh, izfrgkjh, punsy, [kaxkj, cqunsyk vkfna dk;e gsa bl izdkj,sfrgkfld?kvukvksa ds mrfkku iru ls vksrizksr cqunsy[k.m viuh vkyksfdr NVk fy;s ;gka ij punsyksa dh vbkjg ihf<+;ksa us ukssaoh शrkCnh rd vksj [kaxkjksa dh ikap ihf<+;ksa us ckjgoha ls pksngoha iksus nks lks cjl श lu djds bldks le`f), leifrr vksj xfjek iznku dh gsa cqunsyh lkfgr; lald`fr dks uष ट djus ds fy;s vkrrkbz;ksa us vudksa ckj cqunsy[k.m ij vkøe.k fd;s] fdurq ohj {kf=; ;ks)kvksa us vius izk.kksa dh cfy nsdj vius /kez, lald`fr vksj jhfr fjoktksa dh j{kk dha [ksn dk foष; gs fd bl Hkw[k.M ij leiuurk us tgka dyk dks c<+kok fn;k ogha ij tu ekul dh ekufldrk dks FkksM+k foykl dh vksj eksm+ fn;k vksj bldk lcls vf/kd nqषifj.kke pkjks oxz dks >syuk im+ka txr tuuh izt;krjh bl dyk ds ek/;e ls Hkksx foykl vksj lqunjrk dk izrhd cuk yh x;ha tu ekul dh usfrdrk bl volfkk rd ys x;h fd ukjh dks fuozl= volfkk esa, esfkqu Hkko vafx;ksa esa, ikष ष.k izfrekvksa esa rjk kk tkdj izklknh Fks] egyksa esa vksj eafnjksa esa ewfrz;ksa ds :i esa j[k fn;k x;ka punydky esa ukjh dh u rks dksbz e;kznk Fkh vksj ugh bldk dksbz vkn kz FkkA ;fn ge bl le; ds bfrgkl dks ns[krs gsa rks cm+s&cm+s jkt?kjkuksa dh csfv;ksa ds vigj.k ds izlax ns[kus dks feyrs gsaa vusd ;q) rks dsoy

12 jktdqekjh dh izkfir ds fy;s gq,a punsydky esa ukjh dh dksbz e;kznk ugaha Fkh vksj u gh dksbz vkn kza vusd ;q) rks dsoy jktdqekjh dh izkfir ds fy;s gq;sa punsyksa ds mijkur ;g Hkw&[k.M [kaxkjksa ds श lu esa x;ka bl jktoa k us {ks= esa O;kIr reke dqjhfr;ksa dk n`ष ट ष ट ikr fd;k lcls izfke bl jktoa k us jkष ट र ष ट र/keZ dks tue fn;k ftlls fd mls ohj pfj=oku Lora=rk fiz; lsfud izkir gksrs jgs tks ns k /kez ij LosPNkiwoZd cfynku gks tkrs Fks vksj lefizr gks tkus dh Hkkouk j[krs FksA egkjktk [ksrflag [kaxkj us vius jkt; dh ukfj;ksa dks [kqn,sls laldkj fn;s ftuds }kjk ukfj;ka ohj lrh vksj vkn kze;h ohjkxkfkk;sa cusaa ;s laldkj vkt Hkh cqunsy[k.m dh yksd ijeijkvksa vksj lald`fr esa fo eku gsaa ;= uk;kzlrq iwt;urs jeurs r= nsork] tgka ij ukjh dh iwtk gksrh gs ogka ij nsork fuokl djrs gsaa bl fl)kur dks O;ogkj esa mrkjus ds fy;s egkjktk [ksrflag us vius jkt; esa du;kvksa dks loziwt;?kksष ष r fd;k vksj mugsa nsoh :i fn;ka du;k Hkkstu, isj iwtu vksj du;kvksa ds dk;ksza esa vkffkzd lgk;rk nsus dh jhfr izpfyr djk;h rkfd tu ekul dks du;kvksa ds izfr vklfkk jgs vksj os mugsa nwष ष r utjksa ls u ns[ksaa [kaxksfj;k & ;g xys esa iguus dk xksykdkj vkhkwष.k gksrk gsa ;g lksus vfkok paknh dk cuk;k tkrk gs bldk fgllk lhus ij jgrk gs ml ij lkeus nks ryokjksa dh vkd`fr cuk;h tkrh gsa ;g ryokjsa [kaxkj श lu dh jkष ट र fpug Fkk [kaxksfj;k laldkj us jkt; dh ukjh oxz dks tkx:d ohj vksj mttoy pfj= dh ns k o /kez ds izfr oqknkj cuk;ka chtklsu nsoh dh LFkkiuk & chtk lsuk, chtk&lsfud, lsu, lsuk dk lsfud iznku djus okyh nsoha tulk/kkj.k esa e`r;q Hk; dks gvkus ds fy;s vksj muesa drzo; fuष ठ Hkjus ds fy;s [kaxkj jktoa k us xkao&xkao]?kj&?kj esa dkydk nsoh dh LFkkiuk djk;ha chtklsu nsoh [kaxkjksa dh jktnsoh Fkh] izr;sd xkao esa bldh LFkkiuk djkbz x;h blds vykok du;kvksa ds fookg esa if.kxzg.k ds volj ij du;kvksa dks chtklsu nsoh dh iqrfj;k ¼rkoht½ /kkj.k djok;k tkrk gsa bldk vfkz ;g gqvk fd du;k ds tks iq= gksxk og lsuk ds fy;s lsfud gksxk vksj ns k dh j{kk djsxka dkydk nsoh dh LFkkiuk&[kaxkj dky ls igys tu lk/kkj.k e`r;q Hk; ls ;q) esa tkus ls Mjrs Fks jktk ds ijkftr gks tkus ij nwljs jktk ijk/khurk Lohdkj dj ysrs FksA tulk/kkj.k esa e`r;q Hk; dks gvkus ds fy;s

13 vksj muesa drzo; fu Bk Hkjus ds fy;s [kaxkj jktoa k us xkao&xkao]?kj&?kj esa dkydk nsoh dh LFkkiuk djk;kha dkydk & dky@dk dky@e`r;q]dk@d;k gs vfkkzr e`r;q dksbz pht ugh gs ;g Hk;Hkhr gksus dh?kvuk ugh gsa ;g rks kjhj dh vfuok;z?kvus okyh?kvuk gsa vr% e`r;q Hk; ls jfgr gksdj ohjrkiwozd vius drzo;ksa dk leiknu djrs jguk pkfg;sa LoihfM+r i)fr & bl yksd ijaijk esa vius thogk es lkax ¼f= kwy½ fnnokdj] tathjksa ls ihvdj vksj vkx gkfkksa esa ysdj vius vki esa ihm+k lgus dh {kerk izkir djuk gs vksj शjhj dks etcwr cukrk gs rkfd fo k; ;q) esa ihfm+r gksrs ;k?kk;y gksus ij Hk;Hkhr u gksuk im+sa [kaxkj jktoa k dh uhfr Fkh fd ijkt; dh flfkfr ls iwoz gh xkao dks ohjku djds efgyk;sa tksgj ;kfu vius dks vkx esa tykdj HkLe dj ysaa j{kd laldkj & fgunqvksa dk lssfud HkrhZ {ks= cgqr gh ladqfpr FkkA ;q)ksa esa dsoy {kf=; gh ym+rs Fks vu; tkfr;ksa ds yksx ;q) esa ugha tkrs Fks bldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd {kf=; tkfr fujurj {kh.k gksrh x;ha bl deh dh iwfrz gsrq egkjktk [ksrflag us vius jkt; t>ksfr Fks ^^j{kd laldkj dh ijeijk izpfyr dh vksj blds varxzr jkt; dk gj cppk lsfud ijeijk esa cka/k fn;k x;k vksj bl laldkj ds lapkyu dk mrrjnkf;ro iw.kzr;k ukjh lekt dks lksaik x;ka** vkt Hkh cqunsy[k.m ds xzkeh.k vapyksa esa ekrk;sa vius ckydksa dks xkao dh lhek ij ys tkdj jddl ckck ds pcwrjs ;k irfkj ds phjs ij ckyd ds gkfk yxokrh gs vksj cpps dh dej esa,d dkyk /kkxk ftls NwVk dgrs gsa iguk nsrh gsa] ftldk vfkz gs vkt ls ;g ckyd xkao dh j{kk gsrq dej dldj rs;kj gks x;k gsa xtkuu ekrk] egky{eh dh LFkkiuk & ftl le; tq>ksfr Hkwfe ij ^x<+dqamkj* esa [kaxkj jkt; dh LFkkiuk gq;h mlh le; fnyyh esa eqlyekuksa dh lrrk LFkkfir gks pqdh FkhA eqlyeku viuk lkezkt; c<+kus vksj Lo.kZ lqunfj;ksa dh ywv gsrq vu; fgunw jkt;ksa ij vkøe.k dj jgs Fks vksj blh flyflys esa tq>ksfr ij Hkh vkøe.k gksus yxsa [kaxkj jktoa k us ;g uhfr viuk j[kh Fkh fd vkøe.kdkfj;ksa dks Lo.kZ,oa lqunfj;ka izkir u gks ldsa ijkt; dh flfkfr ls iwoz gh xkao dks ohjku djds efgyk;sa tksgj ;kfu vius dks vkx esa tykdj HkLe dj ysaa ukfj;ksa ds bl cfynkuh dk;z dks Lej.k djus ds fy;s gj lky ds dqaokj ekl dh d`.k v Veh dks egky{eh ozr iwtu djds vius tksgj djus dh izfrkk ysrh gsaa Vslw&Vslw शCn Vhlw शCn dk vihkza k gsa x<dqamkj iru ds ckn eqlyekuksa }kjk t>ksfr Hkwfe esa Hk;adj ywv ekj] vkxtuh vksj drys vke ds dkj.k tu lk/kkj.k dh vkrek dks,d LFkkbZ vk?kkr yxka ;gh vk?kkr,d LFkkbZ Vhl ds :i esa izdv gqvk vksj x<+dqamkj ds ;q) esa ls cps 152 [kaxkj ljnkjh ds usr`ro esa

14 lkef;zoku ;qodksa dks izsj.kk nh fd os viuh Hkwfe ls fons kh kkldksa dk muewyu djsaa bl ny dk dk;z tq>ksfr izns k esa eqlyekuksa dh lsukvksa ds ekxz vo:) djuk] mudks ekjukk vksj mudh jln u V djuk FkkA Nkikekj ;q) djuk mudh j.kuhfr FkhA unh]?kkv] taxy] igkm+ vkfn ds vuq:i viuh VqdfM+;ksa dk lapkyu ;s Vhlw djrs FksA gj?kj ij l[r igjsnkj dh fu;qfdr gksrh Fkh tks lsukvksa ds vkokxeu ij utj j[krk Fkk vksj vkxs ¼Vhlw½ dks bldh lwpuk nsrk Fkk bls NVksfj;k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk Vhlw gksuk xoz dh ckr gksrh Fkh] izk;% lhkh ;qok blds lnl; gksrs FksA bu Vslqvksa ds dkj.k xkao vksj uxj viuh j{kk djus esa cgqr gn rd lqy gq;sa lu~ 1346&47 ls ckcj ds vkøe.k 1528 bz0 rd bu Vslqvksa us tq>ksfr dks cpkus esa viuh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk;ha lu~ 1528 bz0 esa punsjh jktk esfnuhjk; ¼[kaxkj½ ds usr`ro esa ckcj ls] bugh Vslqvksa ds 6000 ohjksa dk eqdkcyk fd;k] ijurq ns k dk nqhkkzx; fd ns knzksfg;ksa ds lg;ksx ls ckcj us egkjktk laxzke flag dks tgj nsdj ejok fn;k vksj os punsjh ;q) ds iwoz gh fl/kkj x;s] vdsys ym+us ds dkj.k esfnuh jk; llsu; ohjxfr dks izkir gq;sa vkt dh Vslqvksa dh Vksfy;ka?kj&?kj pank,df=r djrh gsa ;g mlh ifjikvh dk cnyk gqvk Lo:i gsa

15 [kaxkj {kf=;ksa dk,sfrgkfld lqjukek ckrsa] rf; vksj nlrkost [kaxkj {kf=; oa k dk i`fkd ls,sfrgkfld nlrkosthdj.k,slk ugha gqvk tslk vu; {kf=; jktkvksa dk gqvk gs blds fy, gesa vius bfrgkl vkssj {kf=; oa k ds fodkl dks le>us ds fy, vu; xzafkksa dk lgkjk ysuk im+rk gsa [kaxkj {kf=;ksa dk mn~hko e/;dky esa vusd {kf=;oa kksa dh mrifrr esa gh fufgr gsa vusd bfrgkldkjksa }kjk {kf=;ksa dh mrifrr ds vyx&vyx fl)kar fn, x, gsa vksj vc rd dksbz,d fl)kar ij lhkh fo}r lger ugha gq, gsaa ;g bfrgkldkjksa ds fookn dk foष; gs ijarq tks fuzfookn gss ; fi dqnsd }kjk dhkh dhkkj bl ij iz u [km+s fd;s x;s gsa vksj mugsa leqfpr mrrj Hkh feys gssa og gs [kaxkj {kf=; gsaa [kaxkj {kf=; oa k dk i`fkd ls,sfrgkfld nlrkosthdj.k,slk ugha gqvk tslkk vu; {kf=; jktkvksa dk gqvk gs blds fy;s gesa vius bfrgkl vksj {kf=; oa k ds fodkl dks le>us ds fy, vu; xzafkksa dk lgkjk ysuk im+rk gsa vusd,frgkfld jpukvksa dk ljljh rksj ij vksj dqn dk xgu v/;;u dj [kaxkj {kf=; lekt ij laf{kir izdk k Mkyus dk ;g iz;kl gsa [kaxkj शCn dk श ) vfkz egk egksik/;k; iafmr ckyd`.k fej us bl izdkj crk;k gs fd% [kaxkj[km~xkkj[km~xk vkjkfr ¼x~gkfr½ bfr [km~xkj] [km~xrtokj] vkjxzg.k djuk] ryokj x`g.k djus okyk ohj ;ks)ka blh izdkj izkphu le; esa jktk yksx ohjrk lwpd [kaxkj uke xzg.k djus esa viuk xksjo le>rs FksA vusd {kf=;ksa ds jkt; oa k esa dbz [kaxkj uke/kkjh jktk gq, gsaa xgyksr oa k eas dka/ky ds iq= jruflag ds oa k] cyyw शDrkor ds oa k esa] lkapksj ds pksgku oa k esa] t;flag nscksr ds oa k esa fdlunkl dk ym+dk [kaxkj gqvka jk.kk rstlh chlkor ds iq= dkugk ds oa k esa lkgc dk iq=] dnokgk oa k esa i`fohjkt ds HkkbZ dqahkk punzlsuksr ds oa k esa Fkkukflag dk ym+dk [kaxkj gqvka vkesj ds dnokgk oa k esa txeku ds iq= [kaxkj gq,] ftuls [kaxkjksr gqvka [kaxkj {kf=; % lk/kkj.k turk dks bl tkfr dk ifjp; ugha gsa ;g ugha tkurs fd og tkfr fdl o.kz esa gs] dgka dh jgus okyh gs] buds iwozt dksu FksA [kaxkj {kf=; gsaa buds iwozt twukx<+ ¼lkSjkष ट र ª½ esa jkt; djrs Fks vksj ogka ds [ksrflag ukeh ohj iq:ष dks fnyyhifr i`fohjkt pksgku us viuk lkear cuk;k vksj mugksus i`fohjkt ds lkfk dbz ;q) thrsa egksck vkfn thrdj cqansy[kam esa [kaxkjksa ds jkt; dh tm+s tekbzaa budh jkt/kkuh x<+dqm+kj esa FkhA ;gka [kaxkjks dk cuk;k bfrgkl izfl) fdyk vc Hkh gsa budks /kks[kk nsdj cqnsyksa us jkt; NhukA [ksrflag ds oa kt vhkh Hkh cqansy[kam esa o vklikl ds {ks= esa gsaa [kaxkj {kf=; &,frgkfld izek.k % [kaxkj {kf=; oa kt gsa blds izek.k ds rksj ij,frgkfld vksj

16 iqjkrkfrod egro ds vusd lk{; gsaa bfrgkldkjksa }kjk {kf=; jktkvksa ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa,slh vusd?kvukvksa dk myys[k fd;k x;k gsa tgka ij [kaxkjksa dks {kf=; oa kt ekuk x;k gsa iqjkrkfrod lk{;ksa esa f kykys[k vksj vu; LFkkiR; fuekz.k [kaxkjksa ds {kf=; gksus ds izekf.kd lcwr gsa bugha,frgkfld vksj iqjkrkfrod lk{;ksa esa ls dqn vksj muesa of.kzr?kvukvksa dk myys[k djuk izklafxd gksxka {kf=; oa k iznhi] gehjiqj xtsfv;j] jktiwr xtv] ekjokm+ dk bfrgkl] Bkdqj :nzflag rksej d`r {kf=; :nzizdk k] xgyksr d`r ekjokm+ ds bfrgkl] {kf=; orzeku vfkok oa kkoyh] {kf=; tkfr ¼tks HkwriwoZ LVsV dksfuly chdkusj ds Jheku Bkdqj lkgc cgknqj flag th us cecbz esa izdkf kr dh gs mlesa [kaxm+ uke Hkh fn;k gsa½ dh lwph esa lkq rksj ij fy[kk gs fd [kaxkj {kf=; gsaa vaxzsy ys[kd Øqd us ^VªkbCt,aM dklv* esa fy[kk gs bl tkfr ds jktiwr gksus ds dbz izek.k gsa tks fu p;kred gsaa Xokfy;j njckj ls izdkf kr iqjkrro fohkkx dh iqlrd esa [kaxkj jktiwr fn;k gsa pansjh ds bfrgkl o.kzu esa [kaxkj jktiwwrksa dk o.kzu bl izdkj & dksbz gtkj वर ष igys ;gka ifm+gkj {kf=;ksa dk jkt; Fkk] blds ckn Øe k% ukx oaf k;ksa] pansys jktiwr vksj [kaxkj jktiwr ;gka ds jktk gq,a buds iwozt cqansy[kam esa jkt; djrs Fks ftudk cuk;k x<+dqm+jkj fdyk vc Hkh gsa buds Hknksfj;ksa ds lkfk esgj dk vc Hkh laca/k gsa ¼R;kx&Hkwfe if=dk] वर ष &2] [kam 1] iksष 1984½ i`fohjkt jklks esa o.kzu gs fd i`fohjk ds ;gka tks lkeur Fks muesa [ksrflag [kaxkj dk myys[k feyrk gs] tks lksjkष ट र ns k dk jgus okyk Fkk vksj ;g [kaxkj {kf=; FksA fnyyh lqyrku i`fohjkt pksgku ds lkfk ;q) Hkwfe lkear [ksrflag [kaxkj ds ijkøe dk o.kzu i`fohjkt jklks esa fd;k x;k gsa [ksrflag [kaxkj dk fojn cxxjh ck?k o.kzu gs vksj mlesa uksv gs fd egksck fot; d ysus ij og ;gha cqansy[kam dk lwcsnkj fu;qdr gqvk FkkA blls ogka [kaxkjksa ds jkt; dh tm+ teh] ftls cqnsyksa us m[kkm+ka [ksrk ds oa k ds vc Hkh gtkjksa vkneh cqansy[kam esa gsaa ijeky jklks esa Hkh [ksrflag [kaxkj dk o.kzu gs] tcfd og i`fohjkt ds lkfk ;q) esa x;k FkkA dsdm+h ¼vtesj½ ds HksSjksflag dh oa kkoyh ls izdv gksrk gs fd twukx<+ dk jkt :<+ [kaxkj Fkk ftls fprksjx<+ ds jkuk lkaxk dh csvh fd kksj dqavjckbx C;kgh FkhA ftlds iq= t;flag vksj [ksrflag vkfn t;flag twukx<+ dh xn~nh ij csbsa t;flag dk o.kzu ukxjh izpkfj.kh if=dk Hkkx&3 vad&3 uohu laldj.k esa vk;k gsa [ksrflag vksj mlds oa ktksa dk fookg laca/k {kf=;ksa esa Fkk] c?ksy xgjokj vkfn esa mudk fookg vc Hkh cqansy[kam vkfn esa gksrk gsa ;g,frgkfld lk{; [kaxkj oa k dks {kf=; oa k izekf.kr djrs gsaa [kaxkj {kf=;ksa ds fhkuu&fhkuu uke % [kaxkj tkfr dgha [kkaxj] [kkxj] jko [kaxkj] [kaxm] [kaxkj uke ls o.kzu gs] ;s lc {kf=; [kaxkj gsaa LFkku Hksn ls vyx&vyx dgs tkrs gsa ¼{kf=; o.kzu iznhu vksj Øqd dè ^dklv,um VªkbCt* nsf[k;sa½ [kaxkj tkfr ugh oa k dk uke % [kaxkj dksbz tkfr ugha gsa fgunqvksa ds {kf=; o.kz ds varxzr ;g [kaxkj oa k gs vksj ;g,d ifjokfjd uke gs tks vkxs pydj oa k cu x;k gsa ftl rjg luk<;] dku;dqct vkfn czkeg.k ns kkurj ds czkeg.kksa dk fqdjk gks x;k gs vksj mles a ikams] frokjh] nqcs vkfn oa k ds vuqlkj Hksn gks x;s

17 gsa] mlh rjg {kf=;ksa esa Hkh jkbkssj] pksgku] iaokj] dnokgk] vkfn i`fkd&i`fkd oa k gsaa fqj buds Hkh Hksn gks x;s gsaa uke ds vkxs bugh ds oa k dks izdv djus dks ;s oa k ds uke fy;s tkrs gsaa blh rjg [kaxkj Hkh {kf=; o.kz dk,d va k gs] tks dsoy,d ikfjokfjd uke lwpd gsa blh rjg {kf=;ksa ds eq[; oa k eku yks vfxuoa k gs rks bldh Hkh dbz श [kk,a gqbz gsa vksj buds dbz mioa k gks x;s tsls pksgku] lksyadh] ifm+gkj] [kkaxj vkfna bu mioa kksa dh Hkh dbz kk[kk,a gks xbz ftugsa leiznk; Hkh dg ldrs gsaa blh rjg dbz oa kksa dh dbz श [kk,a gqbz] mnkgj.k ds fy;s ns[kk xgyksr d`r ekjokm+ dk bfrgkl ftlls ekywe gksxk fd ekjokm+ ds jktk fj.key ¼j.key½ ds 24 iq= Fks] bldk nwljk iq= tks/kk uke dk Fkk ftlus eamksoj dk jkt; thrk vksj tks tks/kk jkbksj dgyk;sa gj,d iq= vius uke dk oa k pykus dks i`fkd&i`fkd uke ls izfl) gq, tsls Ånk ym+ds us Ånkor pyk;k] pkaik us pkaikor] jk.kkor us jk.kor jkbksj br;kfn kk[kk,a QSykbZ A tks/kk jktiwr dk ym+dk [ksrlh Fkk ftlus [ksrflagksr श [kk QSykbZA tks/kk dk nwljk iq= [kaxkj Fkk] ftlus [kaxkjksr kk[kk tkjh dh vksj ;s kk[k,aw ckn dks bugh uke ls izfl) gqbzza vkesj dk jktk txrflag xn~nh ij csbka muds 12 iz/kku lkearksa esa vej flag [kaxkjksr bu ns kksa ds v/kh oj FksA[kaxkjksr kk[kk dh mrifrr bl rjg crkbz gs fd t;iqj ds jktk i`fohjkt Fks muds 12 iq= Fksa tks 12 iz/kku lkear in ij FksA bugha iq=ksa esa iakpoka iq= [kaxkj gqvk vlls [kkaxkjksr oa k pyk tks ikfjokfjd uke lwpuk gs ¼VkM% jktlfkku½a blh izdkj {kf=; o.kz ds varxzr dbz oa k vksj vudh श [kk&gqbza blh izdkj [kaxkj Hkh ikfjokfjd uke gsa tks i`fkd oa k dk lwpd gsa [kaxkj jktk ls mri= gksus dkj.k mudk oa k [kaxkj dgyk;ka bl izdkj [kaxkj oa k gs ijurq o.kz {kf=; gsa uo?k.k ds ckn [kaxkj dk oa k pyk ¼d`ष ण oa k dyir:½ [kaxkj {kf=; vfxuoa kh;] panzoa kh % bl tkfr dk gh ;g gky ugha gs vksj Hkh reke {kf=; oa kh tkfr;ksa dk Hkh ;gh gky gsa ;kus frldks tks ekywe gqvk lks crk;ka pksgkuksa ds ckjs esa Hkwfedk esa fy[kk gs fd ;s vius dk iokjksa dh rjg vfxuoa kh le>rs gsaa ijarq f kyk ys[kksa esa budks lw;zoa kh gksuk feyk gsa,d f kykys[k esa pksgku jktk i`fohjkt f}rh; dks panzoa kh fy[kk gs vksj duzy VksM+ us pksgkuksa dks panzoa kh fy[kk gss blesa i`fohjkt fot; uked dko; dk gokyk nsdj budks lw;zoa kh fy[kk gs ¼nsf[k;s & {kf=; egklhkk dk eq[; i= jktiwr ps= kqdy 11 la i`ष ठ 20½ felksfn;k jkt;oa k lw;zoa kh jktiwr gs] budks rks dbz bfrgkldkjksa us czkeg.k oa kh rd fy[k fn;k gsa blh rjg lksyafd;ksa dks rkezi= vkfn esa panzoa kh crk;k gsa blh rjg jkbksj dks ia0 gyk;q/kj fpr dfo jgl; dk gokyk nsdj punzoa kh fy[kk gsa orzeku jkbksj vius dks lw;zoa kh ekurs gsaa blds fo k; esa {kf=;

18 fe= rk- 16 vxlr 1928 esa,d ys[k fn;k gs tks ns[kus ;ksx; gsa xgjokjksa dks Hkh panzoa kh fy[kk gsa xgjokj vius dks lw;zoa kh dgrs gssa var esa ;gh dgk tk ldrk gss fd dkssu fdl oa k dk gh bldk fu.kz; djuk vklku dke ugh gsa D;ksafd cgqr lkjh txgksa ij blds myys[k feyrs gsaa dbz ckj rf;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gs vksj dbz ckj iksjkf.kd vk[;kuksa dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gsa blh rjg xks= ds ckjs esa fy[kk gs fd xks= iqjksfgr ds xks=kuqlkj gksrk gssa ijarq iqjkus iqjksfgr NwV x;s nwljs iqjksfgr cuk fy;s blls xks= Hkh cny x;sa ¼Hkkjr ds izkphu jkt; oa k½ dpn] twukx<+ vkfn ds jktkvksa ds uke [kaxkj vksj dgha&dgha [ksaxkj % [kasxkj शCn rks ns khkk kk ds vuqlkj cu x;k gsa xqtjkrh Hkkष esa tsls?kj dks?ksj dgrs gsa mlh izdkj LFkkfud Hkkx ds vuqlkj [k dk [ks gks tkuk dksbz fofp= ckr ugha gsa blh dkj.k egkjktk dpn ds lsfudksa esa [ksaxkj शCn gh mi;ksx gqvk] ijarq श ) शCn [kaxkj gsa dkj.k fd fxjukj iozr ds f kyk ys[kksa vkfn esa [kaxkj शCn gh mi;ksx gqvk gsa Jh es: rqaxkpk;z fojfpr cgqr izkphu xzafk izca/k fparkef.k esa [kaxkj dk o.kzu gsa dhfrz dkseqnh lxz 2 ds 25osa श ल क esa [kaxkj dk o.kzu vk;k gs ;g lald`r dk izkphu xzafk gsa blh izdkj iqjkrro fohkkx dh iqlrd Survey of India Vol. XL VI Imperial Series Antiquities of Sindh esa ijf k;u xzafk ds vk/kkj ij ckn kkg Qhjkst kkg rqxyd ¼lu~ 1359&89½ jk; [kaxkj ds gjkus dk o.kzu gs mlds jk; [kaxkj gh fn;k gsa Selection from the records of Bombay Govt. No. XIII iqjkrro fohkkx dh bl fjiksvz esa [kaxkj dk o.kzu vk;k gsa श य मलद स d`r ohj fouksn&hkkx 2 esa twukx<+ ds jko [kaxkj ds o.kzu esa [kaxnkj शCn gh fn;k gsa dpn ds egkjkt dks jko [kaxkj gh fy[kk gsa t;iqj ds gfrgkl ds igys Hkkx esa [kaxkj gh fn;k gsa ukxjh izpkfj.kh if=dk ds lc vadksa esa tgka&tgka twukx<+ vksj dpn ds jktkvksa dk o.kzu vk;k gs [kaxkj gh fn;k gsa Hindu Anals of Prince of Gujrat in Western India by A.K. Fobes in 2 volume esa ls [kaxkj dk o.kzu gsa bfrgkl dh iqlrd Chronology of India by Marvel Duff esa Hkh [kaxkj fn;k gsa bu dbz iqlrdksa esa twukx<+ ds [kaxkj jktk dh jkuh jkfudnsoh ds lrh gksus dk o.kzu gs tks bfrgkl izfl) okrkz gsa vufgy ckm+s dk lksyadh jktk t;flag fl)jkt us [kaxkj jktk dks ym+kbz esa ekj Mkyk FkkA iqjkrro fohkkx us viuh iqlrd Architecture Antiquities of North Gujrat esa [kaxkj dk o.kzu fn;k gsa Imperial Series Somnath and other Medieval Temples in Kathiawad esa jko [kaxkj fn;k gsa iqjkrro fohkkx dh Archaeological Survey in india Kachh and Kathiabad esa [kaxkj oa kh; jktkvksa dk o.kzu vk;k gsa eqg.kksr dh [;kfr iqlrd esa twukx<+ vksj dpn jktkvksa ds o.kzu esa [kaxkj dk o.kzu gsa bldk ys[k eqg.kksr laor~ 1714 esa tks/kiqj ds egkjkt tloar flag dk nhoku FkkA ft;kmn~nhu cuhz dh rckjh[k&,&qhjkst श gh esa eqgeen rqxyd ds fdyk ysus ds o.kzu esa [kaxkj

19 jktk dk o.kzu vk;k gsa ehjkrs vgenh esa Hkh [kaxkj jktk dk o.kzu gsa jk Vª dfo Jh esffkyh kj.k ¼fpjxkao&>kalh½ us fl)jkt iqlrd dfork esa fy[kh gs ftlesa t;flag fl)jkt dh ohjrk vkfn nh gs mlesa [kaxkj dk o.kzu vk;k gsa bu lc iqlrdksa dk lkjka k laf{kir esa nsus ij Hkh ys[k c<+ tkrk gs bl fopkj ls cgqr la{ksi esa mudk dsoy fnxn kzu ek= fn;k gs ftuesa [kaxkj jktkvksa dk o.kzu vk;k gsa ;s o.kzu twukx<+ vksj dpn ds jktkvksa ds gh bfrgkl o.kzu laca/k ls gh fn;k gsa [kaxkj {kf=; & jktiwr ;k Bkdqj% [kaxkj {kf=; gsa bl dkj.k tks {kf=; oa k jkt; dj pqds gsa os jktiwr Hkh dgykrs gsaa fnyyh ds egkjfkh if=dk esa jktiwr dh O;k[;k dh gs vksj ftv lhffk;u ¼ kd½ gw.k vkfn fonsf k;ksa dh Hkh larku dks jktiwr dgk gs vksj iqjk.k vkfn dk izek.k fn;k gs ijarq vly vfkz ;gh crk;k gs fd jktiq= ls jktiwr cuk gs tks lk/kkj.k {kf=; शCn ds LFkku esa O;ogzr gksrk gsa [kaxkj oa k ds dbz jktk gks pqds gs ftugksus cqansy[k.m] twukx<+] dpn vkfn esa jkt; fd;k gs] buds oa kt vius dks jktiwr dgrs gsaa jktiwr gksus ls {kf=; [kaxkj gksus ls {kf=; [kaxkj yksx Bkdqj dgykrs gsaa egkjkt N=iky leiw.kkzuun d`r dk kh ds izdkf kr i`ष ठ 3 esa Bkdqj शCn gh mi;ksx fd;k gsa lguiky egksuh ls fudy x;s vksj mugksus x<+dqm+kj esa [kaxkj Bkdqj ds ;gka uksdjh dj yha,d ckj >kalh ftyk esa [kaxkjksa ds Bkdqj ekus tkus ij vkifrr dh xbz FkhA vnkyr tukc felvj tstkulvu lk-cgk0 vnkyr >kalh esa ekeyk pyk] ftldk QSlyk dks gqvka QSlys esa fy[kk gs fd oklro esa ;g jktiwr gh ekus tkrs gsa bl dkj.k [kaxkjksa dks dkuwu dh ea kk ds vuqlkj Bkdqjksa dh,d mitkfr le>uk pkfg,a [kaxkjksa ds iwozt jktk % i`fohjkt jklks ds o.kzu esa Åij vk x;k gs fd i`fohjkt ds ikl [ksrflag [kaxkj lkear Fkk vsj i`fohjkt dh vksj ls cqansy[k.m esa ¼tks is rj tq>ksfr[kam dgykrk Fkk½ [kaxkjksa ds jkt; dh tm+ teh vksj ogka [ksrflag dh larku jkt; djrh jgh vksj buls cqansyksa us jkt; fy;ka [kaxkj {kf=;ksa dk cuk;k izfl) x<+dqm+kj fdyk tgka jkt/kkuh Fkh] Vhdex<+ fj;klr esa vc Hkh gsa ¼ukxjh izpkfj.kh½ [kaxkj {kf=;ksa dk cqansy[kam esa jkt; % cukjl ls izdkf kr cqansy[kam ls ds kjh Hkkx 1 esa 1153 nls 1313 rd [kaxkj {kf=;ksa dk jkt; djuk fy[kk gsa >kalh ds vklikl [kaxkjksa dk jkt; cgqr fnuksa rd jgka ¼ukxjh izpkfj.kh½ i`fohjkt jklks esa [ksrflag [kaxkj dk o.kzu vk pqdk gs tks i`fohjkt dk lkear Fkk vksj lksjkष ट र ª ns k esa twukx<+ esa [kaxkj jktk jkt djrs FksA twukx<+ ds t;flag jktk dk [ksrflag [kaxkj HkkbZ FkkA ftldk o.kzu dsdm+h ¼vtesj½ ds HkkV dh oa kkoyh esa fn;k gsa i`fohjkt pksgku tc twukx<+ f kdkj [ksyus x;s Fks] [ksrflag dh ohjrk ns[k cgqr izluu gq, vksj budks viuk lkear cukdj fnyyh ys x;s FksA twukx<+ ds fxjukj iozr esa [kaxkjksa dk rhfkz LFkku gsa tgka vc Hkh [kaxkj jktkvksa ds f kykys[k ekstwn gsa i`fohjky pksgku tc twukx<+ f kdkj [ksyus x, Fks] [ksrflag dh ohjrk ns[k cgqr izluu gq, vksj budks viuk lkear cukdj fnyyh ys x;s Fks

20 bu lc f kykys[kksa dk o.kzu Archaeological Survey of Western India, List of Anti Quarian rema ins in the Bombay Presidency with an appindi of inser iption from Gujarat By Jas Burjes iqjkrro fohkkx dh fjiksvz vkjpkykftdy losz vkq oslvuz bafm;k] ts-cjtst lk- Nkjk fyf[kr esa fn;k gs ogka nkeksnj ds eafnj ds ikl f kykys[k gs ftlesa 9 शyksd gsa laor~ 1673 dk ;g ys[k gs ;gka flqz rhljk शyksd fn;k gs %& शyksd ;g gs %& gs %& शyksd;g gsa rrr u ;ks ofu HkrkZ [kaxkjks ukn osn eq)rrkza }hiu o) ;grkz lkses k LFkkiu drkz AA3AA i`ष ठ la[;k 178 /kqa/kqlj ds ikl gfjhko esa f kykys[k gs ftlesa 14 शyksd gsa laor~ 1445 dk gs rhljk Jh ¼श श xkj½ Lr dqys [kam~x y{k {kks.kh {kqश.kk श ष fo}sfष i{k%aa ;= fe= {k= u{k= ek=lrkk f kl=k शL=; शDlka/; jkxs AA3AA i`ष ठ 183 ukxukfk ds eafnj dk f kykys[k la dk ftlesa 21 शyksd gsa 14&15 oka शyksd ;g oh jksx tk izofj orlr rksl; lksjkष ट र eamy eoke e iki rhfksz%a ;ks ckj 2 u;lkj fopk: pk:% [kaxkj xku xq.k lksgǹ ekp pkjaa14aa ljh eqgeen o`guen ikr lkfg Økars fi fxjk ofi th.ksz nqxsza [kaxkj Hkwi okák lehi nso HkzSarq% lr lqhkv ly; efr iz;fr%aa15 i`ष ठ 302 fxjukj iozr esa usehukfk ds eafnj ds ikl dk f kykys[k ftlesa 21 शyksdgS ckjgoka kaxkj ukek fjiq jkt; o`{ks [kaxkj,okt fu Hkwfe tkfr%a Jàxkj drrdqy jkt y{e;k Hkàxkj /kkjk txrhy rk;k%aa12aa mlh eafnj ds VwVs [kahks ij [ksrflag dh Hkk;kZ dk Hkh [kqnk;k gqvk f kykys[k gsa twukx<+ esa [kaxkj uke dk,d ugha dbz jktk gks x;s gsaa ftudk o.kzu Øksuksykth vkq bafm;k] esa MQ Onkjk Hkh fn;k gs vksj mudh oa kkoyh Hkh nh gs vksj Selection from the records of Bombay Government No. XIII New Series History of Sindh and Brief Sketchof History of Kutch ns[kks tks lu~ 1827 esa izdkf kr gqbz ¼cEcbZ xouzesav ds fjdkmz dk pquko ua- 13 fla/k vksj dpn dk bfrgkl½a twukx<+ ds [kaxkj jktkvksa dk o.kzu % [kaxkj & 1 lu 151 esa x)h esa csbk cufkyh ds x`gfjiq dks gjk;ka [kaxkj&2 lu~ 1107A [kaxkj &3 lu~ 1147A [kaxkj&4 lu~ 1279 blus lkseukfk ds eafnj dk th.kksz}kj

21 fd;k] Mîw thrka [kaxkj & 5 lu~ 1412 vgen श g ls ym+ka [kaxkj & 6 lu~ 1503 [kaxkj&7 lu~ 1585 ls 1609 rd jkt; fd;ka buds chp esa vksj buds ckn budh larkuksa dk Hkh jkt;dky dk iwjk o.kzu ns[kuk gs rks jklekyk Hindu Anals of Prince of Gujarat in Western India by A.K. Forbes in 2 volume 1924 vksj izca/k fparkef.k Hkh ns[kksa [kaxkj jktk dh izfl) jkuh jkfud nsoh Fkh] ftls fl)jkt tsflag us laor~ 1112 esa [kaxkj jktk dks ekj dj gj.k dj ys x;k] ijarq jkfud nsoh lrh gks xbz] ftldk bfrgkl izfl) gsa bldk lrh pksj Hkksxok unh fdukjs cm+oku xkao esa vhkh rd cuk gqvk gsa vktdy Hkh dbz txg jkfud nsoh dk ukvd [ksyk tkrk gsa twukx<+ vksj lksjkष ट ष टª ds [kaxkj jktkvksa dk bfrgkl o.kzu djrs le; Selection from the record of Bombay Government No. XIII. ftldk ftø Åij vk pqdk gs mlesa bu jktkvksa dk vkfn LFkku bl rjg crk;k x;k gs fd 9oha lnh esa fla/k ds lekdpn dks vk;s vksj pksfks ikapos ih<+h esa lkek yksx tkm+stk dgyk;sa tkm+stk ds cm+s श [kk ds ljnkj [kaxkj Fks bl rjg pwm+klek jktk yksx tkm+slk oa kt dgykus yxsa tkm+stk jktiwr gsa ftldk o.kzu {kf=; oa kkoyh esa fn;k gsa bldh mrifrr eqa kh nsoh izlkn d`r ifjm+gkj jktk Ånjk dh csvh ykgksj ds tkno jktk Hkhelsu dh ivjkuh Fkh tks vkfn ukjk;.k ls 105oha ih<+h FkhA ifm+gkj jktk dsoy dh csvh ykgksj ds ;kno jktk xtwlsu dks C;kgh Fkh vksj leor~ 152 esa glkj ds r[r ij csbka i`ष ठ 38 ;kno jktk oyun th laor~ 291 esa galkj r[r esa esa csbka muds 12 ym+ds gq, ftuds nwljs dqaoj lekth Fks ftugksus im+gkjksa dks ekjdj tke inoh Nhu yha fla/kq uxj clk;k mudh larku tkm+stk dgykbz ftudk jkt dpn Hkqt esa gsa ns k ysdj ogka lek dpn ds jktk lkgc viuk oa k lwpd [kaxkj vc Hkh flddk vkfn esa mi;ksx djrs gsaa [kaxkj vksj [ksaxkj,d gh gsa bu jktkvksa dk vf/kd gky tkuus dh bpnk gks rks ns[kks vjyh fglvªh vkq bafm;k] flefk lk- dh cukbz] iqjkrro fohkkx fgunqlrku dh ljos ftyn ua- 45] vkjdhvsdvy,suvhdohvht mrrj xqtjkr dh vkdlqksmz fglvªh vkq bafm;k Hkkx 3 vksj ukxjh izpkj.kh if=dka [kaxkj jkt; dk iru % twukx<+ ds [kaxkj jktk dks lu~ 1482 esa vgenkckn ds lqyrku eqgeen csxjk us thrk rc ls eqlyekuh jkt; gks x;k vksj ckn eqlyekuksa ds ncko esa vkdj eqlyekuh etgc Lohdkj dj fy;k] ns[kks jk; LFkku] Jh xksfoun ukjk;.k d`r] fnyyh ls izdkf kra cqansy[k.m dk [kaxkj jkt; blds igys gh u V gks pqdk FkkA blds ckjs esa dbz eqlyeku vksj vaxzst izkphu xzafkdkjksa us dbz txg o.kzu fd;k gsa rrdkyhu jkt;ksa ds chp }sषrk vksj vardzyg rfkk vu; ifjflfkfr;ksa esa [kaxkj jktk ds lkfk km+;a=iwozd fo okl?kkr dj jkt; Nhu x;k vksj [kaxkj jktoa k dks lewy u V djus dh psष ट fotsrkvksa ds }kjk dh xbza iqumzn~hko ds fy, laxfbr gksuk t:jh % enqze kqekjh dh fjiksvz fgunqlrku dh lu~ 1939 lsuvªy bafm;k

22 ,tsalh dh fjiksvz ns[kus ls izdv gksxk fd bl tkfr dks {kf=; gksuk crk;k x;k gsa xksfoannkl d`r [kaxkj tkfr dk bfrgkl vksj [kaxkj {kf=; lhkk ujflagiqj ls izdkf kr oa kkoyh dk Hkh o.kzu vk;k gsa [kaxkj {kf=; egklhkk lu~ 1916 ls LFkkfir gsa fgunqlrku ds fhkuu&fhkuu LFkkuksa esa izr;sd वर ष bldh lhkk gqvk djrh gs ftldk gsm vkwfql ujflagiqj e-iz- esa gsa blesa izr;sd o kz tkfr ds laxbu dk iz;ru fd;k tkrk gsa dbz brj {kf=; vksj czkeg.kksa dh bl oa k ls cgqr lgkuqhkwfr gsa lu~ 1940 esa caxjk] ftyk tkyksuh ;w-ih- ds dq kokgk {kf=; f kjksef.k f konrr flag th] jbzl ds iz;ru ls dq kokgk {kf=; oa kt Bkdqj gfj kpunth] ch-,-,y-,y-ch- odhy mjbz ds lhkkifrro esa lhkk gqbz Fkh vksj dbz {kf=;ksa dh bl oa k ij cgqr lgkuqhkwfr gsa [kaxkj {kf=; & tuså /kkj.k laldkj % tc cqansyksa us [kaxkj jktk dks ekjdj cqansy[k.m dk jkt [kaxkjksa ls Nhuk ml le; cqansyksa us ftrus [kaxkj feys [kkst&[kkstdj ekj MkysA ml le; vius ljnkjksa ds ekjs tkus ls cgqr ls [kaxkj viuh tku cpkus ds fy, viuk tuså rksm+dj] Hks k cnydj vksj fnidj jgus yxsa mugksus cqansyksa ds Hk; tuså /kkj.k dju NksM+ fn;k] ijarq buesa cxsj tuså /kkj.k fd, fcuk fookg ugh gksrka fookg esa tuså vo ; iguuk im+rk gs pkgs fqj fookg ds ckn tuså mrkj MkysaA gkykafd vhkh Hkh cgqr lkjh txgksa ij yksx tuså ds Hkh ik;s tkrs gsaa tuså ds ckjs esa dbz txg dksbz&dksbz brj {kf=; Hkh tuså ugh /kkj.k djrs tsls jktiwrkuk vkfn esaa [kaxkj {kf=;ksa ds fookg esa tkfr dk lueku lwpd [kax ;kus ryokj] dvkj Vhdk esa vhkh Hkh fn;k tkrk gsa

23 vbkjg lks lrrkou ds vej शghn Bkdqj yeiwflag [kaxkj vksjnk xsv ds [kqyrs gh xqirpjksa us egkjkuh dks lwpuk nh ds fo okl?kkrh nwygktw vksj muds lkfkh ihj vyh us xn~nkjh dj nh gsa vksjnk xsv ls lsuk शgj esa?kql pqdh gsa vaxzstksa ds lkfk ns kh फ t cgqr gsa jkuh us cm+s /ks;z ls dke fy;k, cksyh es rks tkurh gh Fkh fd nwygktw viuk ijeijkxr vlj ugh NksM+ ldrs gsaa jktk vksj tkxhjnkj rks xksjksa ds xqyke gks pqds gsa, mugsa vius jkt; vksj tkxhjas cpkuk gsa ns k ls mudk D;k ukrk jgk gsa ns k dk nqhkkzx; gs fd ge vkil esa gh fc[kj x;sa jkuh us vius fo oluh; yksxksa ls ijke kz fd;k एव mugksus >ydkjh ckbz dksfju ls dgk fd cfguk eq>s rsjh lgk;rk dh t:jr gs, D;k esjs fy;s vksj ns k ds fy;s rqe viuk leiz.k dj ldrh gksa >ydkjh ckbz us dgk ckbz lkc dslh ckr djrh gks, vkkk ns arks esa rks vkidh lsod gwaa uksu&ikuh t:j vnk d:axha bruk lqudj jkuh us dgk fd rw jkuh cudj vaxzstksa dks Hkze esa Mky vksj mugsa vkxs c<+us ls jksdks D;ksafd rqe esjh ge kdy gksa mugsa viuh prqjkbz vksj ohjrk dk ifjp; nsdj NdkvksA mugsa crk nsk fd >kalh dh ukfj;ka dslh cgknqj gksrh gsaa jux<+k dsa xttw [kaxkj, punkojs ds pquuh vksj >Mw ;kno dks cqykdj le>k;ka fnukjk ds xuir flag ;kno ls dgk eq>s rqe ij Hkjkslk gsa rs;kj jgks le; ij dke crkåaxh A finksj ds Bkdqj yeiwflag [kaxkj ls tkdj dgk, dkdkjh cm+k /kks[kk gks x;k gs, esjh >kalh vc xksjksa dh nkl gks tk;sxha esर vflrro [krjs esa gs, eq>dks vki ij cm+k Hkjkslk gsa esjh ;kstuk gs fd esa श?kz fdys ls ckgj gks tkåa vksj ns k dh turk dks र ष ट रª j{kk gsrq vkogku d:aa jktdqekj nkeksnj jko dks lqjf{kr LFkku ij igqapkdj egkjkt ds oa k dh j{kk d:a, क य vki esjh lgk;rk vksj lqj{kk djsaxsa Bkdqj yeiwflag [kaxkj न कह ckbzlkc vki esjh csvh ds

24 leku gsa vksj gekjh jktk gs और jktk dh vkkk dk ikyu djuk esjk iquhr drzo; gsa [kaxkj {kf=;ksa us /kks[kk [kk;k gs /kks[kk fn;k ugha gsa ckbzlkc tc rd esjs शjhj esa izk.k jgsaxs vkidk dksbz cky ckadk ugha dj ldsxk, vius jdr dh vafre cwan rd esa vius jktk vksj ns k ds fy;s ym+rk jgwaxka bruk lqudj jkuh us dgk& vki,d cgknqj gks vksj ns khkdr dkse esa tuesa mnkj gǹ; O;fDr gsa rhkh rks esus viuh xqir ;kstuk vkidks crykdj ekxzn kzu pkgk gs vksj laj{k.k dh ckr dh gsa vkius ns[kk ugha fd vksjnk vksj nfr;k ds im+kslh cqansyk jktkvksa dh QkStsa >kalh dks uslrukcwn djus ij fdl rjg mrk: gsa vksj xksjksa dk lkfk nsdj lsokhkfdr n kkz jgha gsaa ;kstuk ds vuqlkj Bkdqj yeiwflag us jkuh ds ikapksa fo oluh; lsfudksa dks lkr mrre?kksm+ksa lfgr fdys ds ihns [k.msjko xsv ds ikl Hkst fn;ka,d mrre Mksyh esa jkuh dks fcbkydj fdys dh pgkjnhokjh ls uhps mrkjk x;ka Mksyh?kksM+ksa ds leery igqaprs gh jkuh dwndj?kksm+s ij lokj gks xbza ikapks lsfud] iq= lfgr jkuh vksj dkdk Jh Bkdqj yeiwflag?kksm+ksa ij lokj gksdj tuehkwfe dks vafre iz.kke dj py fn;sa Bkdqj yeiwflag us pquuh ;kno dks pyrs le; b kkjksa ls dqn le>k;ka jkuh us dgk dkdkjh esjh,d vfhkykष gs क >kalh NksM+us ls igys y{ehrky ij egkjkt ds lekf/klfky ij muds pj.k Li kz vksj n kzu djuk pkgrh gwa अत: cm+s osx ls pyus okys?kksm+ksa dh jkl eksm+ nh xbz एव {k.khkj esa lekf/klfky ij tk igqaps, lhkh lokjksa us mrjdj ekrk egky{eh dks ueu fd;k fqj jktk xaxk/kjjko dh izfrek ds n kzu dj pj.k Nq,A jkuh us xnxn d.b ls dgk fd egkjkt esa >kalh dks gǹ; ls ugha NksM+ jgh gwaa vkidk oa k lqjf{kr jg lds, esa vius L=h /kez dh ifo=rk j[k ldwa vksj vkøe.kdkjh xksjh ljdkj dk eku foenzu djus esa lefkz gks ldwa blfy;s ns kokfl;ksa ds chp tk jgh gwaa yksv ldh rks fqj n kzu d:axh ugh arks ;g vafre iz.kke Lohdkj djsaa m/kj Mkayh esa csbh >ydkjkbz ckbz dks ns[kdj fqjaxh ny HkSkpDdk jg x;ka jkuh vk xbz, >kalh dh jkuh us leiz.k dj fn;k gsa Mksyh tsls gh lsuk ds chp igqaph, nwygktw us श j epk fn;k fd vjs ;g jkuh ugha gs >ydkjh dksfju gsa áwjkst us xqlls esa vkdj dgk >ydkjh rqeus deiuh ljdkj dks /kks[kk fn;k gs, tkurh gks /kks[ks dk n.m D;k gksrk gs\ eksr, ys ekjmkj, tk BkMh gksaa lsfud Mksyh ij >ivs fd >ydkjh rqjur?kksm+s ij lokj gks xbz, ryokj E;ku ls ckgj fudkydj ekjdkv djus yxha áwjkst tehu ij fxj im+k,?kcjkdj cksyk cgknqj vksjr श ckl, ftl jkuh dh uksdjkuh bruh cgknqj gs og jkuh dslh gksxha nwygktw fpyykus yxk tujy lkgc, jkuh >kalh rks yeiwflag [kaxkj ds lkfk fdys ls ckgj fudy xbz gsa >ydkjh ckbz us c<+rh gqbz vaxzst lsuk dks jksdk vksj nzqrxfr ls ekjdkv djus yxh एव var esa ym+rh gqbz ohjxfr dks

25 izkir gqbza nwygktw ds lkfk tujy okdj lsuk dh,d cm+h VqdM+h ysdj py fn;sa pquuh ;kno muls igys py fn;k FkkA gkaqrs gq, ihjvyh us vkdj [kcj nh, nwygktw jkuh y{ehrky ij jktk lekf/k ij :dh gsa pquuh ;kno us lekf/k LFky ij igqapdj tksj ls dgk dkdkjh xksjh QkSt vkidk ihnk dj jgh gsa lko/kku jgsa >ydkjhckbz ym+ रह gsa pksaddj lc lko/kku gks x;s vksj ns[kk fd?kksm+ksa dh Vkiksa dh vkokt ikl vkrh tk jgh gsa Bkdqj yeiwflag cksyk& ckbzlkc vki bu yksxksa ds lkfk श?kz fudy tk;sa vksj HkakMsj gksdj dkyih igqap tkuk ogka jk;lkgc dk lg;ksx fey tk;sxka pquuh HkS;k rqe lokjksa dks egkdkyh eafnj ds ikl ls fudkydj HkwrukFk gksrs gq, HkkaMsj ds jklrs ij yxk nsuk, tkvks श?kzrk djksa jkन us dgk & dkdkjh esa rqegsa vdsyk ugha NksM+waxhA ckbzlkc vki esa fqø u djsa esa budks nks&pkj?k.vs rks jksdwadk gh rc rd vki dkqh nwj fudy tk;saxh] lkspus dk le; ugha gsa esa tkurk gwa fd vkius cpiu ls gh ;q) fo k lh[kh gs, j.kdks ky esa fuiq.k gksdj vki,d cgknqj efgyk gsa, esa vkidh ym+us dh izfø;k ls ifjfpr gwa, fdurq vkids lkeus dbz egroiw.kz nkf;ro gsaa jkuh vksj dqn dgrh fd Bkdqj us mugsa cjcl?kksm+s ij csbk fn;ka pj.k Nwdj dgk& esjs HkkX; esa vkids lkfk pyuk ugha cnk gs, D;ksafd bl vka/kh dks dksb jksd u ldsxka esa fdlh dks vdsyk ejus ds fy;s ;gka ugha NksM+ ldrk gwaa ge rks [kaxkj gsa, ejus dks gh tue ysrs gsaa fqj vius jktk vksj ns k ds fy;s ;g शjhj dke vkos rks blls vpnk vksj D;k gks ldrk gs\ t; Hkokuh ds lkfk lokjksa us izlfkku fd;k vksj Bkdqj yeiwflag [kaxkj vius?kksm+s ij ru dj csb x;sa {k.khkj esa xksjh QkSt vk xbza Bkdqj us yydkj dj dgk& [kcjnkj vkxs c<+s rks isj dkv MkywaxkA mlus E;ku ls ryokj [khap yha xksjs ny esa luukvk Nk x;k A Hkkxrh gqbz vaxzst lsuk,sls :d xbz ekuks rst xfr ls pyus okyh xkm+h esa czsd yx x;k gksa y{ehrky ij tkus dk,d gh jklrk Fkk mlh ij Bkdqj yeiwflag rus gq, [km+s FksA nwygktw us lkeus vkdj nwj ls dgk yeiwflag vkxs ls gv tkvksa jkuh dgka gsa, mugsa vaxzst ljdkj ds gokys dj nksa ljdkj rqegsa cgqr lk bzuke nsxh, ekykeky dj tkehjnkj cuk nsxh, Bkdqj yeiwflag galus yxka cksyk nwygk ;g rqegkjh ckjkr gsa esa ugha tkurk Fkk fd rqe brus fxjs gq, gks vksj ;gka rd uhprk ij mrj vkvksxs, ukjh tkfr dh j{kk djuk {kf=;ksa dk iquhr drzo; jgk gsa Bhd gs ij rqe {kf=; jgs dgka gksa ftl unh dk ikuh lw[k tkrk gs og unh, unh dgykus dh vf/kdkjh ugha gksrh gsa tks {kf=;] {kf=;ksfpr