3. LOS TIEMPOS PRESENTES PERFECTOS

Transcripción

1 This project funded by Leonardo da Vinci been carried out with the support of the European Community. The content of this project does not necessarily reflect the position of the European Community or the National Agency, nor does it involve any responsibility on their part. MATERAL DE FORMACÓN 3. LOS TEMPOS PRESENTES PERFECTOS 3.1. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO SMPLE El Presente Simple se refiere a una acción que ha sucedido en algún momento antes que ahora. Sin embargo, a veces la acción continua; en ocasiones la acción sucedió en el pasado pero el resultado de la acción continua en el presente. Ejemplo: John is looking for his wallet. He can't find it. He lost his wallet. He lost his wallet = He lost it and he still n't got it. Have/ lost es el presente perfecto simple: Esta parte de la gramática inglesa resulta difícil para algunas nacionalidades, porque en su lengua materna no existe un tiempo gramatical especial para estas situaciones usan el Presente o el Pasado = por lo tanto es aconsejable comparar el Presente Perfecto con estas estructuras. FORMA Fundamentalmente, el Presente Perfecto Simple tiene la siguiente forma: Have/ + past participle (del verbo principal) have been... (irregular) He opened... (regular) Muc veces el participio pasado acaba en -ed (finished/decided etc.), sin embargo muchos verbos importantes son irregulares (lost/done/been/written etc.). (Ver lista de los verbos irregulares) Positive and negative He/She/t Have (not) seen the movie. Short Forms: have been = ve been have been = ve been have been = ve been have been = ve been He been = He s been

2 She been = She s been t been = t s been Question Where have He/She/t gone? Yes/No question Have you been to Spain? Has she done it? Short answers Yes, have. No, haven t. Yes, she. No, she n t. USO * ver también el apartado USO para el Presente Perfecto Continuo (abajo) comparación de aspectos del Simple y el Continuo. Cuando usamos el presente perfecto siempre hay un aspecto que tiene que ver con el ahora. La acción en el pasado tiene un resultado ahora: 'Where's your key?' ' don't know. 've lost it.' ( haven't got it now) He told me his name but 've forgotten it. ( can't remember it now) 's Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (she is out now) can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (Do you know where it is now?) Con frecuencia empleamos el presente perfecto para dar nueva información o para anunciar un suceso reciente: The road is closed. There's been (= there been) an accident. (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. Se puede usar el presente perfecto con just, already y yet Just = 'hace poco tiempo': 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. 've just had lunch.' Hello. Have you just arrived? Usamos already para decir que algo ha occurrido antes de lo previsto: 'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' ''ve already posted it.' 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.' Yet = 'ta ahora' demuestra que la persona hablando está esperando que algo suceda. Usa yet solamente para frases negativas y preguntas: Has it stopped raining yet? 've written the letter but haven't posted it yet. Usamos el presente perfecto con today / this morning / this evening etc.( hoy / esta mañana / esta tarde etc.) cuando estos períodos todavía no han terminado en el momento de hablar: 've drunk four cups of coffee today. Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? Ron n't worked very hard this term. 2

3 En los siguientes ejemplos la persona que está hablando también habla de un período que continua ta ahora (últimamente / en los últimos días / ta ahora / desde esta mañana etc.): Have you heard from George recently? 've met a lot of people in the last few days. Everything is going well. haven't had any problems so far. Usamos When...? (+ pasado simple)) y How long...? (+ presente perfecto): When did you start the game? started 30 minutes ago. How long have you known John? have known him for 2 years. Usamos for cuando hablamos de un período de tiempo : have known him for two years. Usamos since para hablar del comienzo de un período de tiempo: have known him since EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTNUO El Presente Perfecto Continuo y el Presente Perfecto Simple son muy parecidos porque ambos: - expresan una actividad que comenzó en el pasado y que continua ta el presente ve been working on it for months! - se refieren a una actividad con un resultado en el presente m tired because ve been working hard. FORMA Have/ + been + - ing (participio presente del verbo principal) Positive and negative He/she/it ve (have) haven t s() n t been working. Question How long have He/she/it been working? Yes/No question Have you been running? Has she been shopping? Short answer Yes, have. - No, haven t. Yes, she. No, she n t. 3

4 USO Muc veces usamos el presente perfecto continuo para decir por cuánto tiempo algo ha estado sucediendo, sobre todo con how long, for... y since.... La acción todavía está sucediendo (como en el ejemplo) o acaba de dejar de suceder. How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English) Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day. Where have you been? 've been looking for you for the last half hour. George n't been feeling well recently. Se puede usar el presente perfecto continuo para acciones que se repiten a lo largo de un período de tiempo: Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight. Comparación del presente perfecto continuo y del presente perfecto simple Usamos el continuo para preguntar o decir how long (durante cuánto tiempo) para una actividad que aún no ha terminado): How long have you been playing this match? Usamos el simple para preguntar o decir how much, how many o how many times (cuánto, cuántos o cuántas veces) para acciones ya terminadas : How many sets have you played so far? Los verbos que transmiten la idea de mucho tiempo, por ejemplo; wait, work, learn, travel, play se pueden usar con el Presente Perfecto Continuo: ve been learning English for two years. She s been playing tennis since she was 6. Sin embargo, los verbos que no transmiten la idea de mucho tiempo, por ejemplo; find, start, buy, die,lose, break, stop no se suelen usar en el Presente Perfecto Continuo: ve bought a new dress. Tom broken the glass. Verbos que expresan un estado por ejemplo; like, love, know, have para posesión, no se usan con el Presente Perfecto Continuo: She s known him for two weeks. How long have you had your bike? 3.3. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO FRENTE AL PASADO Si queremos decir cuándo sucedió la acción (en el pasado ayer/la semana pasada /en 1990/ hace dos días), usamos el Pasado Simple: went to Prague last week. She bought a new bike yesterday. Vamos a comparar el Presente Perfecto y el Pasado Simple en las siguientes frases: Presente Perfecto She left. (She is not here now) Pasado Simple She left ten minutes ago. 4

5 Have you ever been to Russia? (= in your life, until now) He is a painter. He painted many pictures. She s worked here for two years. (she still works here) have lost my wallet. ( can t find it now) Did you go to Russia last year? Picasso painted a lot of pictures. She worked here for two years ( ), but now she works somewhere else. lost my wallet yesterday. 5