Hora nombre y apellido Realidades 2: Para empezar Capítulo de repaso Para empezar 1: Cómo eres tú? Vocabulario: Describing people Nationalities Objetivos: Talk about what you & other people are like Talk about where you & other people are from Gramática: Nouns, gender, & articles Adjective agreement The verb ser Para empezar 2: Qué haces? Vocabulario: Leisure activities Time expressions Question words Gramática: Regular verbs in the present tense Forming questions Objetivos: Talk about you & other people Talk about how often you do things Ask & answer questions
Vocabulario: Para Empezar Parte 1 adjetivos serio, -a serious deportista athletic trabajador, trabajadora hard-working paciente patient joven, jóvenes young alto, -a tall atrevido, -a daring bajo, -a short desordenado, -a disorganized estudioso, -a studious gracioso, -a funny guapo, -a good-looking impaciente impatient inteligente intelligent, smart ordenado, -a organized reservado, -a shy, reserved sociable sociable, out-going viejo, -a old talentoso, -a talented perezoso, -a lazy verbo ser to be pronombres sustantivos = subject pronouns singulares plurales yo I nosotros, nosotras we tú you vosotros, vosotras you all ( familiar; used only in Spain) usted / Ud. you ( formal) ustedes / Uds. you all (In Spain, the formal form) él he ellos they (used for both a group of males and a mixed group of people) ella she ellas they (used for a group of all females) 2
Gramática: Para Empezar Parte 1 Nouns, gender & articles What is a noun? In Spanish, all nouns have gender; they are either masculine or feminine. Nouns that stand for people or living creatures, especially common pets, are masculine or feminine, depending on the sex of the person or animal. Masculine Nouns el chico = boy el abuelo = grandfather el perro = male dog el gato = male cat Feminine Nouns la chica = girl la abuela = grandmother la perra = female dog la gata = female cat You cannot predict the gender of nouns that stand for non-living things. Do not try to analyze the use the nature of the object, looking for masculinity or femininity. For example, the noun for dress is el vestido. It s masculine! The noun for necktie is corbata. It s feminine! Masculine Nouns el libro = book el dinero = money el bolígrafo = ink pen el vestido = dress Feminine Nouns la carpeta = folder la puerta = door la casa = house la corbata = necktie Preguntas: 1. What do all the masculine nouns listed above have in common? 2. What do all the feminine nouns listed above have in common? 3. What do el and la mean? 4. If a noun in Spanish doesn t end in o or a, can you predict the gender? How do you have to learn the gender of most nouns that end in an e or a consonant? 3
Actividad: Fill in the definite articles (el or la) of the nouns below. You have not studied all the nouns on the list. clase lápiz deporte señor pez estudiante sol luz pie profesor paz coche Some nouns are exceptions to the o / a rule. For example, the nouns below are some common exceptions and must be memorized. Masculine Nouns el día el mapa el planeta el sofá Feminine Nouns la mano la radio Making nouns and definite articles plural Preguntas: 1. How do you make nouns plural in Spanish if the noun ends with? a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) -- a consonant -- the letter z -- 2. What happens to the definite articles (the words for the) when a noun is plural? In front of a masculine noun? libros In front of a feminine noun? carpetas Actividad: Fill in the plural definite articles of the nouns below. abuelos bicicletas casas chicos clases coches deportes días 4 estudiantes lápices luces manos perros profesores puertas señores
Adjective Agreement What is an adjective? Most adjectives in Spanish are placed AFTER the noun they modify. Adjectives must agree (or match) the noun they modify in gender and in number. el chico guapo los chicos guapos la chica guapa las chicas guapas el examen difícil los exámenes difíciles la prueba difícil las pruebas difíciles Let s look at some different types of adjectives. Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine 1 guapo guapa guapos guapas 2 inteligente inteligente inteligentes inteligentes 3 joven joven jóvenes jóvenes 4 fácil fácil fáciles fáciles 5 trabajador trabajadora trabajadores trabajadoras 6 deportista deportista deportistas deportistas Adjectives are made plural the same way nouns are made plural in Spanish. o Add s to words that end with a vowel. o Add es to words that end with a consonant. 1. Most singular adjectives end with o or a. The o is the masculine ending, and the a is the feminine ending. To make the forms plural, simply add an s to the singular forms. (alto altos; alta altas; mexicano mexicanos; mexicana mexicanas; viejo viejos; vieja viejas) 2. If a singular adjective ends with the letter e, the masculine and feminine forms are the same. The plural forms add an s to the end. (paciente pacientes; sociable sociables; interesante interesantes) 3-4. If a singular adjective ends with a consonant (NOT a vowel), the masculine and feminine forms are the same. The plural form adds es to the end. (difícil difíciles; fácil fáciles) 5. If the singular form of a masculine, singular adjective ends with r, the feminine, singular form adds an a. The masculine, plural form adds es to the singular, masculine form. The feminine, plural form adds s to the feminine, singular form. (trabajador trabajadores; trabajadora trabajadoras; hablador habldores; habladora habladoras) 6. There are several adjectives and nouns that end with ista. Both the masculine and feminine forms end with ista. (deportista deportistas; dentista dentistas; artista artistas) 5
Subject Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. (Mary she) Subject pronouns are the pronouns that are used as the subject of a sentence. For example, in English we say I love cookies, not Me love cookies. I is a subject pronoun and me is an object pronoun. Subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish because the verb form allows the subject to be understood by the listener or reader. A common mistake made by English speakers learning Spanish is the overuse of subject pronouns, especially the pronoun yo. Subject pronouns are stated when needed for clarification or emphasis. Subject pronouns correspond to different verb forms in Spanish. Singular Plural español inglés español inglés yo I nosotros, nosotras we tú you (familiar) vosotros, vosotras you all (familiar, used only in Spain) you all (formal in Spain; Used in Latin usted, Ud. you (formal) ustedes, Uds. America for all cases of the plural you él he ellos they (masc. or mixed group) ella she ellas they (feminine) In order to choose correct verb forms, you must first be able to understand the relationship between nouns and pronouns. Carlos (estudiar) Carlos él (él) estudia Carlos estudia Mi amigo y yo (leer) Lupe, Gabriela, y Luis (escribir) Las chicas (nadar) Los estudiantes (hablar) Tú y yo (ser) Tú y Pedro (ser) Mi amigo y yo (nosotros) leemos nosotros Lupe, Gabriela, y (ellos) escriben Luis ellos Las chicas ellas (ellas) nadan Los estudiantes ellos Tú y yo nosotros Tú y Pedro Uds. 6 (ellos) hablan (nosotros) somos (Uds.) son Mi amigo y yo leemos Lupe, Gabriela, y Luis escriben Las chicas nadan Los estudiantes hablan Tú y yo somos Tú y Pedro son
The verb ser Ser means to be. It is the most commonly used verb both in Spanish and in English. Ser is an irregular verb which means that it does not follow a pattern. All forms of ser must be memorized. The forms of ser in Spanish and English are: Singular Plural español inglés español inglés (yo) soy I am (I m) (nosotros) somos we are (we re) (tú) eres you are (vosotros) sois you all are (Ud.) es (él) es (ella) es you are he is she is (Uds.) son (ellos) son (ellas) son you all are they are they are SER is often used to describe someone or something. o Somos atrevidos. We re daring. o Lucía y Mariela son sociables. Lucía y Mariela are friendly. SER is also used with de to tell where someone is from or to tell their nationality. o Soy cubana. I m Cuban. o Mis abuelos son de Cuba. My grandparents are from Cuba. o De dónde eres? Where are you from? Adjetivos de Nacionalidad Learn the adjectives below for recognition only. You don t need to learn how to spell these words. Note that adjectives of nationality are NOT capitalized in Spanish. País Nacionalidad País Nacionalidad Argentina argentino,-a Honduras hondureño,-a Bolivia boliviano,-a México mexicano,-a Chile chileno,-a Nicaragua nicaragüense Colombia colombiano,-a Panamá panameño,-a Costa Rica costarricense (tico,- Paraguay paraguayo,-a a)* Perú peruano,-a Cuba cubano,-a Puerto Rico puertorriqueño-,a Ecuador ecuatoriano,-a (boricua)* El Salvador salvadoreño,-a República dominicano,-a España español, española Dominicana Guatemala guatemalteco,-a Uruguay uruguayo,-a Venezuela venezolano,-a * Tico and boricua are colloquial terms used among Costa Ricans and Puerto Ricans to describe themselves. These terms are used affectionately and are not offensive. 7
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Vocabulario: Para Empezar Parte 2 hablar vivir bailar caminar cantar comer correr dibujar escribir cuentos escuchar música esquiar leer revistas montar en bicicleta montar en monopatín nadar pasar tiempo patinar practicar deportes ser tocar la guitarra tomar el sol usar la computadora a menudo antes (de) a veces después (de) el fin de semana nunca siempre todos los días Verbos / actividades to talk, to speak to live to dance to walk to sing to eat to run to draw to write stories to listen to music to ski to read magazines to ride a bike to skateboard to swim to spend time to skate to practice sports to be to play the guitar to sunbathe to use the computer expresiones de tiempo often before sometimes after weekend never always everyday 9
Quién? Quiénes? Cómo? De dónde? Adónde? Cuál? Cuáles? Cuándo? Cuánto? Cuánta? Cuántos? Cuántas? Dónde? Por qué? Qué? palabras interrogativas Who? Whom? How? Where from? Where to? Which (one/ones)? When? How much? How many? Where? Why? What? 10
Gramática: Para Empezar Parte 2 Regular verbs in the present tense Regular verbs follow a pattern. The memorized pattern will apply to all regular verbs. An infinitive is the basic form of the verb. It is NOT conjugated. In Spanish all infinitives end with ar, -er, or ir. (hablar, comer, vivir) In English all infinitives begin with the word to. (to speak, to eat, to live) When you change a verb into forms that agree with (or match) the subject of the sentence, it is called conjugating the verb. To conjugate a verb in the present tense, take off the ar, -er, or ir on the end of the infinitive, and then add the endings to the stem of the verb. The stem is the part of the infinitive in front of the ar, -er, or ir ending. Infinitive Stem Ending hablar habl ar comer com er vivir viv ir estudiar estudi ar leer le er escribir escrib ir The conjugations of regular verbs in the present tense are: -ar verbs hablar -er verbs comer (yo) hablo (nosotros) hablamos (yo) como (nosotros) comemos (tú) hablas (vosotros) habláis (tú) comes (vosotros) coméis (Ud.) (Uds.) (Ud.) (Uds.) (él) habla (ellos) hablan (él) come (ellos) comen (ella) (ellas) (ella) (ellas) -ir verbs vivir (yo) vivo (nosotros) vivimos (tú) vives (vosotros) vivís (Ud.) (Uds.) (él) vive (ellos) viven (ella) (ellas) 11
Question formation Use an inverted question mark at the beginning of all questions in Spanish. The most common way to form a yes / no question in Spanish is to invert (reverse) the order of the subject and verb. Do NOT use a questions word. Most yes / no questions in Spanish begin with a VERB. Statement María Teresa es de Ecuador. Su hermano se llama Miguel. Yes / No Question Es María Teresa de Ecuador? Se llama su hermano Miguel? To form an information question you will use a question word. (Palabras interrogativas on vocabulary list). The word order of an information question is usually: Question word verb (subject) (rest of the sentence)? Dónde vive José? Dónde vives? Cuándo van las chicas al cine? Por qué no está Raquel en clase hoy? If there is a preposition such as con, de, en, or a, place the preposition at the beginning of the sentence in front of the question word. Preposition question word verb (subject ) (rest of the sentence)? De dónde es Pablo? De dónde eres? Con quién vives? Adónde van Juanito y Inés? En qué clase está Alberto a las dos y media? 12