1. PRETERITO PERFECTO (Called in English: Present Perfect)

Transcripción

1 1. PRETERITO PERFECTO (Called in English: Present Perfect) Like English, Spanish has the compound verb form called the present perfect. It is made up of two parts: the auxiliary verb haber in its present form, and a past participle. The present indicative form of haber is conjugated in the following manner: he has él/ella/ud. ha hemos habéis ellos/ellas/uds. han The past participle is formed by adding the suffix -ado to -ar verbs and -ido to -er and -ir verbs. Here are some examples: -ar verbs: hablar hablado / cambiar cambiado -er and -ir verbs: comer comido / tener tenido / salir salido Many verbs have irregular past participles. Here are some of the most common ones: abrir abierto / decir dicho / hacer hecho / morir muerto / poner puesto / romper roto / ver visto 1. We use the "pretérito perfecto" (present perfect) to talk generally about past experiences in our life. We do not say exactly when our experiences happened.. For example: He nadado en el Golfo de México. I have swum in the Golf of Mexico. We don't know exactly when this person swam in the Golf of Mexico we only know that he or she has done it at some point in the past. Generally, when the specific details of a past event are mentioned the preterite is used. For example: Nadé en el Golfo de México cuando estuvimos en Veracruz el año pasado. I swam in the Golf of Mexico when we were in Veracruz last year. However it should be noted that in Spain the present perfect is often used interchangeably with the preterite. 2. A common use of the present perfect is when one is expressing the idea of having done something within a period of time that has not yet finished. For example: Hemos hablado mucho esta semana. We've spoken a lot this week. (The week hasn t finished yet) No me has visitado este mes. You haven't visited me this month. (The month hasn t finished yet) Me he bañado tres veces hoy. I've bathed three times today. (Today hasn t finished yet) 3. It is also used to express unfinished situations. For example: Todavía no he leído ese libro que me recomendaste. I have not read that book u recommended to me yet 4. We also it to express an action that started in the past and still has consequences in the present moment. For example: Ha escrito sólo un libro pero se ha ganado la fama. She has written only one book but she has made a name for herself. She wrote the book in the past, the book is complete and published, but the consequences of writing that book are still present now as she still enjoys of her fame 5. With the present perfect simple we can find words to indicate the duration of the action, the moment it started, etc such: durante (for), todavía (still), ya (yet), ya (already), alguna vez (ever), justo ahora (just) y desde (since). For example: He estado aquí durante horas. > I have been here for hours Han tenido este coche desde que se casaron. >They have had that car since they got married Todavía no hemos oído de ellos. >We still have not heard from them Todavía no te lo has pensado > You have not thought about it yet Ella ya se ha ido >She has already gone Has volado alguna vez en helicóptero? > Have u ever flown in a helicopter? Acabas de perder tu autobús > You have just missed ur bus One difference regarding the use of the present perfect is that, unlike in English, no words can come between the auxiliary (haber) and the past participle in Spanish. For example: Nunca he estado allí. I have never been there. Siempre nos ha gustado Italia. We've always liked Italy.

2 2. PRETERITO (called in English: Past simple) The Preterite is the past action tense. In other words, u can say what Happened. It is not used to describe people (He was tall...) nor to describe or set scenes (It was a dark and stormy night and I was watching television...) Rather, the Preterite answers the question Qué pasó? What happened? Pasó la señal de alto sin parar! El ladrón entró por la ventana! Me robaron el carro y todo mi dinero! He passed a stop sign without stopping! The robber entered through the window! They stole (robbed me of) my car and all my money! The Preterite past tense represents an action that is located in a specific point of a time line and is considered a completed action. It is always used when listing a series of consecutive actions: Él llamó a su novia, salió de la casa y manejó al cine. He called his girlfriend, left the house and drove to the movies. It also is used for when u begin, finish or become something: Empezó a llorar. Terminó el examen. Me puse enojada [or] Me enojé. He began to cry. He finished the test. I became angry. hablar correr escribir Yo hablé corrí escribí Tú hablaste corriste escribiste Él habló corrió escribió Nosotros hablamos corrimos escribimos Vosotros hablasteis corristeis escribisteis Ellos hablaron corrieron escribieron There are many groups of irregular verbs in pretérito in Spanish. For a list of those, see the sheet at the end of ur folder. Note: The Nosotros form in the Preterite is the same as the Nosotros in the Present Tense for "-ar" and "-ir" verbs. "-Er" verbs follow the "-ir" pattern. The Preterite 3rd person plural (, ustedes) ends in "-ron".

3 El PRETÉRITO o PASADO : 1. Verbos regulares: 2. Irregularidades vocálicas Formas regulares -er (comer) com-í com-iste com-ió com-imos com-isteis com-ieron Irregularidades con cambio vocálico e>i y o t ú é l, e l l a n o s o t r o s v o s o t r o s e l l o s, e l l a s mentir, pedir, repetir, seguir, servir 3ª persona del singular y plural medí mediste midió medimos medisteis midieron 3. - Irregularidades consonánticas Irregularidades con cambio vocálico o>u morir dormí dormiste durmió dormimos dormisteis durmieron ui>uy concluir, huir, sustituir construí construiste construyó construimos construisteis construyeron i>y caí caíste cayó caímos caísteis cayeron leer, oir c>j g>gu dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron conducir, seducir, traducir, decir, producir 1ª persona del singular apagué apagaste apagó apagamos apagasteis apagaron c>qu 1ª persona del singular aparqué aparcaste aparcó aparcamos aparcasteis aparcaron buscar, colocar, comunicar, chocar, explicar, explicar, fabricar, indicar, pescar, practicar, sacar, tocar jugar, llegar, pagar, tragar

4 *** VERBOS COMPLETAMENTE IRREGULARES Andar Traducción To walk Yo, usted anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos Vosotros Anduvisteis, ustedes anduvieron Tener To have tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos Tuvisteis tuvieron Estar To be estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos Estuvisteis estuvieron Dar To give di diste dio dimos Disteis dieron Ver To see vi viste vio vimos Visteis vieron Decir To say dije dijiste dijo dijimos Dijisteis dijeron Traer To bring traje trajiste trajo trajimos Trajisteis trajeron Hacer To do hice hiciste hizo hicimos Hicisteis hicieron Querer To want/love quise quisiste quiso quisimos Quisisteis quisieron Ir & Ser To go/ to be fui fuiste fue fuimos Fuisteis fueron Poner To put puse pusiste puso pusimos Pusisteis pusieron Poder Can pude pudiste pudo pudimos Pudisteis pudieron Saber To know supe supiste supo supimos Supisteis supieron Venir To come vine viniste vino vinimos Vinisteis vinieron *Translations are approximate VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN IR Y QUE SON IRREGULARES EN PRETÉRITO, solamente con: usted,, ustedes, ellos, ellas. Conseguir to obtain Despedir(se) (de) to say good by (to) Divertir(se) to entertain (have a good time) Dormir(se) to sleep (fall asleep) Morir(se) to die Pedir to ask for; to order Preferir to prefer Reír(se) - to laugh Sentir(se) to feel Servir to serve Sonreír to smile Sugerir to suggest Vestir(se) to dress (get dressed) Participios irregulares: Abrir Cubrir Descubrir Morir Escribir Describir Decir Hacer Poner Resolver Volver Ver Romper abierto cubierto descubierto muerto escrito descrito dicho hecho puesto Resuelto Vuelto visto roto

5 3. IMPERFECTO (The imperfect past tense) The Imperfect is often called the Descriptive Past Tense because we "set scenes" using the Imperfect Tense. The Imperfect handles three different Past tense constructions in English: I studied at Ohlone College. (we don't know if I finished or not.) I used to study at Ohlone College. I was studying at Ohlone college. It is important to note that we use the Imperfect to indicate we "were doing" something. In other words, we use the Imperfect to say: I was studying last night, while Susana was watching television Yo estudiaba anoche mientras que Susana miraba la televisión. Do not use the Present Progressive (Estar + "-ing") to say this. (Note: for -ir and -er verbs, the "í" of the Imperfect past tense always carries an accent as well as the "á" of the Nosotros form of the -ar verbs!) Examples: Yo Tú Él, ella, usted Nosotros Vosotros Ellos Hablar hablaba hablabas hablaba hablábamos Hablabais hablaban Comer comía comías comía comíamos Comíais comían Vivir vivía vivías vivía vivíamos Vivíais vivían There are only three verbs that are irregular in the Imperfect: Ser, Ir, and Ver! Yo Tú Él, ella, usted Nosotros Ellos Ser era eras era éramos eran Ir iba ibas iba íbamos iban Ver veía veías veía veíamos veían The Imperfect is used to paint a background for a story. We use the Imperfect for: 1) Age 2) Weather 3) Emotional States Tenía 12 años cuando robé el primer carro. Hacía buen tiempo cuando me arrestaron. Mi amigo estaba nervioso porque era la medianoche. Note: Remember that when u become something, use the Preterite: Se puso nervioso 4) What people were doing WHEN something else occured: 5) Habitual Past actions 6) Time Me duchaba cuando sonó el teléfono. íbamos a la playa cada verano. Eran las nueve de la noche. Words that are hints for using Imperfect: I was 12 when I stole my first car. It was nice weather when they arrested me. My friend was nervous because it was the middle of the night. He became nervous. I was showering when the phone rang. We went [used to go] to the beach every summer. It was nine o'clock at night. Siempre Cada (año, día...) Usualmente Generalmente Normalmente En general En el pasado... When people "set a scene" describing what they were doing, what time it was, or what was going on around them at the time of a crime, they will use the Imperfect. For example, if u are about to tell a friend what happened to u in the mall yesterday, u will begin by first describing the scene: where u were, what was going on around u, what people were in the middle of doing. This is all described in the Imperfect. When u begin to tell all of the exciting (or frustrating) things which proceeded to happen, u will tell it in the Preterite.