> +>> ######$$% &'()(*&$+,-,.)//+',0

Transcripción

1 ! "

2

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

4 ! " #$ %& '( ) *! +, *!-.- / 0! * /!' * %1 - * / ( * 2 * *

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

6 !"#$%"$&!#' ()%* #.I$+*#,'/$,.1#*51+8/1,&6(#*1&2*$$,.1 *1-+/&#* #,?,$/$,.1 K>>*75,&,'(&#6,1,&'+/',E(& K>G>1#*2*1#*1$,/;62/+$,/),#/#*1'*8+,#/# K>>(1?,#*1$,/),#/# K>J>+8/1,:/$,.1D*&',.1 K>K>,&'*6/#*/),#/# K>">*+&(1/) K>H>1&'/)/$,(1*&D 75,2(& K>A>9'(#(&D+($*#,6,*1'(&#*1&2*$$,.1 ()%* #/I$+*#,'/$,.1#*)/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.1 ">>*&56*1#*)/*'(#()(84/#*+/-/3( ">G>*&/++())(#*),&'*6/#**&',.1#*)/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.1 ">>//-)/#**?*+*1$,/&+5:/#/& ()%* #0I,&$5&,.1D(1$)5&,(1*& H>>(1$)5&,(1*& &2*$4?,$/& ()%* #1I,-),(8+/?4/(1&5)'/#/D*?*+*1$,/& $"2#I($56*1'(&#*),&'*6/#**&',.1#*/),#/# #*&/++())/#(&2/+/)/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.1#*#,*6 $"2#I$+*#,'/$,(1*&*1&$+,2$,(1*&9$1,$/&,8*1'*&#*#,*6 G" G " A J J@ J@ J J JG J J JK JK J" JA JA K K KG

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

10 ()%* #B/1&2*$$,.19$1,$/#*-+/& 33 " #' 5$5"'!" $'("55&6$=5$&5!"4' (&/)$/1$*&75*',*1*)/,1&2*$$,.1&(1 #*?,1,#(& *1*) $(1'+/'(,1&2*$$,.1B6/1#/1'* D E/+4/1#*51$/&(/('+(#*2*1#,*1#(#*)(&+*75*+,6,*1'(&#**&'*<)',6(>,*)6/1#/1'* *& /3*1( /) 651#( #* )/,18*1,*+4/ D $(1&'+5$$,.1 *& 65D 2(&,-)* 75* #*)*85* 8+/1#*& /'+,-5$,(1*&*1)/,1&2*$$,.1;$(1E,+',91#(&*9&'/*1*)/#6,1,&'+/#(+#*)$(1'+/'(;$(1)/?/$5)'/# #* ))/6/+ / ),$,'/$,.1; &*)*$$,(1/+ $(1'+/',&'/& #* $(1&'+5$$,.1 D 2+(D*$',&'/&; $(1'+()/+)/2+(8+/6/$,.1#*)/&(-+/&;*?*$'5/+)/$((+#,1/$,.1#*)2+(D*$'(D?,1/)6*1'* +*/),:/+)/*1'+*8/#*)/(-+/>(+*)$(1'+/+,(;&,*)6/1#/1'**&'C,16*+&(*1*)651#(#* )/,18*1,*+4/D$(1&'+5$$,.1*)+()#*)/,1&2*$$,.1&*E*8*1*+/)6*1'*),6,'/#(> *1'+(#*)$(1'*M'(#*)/&(-+/&#**#,?,$/$,.1=/-,'/$,(1/))(&6/1#/1'*&8*1*+/)6*1'* &(1*62+*&/&,16(-,),/+,/&75*&**1',*1#*1#,+*$'/6*1'**1'9+6,1(&$(1'+/$'5/)*&$(1)(& 2+(D*$',&'/&D$(1&'+5$'(+*&;25#,*1#(*1$/&(&2*+'*1*$*+*&'/&'+*&2/+'*&/516,&6( 8+52(*$(1.6,$(;2(+'/)*&6(',E(&*)+()#*)/,1&2*$$,.1&*),6,'//&*+51*1'*?,&$/),:/#(+ #5+/1'**)2*+4(#(#*$(1&'+5$$,.1> 3,3 " '&>$5&6$!" $'("55&6$ 1/E*:75**)6/1#/1'*=/#*$,#,#(+*/),:/+*)$(1'+()#*)/(-+//'+/E9&#*51'*+$*+(; 75*#/ 2(+ #*)/1'* *)&*)*$$,(1/+/) (+8/1,&6( #*,1&2*$$,.1 75*6*3(+&*/#/2'//&5& +*75*+,6,*1'(&>//&,81/$,.1#*)/,1&2*$$,.125*#*+*/),:/+&*#*6/1*+/#,+*$'/($(6( $(1&*$5*1$,/#*51/),$,'/$,.1> )75*)//&,81/$,.1&*/#,+*$'/8*1*+/)6*1'*+*&2(1#*/ 75* *M,&'* 51/ +*)/$,.1 #* $(1?,/1:/ *1'+* *) 6/1#/1'* D *) (+8/1,&6( #*,1&2*$$,.1; 2+(#5$'(#*51-5*1#*&*62*L(*1'+/-/3(&/1'*+,(+*&> &'/&,'5/$,.1#*/&,81/$,.1#,+*$'/ 1( *&?+*$5*1'* 2/+/ *) $/&( #* 8+/1#*& 2+(D*$'(& D 2(+ )( 8*1*+/) 1( &* 2*+6,'* *1 (+8/1,&6(&2<-),$(&> 1*)$/&(#**M,&'/51/),$,'/$,.1*&'/25*#*&*+#*$/+C$'*+2<-),$(; 2+($*&( *1 *) 75* 25*#* 2/+',$,2/+ $5/)75,*+ (+8/1,&6( #*,1&2*$$,.1 75* $562)/ )(& +*75,&,'(&*&',25)/#(&;(2+,E/#(;*175*2/+',$,2/1&.)()(&75*=/1&,#(,1E,'/#(&2(+*) 6/1#/1'*>/#/6/1#/1'**&),-+*#**&$(8*+*)&,&'*6/#*&*)*$$,.1#*)(&2+(2(1*1'*& 75*6*3(+)*2/+*:$/;2(1#*+/1#($+,'*+,(&'9$1,$(&D*$(1.6,$(&#**E/)5/$,.1D#*?,1,*1#(

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inisterio de Obras Públicas; 28 de Febrero de 1994; Reglamento para la Contratación de Trabajos de Consultoría del Ministerio de Obras

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

17 ()%* #B/1&2*$$,.19$1,$/#*-+/& 5/1#(*),1,&'*+,(#*-+/&<-),$/&))/6//),$,'/$,.1&**&2*$,?,$/$5/)*&)/$/'*8(+4/ 641,6/2/+/2(#*+2/+',$,2/+#*)2+($*&(> &'(*&#*'*+6,1/#(&*8<1*)6(1'(*&',6/#(#* )/$(1&5)'(+4/> )#*'/))*&*65*&'+/*1)//-)/ 3%">#4)4"D*"4&!'">E$#$%#!" 4#<"5%#3">&'%4#!"#$'* %#4"'!" 3 #$%#!" 4#<"5%#HI %">#4)"D*"4&! (-+*K> G>BK> "JBG> *1(&#*"J +,6*+/52*+,(+ +,6*+/ *851#/ *+$*+/ * 25*#* E*+ 75* *) *8,&'+( #* (1&5)'(+*& #*),1,&'*+,( #* -+/& <-),$/& &* -/&/ 2+,1$,2/)6*1'* *1 #*6(&'+/+ $(62*'*1$,/ &*8<1 *) 6(1'( #* )(& 2+(D*$'(& *3*$5'/#(&; *&2*$,?,$/1#(51/641,6/2)/1'/#*2+(?*&,(1/)*&;&,1*1'+/+*1#*'/))*&#*(+8/1,:/$,.11, $(62*'*1$,/'9$1,$(B/#6,1,&'+/',E/> 3.33">&'%4#!"#$'* %#4"'!" &$8* 1*&'*+*8,&'+(1/$,(1/)&*,1&$+,-*/)(&$(1&5)'(+*&?/$5)'/#(&2/+/*3*$5'/+)(&*&'5#,(&; /&*&(+4/&D2+(D*$'(&75*+*75,*+/1*),1,&'*+,(#*,E,*1#/D+-/1,&6(D)(&*+E,$,(&#*,E,*1#/D+-/1,:/$,.1>*$(62(1*#*$5/'+(+5-+(&#,E,#,#(&*1*&2*$,/),#/#*&;)(&75* &*65*&'+/1*1)//-)/J> '%*!&#' "$"4 "' B)/1,?,$/$,.1 B &'5#,(& $(1.6,$(&D,1/1$,*+(& B &'5#,(&($,().8,$(& B &'5#,(&#**$1()(84/ B &'5#,(&#*(625'/$,.1 B'+(& &'5#,(& -3*4#'<'("5& &!!"'!" ">&'%4#3 *4#'<'("5& &!!"' '%*!&#'!" 4#<"5%#' B18*1,*+4/> B+75,'*$'5+/ B+-/1,&6( B'+(& &'5#,(& '%*!&#'!"!:&$&'%45&6$ B1&','5$,(1/) B*-+/& 4"'%5&#$"'!" '&'%"$5&=5$&5 B*&',.1#*+(D*$'(& /-,'/$,(1/)*& B/-,),'/$,.1($,/) 1$/#/51/#*)/&&5-*&2*$,/),#/#*&#*)(&#,E*+&(&+5-+(&=/D'+*&$/'*8(+4/& 2+,6*+/; &*851#/ D '*+$*+/> (& $(1&5)'(+*& /$+*#,'/1 *M2*+,*1$,/ 2/+/ $/#/ 51/ #* *))/&>, 1( /$+*#,'/1*M2*+,*1$,/;25*#*1,1&$+,-,+&**1'*+$*+/$/'*8(+4/>/,1&$+,2$,.1#5+/K/L(&; 25#,*1#()(&,1'*+*&/#(&/&5E*1$,6,*1'(&(),$,'/+)/+*,1&$+,2$,.1> 2 Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo; 20 de Mayo de 2005; Reglamento del Registro Nacional de Consultores del Ministerio de Vivienda y

18 ()%* #B/1&2*$$,.19$1,$/#*-+/& *1'+( #*) *8,&'+( #* (1&5)'(+*& #*),1E5 )/& &5-*&2*$,/),#/#*& E,1$5)/#/& / )/,1&2*$$,.1'9$1,$/#*(-+/&&(1)/&*&2*$,?,$/#/&*1)//-)/K>.3*"'("5& &!!"'!" ">&'%4#&$8*8&$5*!' $'("55&6$=5$&5!"4'3 *4# '("5& &!! *"'("5& &!! > &'5#,(&#* #6,1,&'+/$,.1 > &'5#,(&#* #6,1,&'+/$,.1 >+*&'/$,(1*&#*&,&'*1$,/ 9$1,$/ >*-+/& /-,'/$,(1/)*& 3/3 /$(1&'+5$$,.1*1=,)*=/*M2*+,6*1'/#(51/56*1'($/&,&(&'*1,#(*1)(&<)',6(&/L(&; $(6(25*#*E*+&**1*)+C?,$(@> 4M9&5#+38# *5&6$!" 4&+11N>#'%#., 3 Unidades IMACON Abril-1990/Agosto-2006 IMACON 150,00 140,00 130,00 120,00 110,00 100,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 Ago-87 May-90 Ene-93 Oct-95 Jul-98 Abr-01 Ene-04 Oct-06 Jul-09 Mes-Año )1#,$**1&5/)#*$',E,#/##*)/(1&'+5$$,.1%0*&51,1#,$/#(+75*6,#**) 25)&( ( *6253* #* )/ /$',E,#/# 6*1&5/) #*) &*$'(+ #* )/ $(1&'+5$$,.1> &'*,1#,$/#(+ $(1&','5D* 51 +*&56*1 #* )(& $,$)(& #* $,1$( $(62(1*1'*& %( &5-41#,$*&0 #*) &*$'(+ 2*+6,&(&#**#,?,$/$,.1;?/$'5+/$,.1#*$(1'+/',&'/&8*1*+/)*&;#*&2/$=(&#*6/'*+,/)*&#* $(1&'+5$$,.1;1,E*)*&#*E*1'/&#*2+(E**#(+*&;#*)/$(1&'+5$$,.1D1,E*)#*)*62)*( 3 Camara Chilena de la Construcción [en línea]; < [consulta: 10 de Octubre de

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entas de Edificaciones Enero-04/Julio-06 Edificación en Altura Edificación en Extensión Unidades Jun-03 Ene-04 Ago-04 Feb-05 Sep-05 Mar-06 Oct-06 Mes-Año & $)/+( 75* )/ *#,?,$/$,.1 =/-,'/$,(1/) *& 51 C+*/ *1 $+*$,6,*1'(; &,1 *6-/+8( $/-* $5*&',(1/+&*&,)/$/),#/##*)/&E,E,*1#/&$(1&'+54#/&*&)//#*$5/#/> 4 Aguilera Gutiérrez, Carlos Nolasco; Febrero 2007; consulta vía correo electrónico. 5 Cámara Chilena de la Construcción [en línea]; < [consulta: 10 de Octubre de

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guilera Gutiérrez, Carlos Nolasco; 2006; Inspección Técnica de Obras. Presentación Curso ITO del Colegio de Ingenieros de Chile (Facilitada por el Sr. Enrique Chirwin).

21 ()%* #,B/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.1#*#,*6 ()%* #,I/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.1#*#,*6,3+3!&":,3+3+3"'"K&'%64&5 / #,*61/$**1*)/L(@HAH;-/3(*)1(6-+*#*/))*+#**&,&'*1$,/#*/'*+,/)*&;$(1*) (-3*',E(#**1&/D/+)(&6/'*+,/)*&5',),:/#(&*1)/$(1&'+5$$,.1#*(-+/&2<-),$/&> $/6-,/ &5 1(6-+* / 1&','5'( #* 1E*&',8/$,(1*& D 1&/D*& #* /'*+,/)*&; 6/1'*1,91#(&* $(6( '/) =/&'/ *) /L( J; $5/1#( 2/&/ / #*1(6,1/+&* *1'+( #* 1E*&',8/$,.1;*&/++())(*11(E/$,.1#* &'+5$'5+/&D/'*+,/)*&> )()/+8(#*&5*M,&'*1$,/#,*6=//&56,#(15*E(&D$+*$,*1'*&#*&/?4(&;$(1&','5D91#(&* $(6(51/,1&','5$,.12,(1*+/*1*)*&'5#,(D)/,11(E/$,.1*16/'*+,/)*&#*$(1&'+5$$,.1; &,*1#(51+*?*+*1'*2/+/)(&)/-(+/'(+,(&#**1&/D(#*15*&'+(2/4&>)851(&#*)(&=,'(& 6C&+*)*E/1'*&#*&5=,&'(+,/&(1 1@A/&56*)/+*&2(1&/-,),#/##*E*+,?,$/+)/$/),#/##*)/&-/++/&#*/$*+(2/+/ =(+6,8.1/+6/#(> )/ E*+,?,$/$,.1 #* $/),#/# (-),8/'(+,/ #*) $*6*1'( #*&',1/#( / )/,1#5&'+,/1/$,(1/)> 1@AK,1,$,/)/E*+,?,$/$,.1#*)/$/),#/##*)$(-+*2/+/2+(#5$'(&*)9$'+,$(&> *) $(1'+() D E*+,?,$/$,.1 #* $/),#/# #* )(& 2+(#5$'(& #* /&-*&'(B $*6*1'(?/-+,$/#(&*1*)2/4&> *&#*@AA/$'</$(6(,1&','5$,.1(?,$,/)#*$(1'+()'9$1,$(#*$/),#/##*6/'*+,/)*& D *)*6*1'(&,1#5&'+,/)*& 2/+/ )/ $(1&'+5$$,.1; #* /$5*+#( / *$+*'(52+*6( #*),1,&'*+,(#*,E,*1#/D+-/1,&6(;,1E5> *&#*&**1$5*1'+/,1&$+,'(*1*)*8,&'+(?,$,/)#*/-(+/'(+,(&#*(1'+() 9$1,$(#*/),#/##*(1&'+5$$,.1;#*),1,&'*+,(#*,E,*1#/D+-/1,&6(;,1E5> *&#**)/L(/)/L("#,*6=/$5/#+52),$/#(&52)/1'/#*2*+&(1/);/56*1'/1#( *1)/6,&6/2+(2(+$,.1&5#('/$,.1#*,18*1,*+(&$,E,)*&> &'*$+*$,6,*1'()*=/2*+6,',#( 7 IDIEM; 2005; CCA-MANUAL 3, Manual de Calidad para las Inspecciones; Sistema de Gestión

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ánez Uribe, Fernando; Diciembre 2006; Discurso del Director de IDIEM, Salón Azul. 9 IDIEM [en línea]; < [consulta: 20 de Noviembre de 2006]

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

24 ()%* #,B/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.1#*#,*6 (D*1#4/ )/ *$$,.1 (1&'+5$$,.1*&)/#* 6/D(+ '/6/L( *1 1<6*+(#* 2+(?*&,(1/)*& #*1'+(#*#,*6;$(1'/1#($(151*75,2(2*+6/1*1'*D51,#/#*&+*8,(1/)*&%,1#*2*1#,*1'*& #*)(&)/-(+/'(+,(&:(1/)*&D/6*1$,(1/#(&0> )$+*$,6,*1'(*M2*+,6*1'/#(2(+)/*$$,.1 (1&'+5$$,.1 =/,1E()5$+/#( $/6-,(& *1 &5 (+8/1,:/$,.1,1'*+1/> /+:( #* " &5 (+8/1,:/$,.1*&)/75*&*2+*&*1'/*1)/,85+/J> FG FG $'5/)6*1'**M,&'*1'+*&51,#/#*&2+(#5$',E/&;$/#/51/#*)/&$5/)*&-5&$/$5-+,+51C+*/ #*1*8($,(&>/1,#/##*18*1,*+4/',*1*'/6-,91#*1'+(#*&5&'/+*/&)/&/$',E,#/#*&#* #*&/++())(*,11(E/$,.1#*)/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.1> #,?*+*1$,/#*('+/&&*$$,(1*&#*#,*6;)/*$$,.1(1&'+5$$,.12/+',$,2/*1?(+6/#,+*$'/ D $(1',15/ *1 *)(1'+() #* -+/&;6/1'*1,*1#( +*&,#*1$,/& 2*+6/1*1'*& #*,1&2*$$,.1> #*6C& +*/),:/ '/+*/& #*,18*1,*+4/; $(6( )/ +*E,&,.1 #* 2+(D*$'(& #*,1&'/)/$,(1*& #(6,$,),/+,/&;*)#*&/++())(#*2)/1*&#*$/),#/#2/+/*62+*&/&$(1&'+5$'(+/&D)//5#,'(+4/ #*(-+/&#*$(1&'+5$$,.1> &'()*/)*3/#*)2*+?,)'42,$(*=,&'.+,$(#*#,*6$(6()/-(+/'(+,( #**1&/D(;/$*+$C1#(&*6C&/)/#*&$+,2$,.1#*51$(1&5)'(+#*,18*1,*+4/>

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nstituto Nacional de Normalización, INN [en línea]; < [consulta: 4 Julio 2006] J

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nstituto Nacional de Normalización, INN [en línea]; < [consulta: 4 Julio 2006] K

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nstituto Nacional de Normalización, Marzo de Apuntes del Curso "NCh 2404 Organismos de Inspección. Análisis e Implementación". Relator: Eduardo Ceballos, Auditor de Acreditación. H

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nstituto Nacional de Normalización; Abril de 2004; INN R-401, Reglamento para la Acreditación de Organismos de Evaluación de la Conformidad. A

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nstituto Nacional de Normalización, Marzo de Apuntes del Curso "NCh 2404 Organismos de Inspección. Análisis e Implementación". Relator: Eduardo Ceballos, Auditor de Acreditación. G@

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nstituto Nacional de Normalización; 1997; Norma Chilena NCh2404 Of1997, Criterios Generales para la Operación de Organismos de Inspección, Introducción. 16 Rojas Vargas, José Ramón; Septiembre de 2006; Entrevista Personal. Datos obtenidos de un estudio del Mercado de Inspecciones, Arcadis Geotécnica. G

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nstituto Nacional de Normalización, INN [en línea]; < [consulta: 9 Septiembre 2006] GG

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niversidad Mayor; 2006; Las Normas ISO 9000; Presentación Powerpoint. G

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niversidad Mayor; 2006; Las Normas ISO 9000; Presentación Powerpoint. GJ

36 ()%* #-B/(+6/=,)*1/= -3.3" 5&6$!" #4:L5#$%4'#4:'L3 / 1(+6/ = 1/$*(+,8,1/)6*1'*#*1'+(#*)/&,85,*1'*&*+,*#* 1(+6/& 75* $5-+*1 *1&/D(&;,1&2*$$,.1;$*+',?,$/$,.1D/$+*#,'/$,.1 =@;+,'*+,(&8*1*+/)*&2/+/)/(2*+/$,.1#*)/-(+/'(+,(&#**1&/D(> =;+,'*+,(&8*1*+/)*&2/+/)/*E/)5/$,.1#*)/-(+/'(+,(&#**1&/D(> =G;+,'*+,(&8*1*+/)*&2/+/(+8/1,&6(&#*/$+*#,'/$,.1#*)/-(+/'(+,(&> =;+,'*+,(&8*1*+/)*&2/+/)/(2*+/$,.1#*(+8/1,&6(&#*,1&2*$$,.1> =@@; +,'*+,(& 8*1*+/)*& 2/+/ (+8/1,&6(& #* $*+',?,$/$,.1 75* (2*+/1 $*+',?,$/$,.1#*2+(#5$'(&> =@; +,'*+,(& 8*1*+/)*& 2/+/ (+8/1,&6(& #* $*+',?,$/$,.1 75* (2*+/1 $*+',?,$/$,.1#*&,&'*6/&#*$/),#/#> =@G;+,'*+,(&8*1*+/)*&2/+/(+8/1,&6(&75*(2*+/1$*+',?,$/$,.1#*2*+&(1/)> =@;+,'*+,(&8*1*+/)*&2/+/)/#*$)/+/$,.1#*$(1?(+6,#/##*2+(E**#(+*&>,1*6-/+8(*&$(1)/1(+6/=@"J>?JI*75,&,'(&8*1*+/)*&2/+/)/$(62*'*1$,/ #* )/-(+/'(+,(& #* *1&/D* D $/),-+/$,.1; $(1 )/ 75* &*25*#*1 *&'/-)*$*+ +*)/$,(1*& 75* +*&5)'/1#*,1'*+9&D5',),#/#2/+/*)2+*&*1'*'+/-/3(;D/75*$(6(&*,1#,$//1'*+,(+6*1'*; &*=/$(1E*+',#(*151*&'C1#/+#*1'+(#*#,*6> &'/1(+6/*&'/-)*$*$(6(+*75,&,'(2/+/ )//$+*#,'/$,.1)/*M,&'*1$,/#*51&,&'*6/#*8*&',.1#*$/),#/#75*',*1*+*75*+,6,*1'(&*1 $(6<1 $(1 *) #*&$+,'( 2(+ )/ = >?@AA"; 2(+ )( 75* 25*#*1 5',),:/+&* E/+,(& #($56*1'(&D/#*&/++())/#(&> )#*'/))*#**&'(&*2+*&*1'/*1*)/24'5)("> 20 Instituto Nacional de Normalización; 1997; Norma Chilena NCh2404 Of1997, Criterios Generales para la Operación de Organismos de Inspección. GK

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

39 ()%* #.B$+*#,'/$,.1#*51+8/1,&6(#*1&2*$$,.1*1-+/&#* #,?,$/$,.1 75* &*/ 1*$*&/+,( 2/8/+ *&'/ 8/+/1'4/; 2(+ )( 75* #*-* &*+ #* -5*1 35,$,( &5 #*?,1,$,.1> *?,1,+512)/:(#*$(-*+'5+/ &$(1E*1,*1'*75**&'*',*62(*&'9E,1$5)/#($(1 ('+/&+*&2(1&/-,),#/#*&)*8/)*&,1E()5$+/#/&> 1*)$/&(#*)/&(-+/&#**#,?,$/$,.151 2)/:(#* $,1$(/L(& #*&#* )/*1'+*8/ #* )/ (-+/+*&5)'/+/:(1/-)*;/)&*+ *&'/ )/ +*&2(1&/-,),#/##*)2+(2,*'/+,(2+,6*+E*1#*#(+> 1=,)*;)/&+*&2(1&/-,),#/#*&#* )(&#,&',1'(&2/+',$,2/1'*&*1512+(D*$'(#*$(1&'+5$$,.1*&'C1$(1'*1,#/&*1)/*D *1*+/)#* +-/1,&6( D (1&'+5$$,(1*&%>>> JHB@A"K;,1E5 D $5/)*&'/-)*$**1&5/+'4$5)(@H)/+*&2(1&/-,),#/##*)2+(6('(+(2+(2,*'/+,(2+,6*+ E*1#*#(+2(+'(#(&)(&#/L(&D2*+35,$,(&75*2+(E*18/1#*?/))/&(#*?*$'(&*1)/ (-+/;&*/#5+/1'*&5*3*$5$,.1(#*&259&#*'*+6,1/#/;$(1512)/:(#*2+*&$+,2$,.1 #* J /L(& $(1'/#(& #*&#* )/ +*$*2$,.1 #*?,1,',E/ #* )/ (-+/; &,1 2*+35,$,( #* &5 #*+*$=(/+*2*',+*1$(1'+/#*75,*1*&&*/1)(&E*+#/#*+(&+*&2(1&/-)*&#*)/&?/))/& (651,$/+6(1'(D2)/:(#*$(-*+'5+//)$),*1'* &'(25*#*&*++*/),:/#(6*#,/1'* )/,1$)5&,.1#*51/1('/*1)/$(',:/$,.1;6*#,/1'*&5,1$)5&,.1*1*)$(1'+/'(*1'+* )/& 2/+'*& ( *1 51/ $(651,$/$,.1 *&2*$4?,$/ /) $),*1'*> ) *& /-,*+'( *1 *&'* 251'(;&,*62+*75*&*/512+($*&('+/1&2/+*1'*> &'(#*-*&*+,1$)54#(#*1'+(#*)2+($*#,6,*1'(#**&'5#,(D*)/-(+/$,.1#*2+(25*&'/&#*) (+8/1,&6(%E*+1*M(0> SG>JT $ $! &'(&*$(62)*6*1'/$(1 )( *&'/-)*$,#( *1 *) 251'( SG>GT> & $(1E*1,*1'* 8*1*+/+ 51 #($56*1'( *1 *) 75* &* 2+*&*1'*1#*6/1*+/$(62)*'/)(&&*+E,$,(&(?+*$,#(&/$),*1'*&> SG>KT, -,*1 &* 2,*1&/ *M,8,+ *&'* +*75,&,'( /?5'5+(;=/&'/*)6(6*1'(1(*&/5#,'/#(2(+*)*1)(&2+($*&(&#*/$+*#,'/$,.1> 21 Revista BIT [en línea]; < [consulta: 2 de marzo de 2007] GA

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