REFERENCIA GRAMATICAL 4º E.S.O.

Transcripción

1 REFERENCIA GRAMATICAL 4º E.S.O. curso Área: Lengua Extranjera (Inglés) Profesor: José del Campo 1

2 PASSIVE VOICE La voz pasiva es una transformación oracional en la que se enfoca la oración de una forma diferente. Existen, en inglés, tres tipos de transformación pasiva: 1º tipo Oraciones con 1 objeto (directo) Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. Directo + Complementos Sujeto + Verbo + Complementos + (by- complement) (paciente) (en voz pasiva) (cuando es necesario) 1ª forma: 2º tipo Oraciones con 2 objetos (indirecto + directo) Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. indirecto + O. Directo + Comp Sujeto + Verbo + O. Directo + C. + (by- complement) (paciente) (en voz pasiva) (cuando es necesario) 2ª forma: Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. indirecto + O. Directo + Comp Sujeto + Verbo + to O. Ind. + C. + (by- complement) (paciente) (en voz pasiva) (cuando es necesario) 1ª forma: 3º Tipo Oraciones de sujeto indefinido y construcción de infinitivo Suj. Indef. + verbo de con. o pens. + That clause It + verbo en pasiva + That clause 2ª forma: Suj. Indef. + verbo de con. o pens. + That clause Sujeto de la that-clause + verbo en pasiva + Infinitivo del verbo de la that clause + complem. 2

3 Transformación del verbo en voz pasiva To be + Participio (en el mismo tiempo que (del verbo de la voz activa) el verbo de la voz activa) Cuadro de verbos Tiempos verbales Voz Activa Voz Pasiva Pr. Simple Paints Is painted Pr. Continuo Am / is / are painting Am / is / are being painted Pr. Perfecto Have / has painted Have / has been painted Pas. Simple painted Was / were painted Pas. Continuo Was / were painting Was / were being painted Pas. Perfecto Had painted Had been painted Fut. Simple Will paint Will be painted Fut. Inmediato Am / is / are going to paint Am / is / are going to be painted Condicional Would paint Would be painted Ejemplos: 1º tipo Someone switched the light on. The light was switched on. William the conqueror built this castle This castle was built by William the conqueror 2º tipo They gave her a present in the party She was given a present in the party A present was given to her in the party John will buy me a watch tomorrow. I will be bought a watch tomorrow by John. A watch will be bought to me tomorrow by John. 3º tipo People say that John lives in Britain It is said that John lives in Britain John is said to live in Britain 3

4 REPORTED SPEECH El estilo indirecto se utiliza para expresar lo que alguien dijo literalmente de una forma distinta, con nuestras propias palabras. Es muy utilizado en el lenguaje coloquial. En el estilo indirecto se producen una serie de transformaciones dentro de la oración que pasaremos a detallar seguidamente: 1ª transformación: verbal Los verbos del estilo directo (que suele ir entre comillas), cambian a un tiempo anterior al transformar la frase: Estilo Directo Estilo Indirecto Pr. Simple Pr. Continuo Pr. Perfecto Pas. Simple Pas. Perfecto Futuro simple Condicional (would + infinitivo sin to ) Pas. Simple Pas. Continuo Pas. Perfecto Pas. Perfecto Pas. Perfecto Condicional Condicional perfecto (would have + participio) 2ª transformación: pronominal Tanto los posesivos como los pronombres personales experimentan un cambio en el estilo indirecto que está relacionado con la persona a la que se dirige la oración; por tanto, la transformación va a depender del objeto o persona a quien se dirija la oración. 3ª transformación: adverbial Los adverbios de lugar y tiempo en el estilo indirecto cambian del siguiente modo: ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO Here This Now Today Tomorrow Yesterday Next day Last day There That Then That day The following day The previous day The following day The previous day 4

5 Statements (Oraciones Enunciativas) Sujeto + said / told + that + oración en est. indirecto Ejemplo: I am going home She said that she was going home My brother said I will see you tomorrow My brother said that he would see me the following day. Questions (oraciones interrogativas) Sujeto + asked / wondered + if / wh- question + oración en est. indirecto En estas oraciones hay que distinguir entre las que llamamos interrogativas polares ( yes/no questions, aquellas en las que la respuesta es sí o no) e interrogativas informativas ( wh- questions, las que el que pregunta solicita información concreta. Éstas van introducidas por un pronombre o determinante interrogativo, wh word). En las polares, el verbo que introduce la oración de estilo indirecto será ask, wonder, principalmente; tras el verbo introductorio, colocamos un if para presentar la oración indirecta. En las informativas, no se pone if sino que introduce la frase el mismo pronombre interrogativo (wh- element) del estilo directo. Además de los cambios que ya hemos visto (pronominal, verbal, adverbial ), en las questions se produce un cambio de orden en la frase: del orden interrogativo de la oración de estilo directo pasamos a un orden enunciativo en el estilo indirecto. Ejemplos: John said do you want a drink? John asked if I wanted a drink. The policeman said what are you doing? The policeman asked what they were doing. Command & Request (oraciones imperativas) Sujeto + verbo de orden y petición + objeto indirecto + infinitivo + compl. Pasamos en el estilo directo de una oración imperativa a una construcción de infinitivo en el estilo indirecto; si la D.S. fuera negativa (don t + base form), negaremos la construcción de infinitivo con not. Utilizamos como verbos de orden y petición para introducir la RS los siguientes: Ordered, commanded, asked, invited, warned, advised, begged, suggested, recommended (ordenar) (mandar) (pedir) (invitar) (advertir) (avisar) (suplicar) (sugerir) (recomendar) 5

6 Ejemplos: Would you like to drink a coke, Peter? John invited Peter to drink a coke. The policeman said, Get out of the car! The policeman ordered me to get out of the car. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE UNIVERSAL STATEMENT Present Present 1 ST TYPE Present Will + infinitive Can + infinitive Imperative 2 ND TYPE Past Conditional (would + infinitive) 3 RD TYPE Past Perfect Perfect conditional (would have + participle) 6

7 PASSIVE VOICE 1. They are going to say that you haven t been here. 2. Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but it was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds. 3. Why did you buy so horrible jeans? 4. Somebody has given me many presents. 5. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land. 6. This rumour must have been started by our opponents. 7. Government is being said to spend too little money on roads. 8. I was invited to go to the party. 9. The rocket is said to have landed on the sea. 10. They showed her the easiest way to do it. 11. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank. 12. That boy is believed to have thrown the stones. 13. They told her the most important thing to do. 14. The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle s will. 15. We will not admit children under sixteen. 16. Football can bring a lot of benefits here. 17. We will be given the things we need. 18. Nothing is known about the missing car. 19. They were rescued at 9.40 by a man in a fishing boat. 20. Someone is thought to have started the fire deliberately. 21. Nobody knows anything about Brenda s family. 22. Most of the guests had left the hotel by midday. 23. Nobody had been sent an invitation when I realised. 24. They haven t decided the exact time of the match yet. 25. Chris is said to have been in the army. 26. You were shown the different messages. 27. She will be given the most important present. 28. People say that the council will improve our town. 29. They are going to repair all the damage. 30. They sent Mr Smith eighty pounds in order to pay the fine. 7

8 RELATIVE CLAUSES 1. The person fingerprints are on the gun was the person killed Dr. Martin. 2. My bike, I had left at the gate, had disappeared. 3. The shoes I finally bought were the ones I tried on first. 4. The bag in the robbers put the money was found outside the bank. 5. The medicine the doctor gave me had no effect at all. 6. Peter, couldn t see the screen, decided to change his seat. 7. The present you gave me yesterday was the one I gave you last year! 8. I really liked that tea you made me this morning. 9. What was the name of your friend tent we borrowed? 10. The flight Joe was leaving on was cancelled. 11. This is a photo of someone I met while I was on holiday. 12. Are you the person called me late last night? 13. I d like to talk to someone has visited China. 14. Nobody knows left this parcel here this morning. 15. John is the only person in this office I can trust. 16. When I find out did this, there will be trouble. 17. She is the person owns that black dog. 18. The police officer I spoke to before isn t on duty today. 19. The job he got wasn t very interesting. 20. A woman my sister knows has bought our house. 21. I m sorry for people haven t got a sense of humour. 22. I saw a girl beauty took my breath away. 23. Actually, there is a problem worries me. 24. This is Peter Taylor, works with my sister. 25. What do you think of the wine we drank last night? 26. I ve got a friend collect stamps. 27. A good builder is one houses don t fall down. 28. This is the switch isn t working. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1. Rachel would have passed the exam if she (study) 2. I would buy a Ferrari if I (have) money. 3. If he had seen the bank robbery he (advise) the police. 4. If we didn t invite Mick, he (feel) very bad. 5. Peter will not help you if you (not ask) him. 6. If I see him I (give) him a surprise. 7. If we (have) a map we would have been all right. 8. If I (know) his address I would give it to you. 9. If he (work) more slowly, he wouldn t make so many mistakes. 10. We ll go out later if it (stop) raining 11. If I (have) more money, I would buy a new car. 12. Do you want to watch TV? I (switch) it on if you do. 13. If I (take) my umbrella with me, I wouldn t have got wet. 14. If I hadn t gone out, I (not catch) a cold. 15. I (need) some money if we go out tonight. 16. If I (have) the keys, I (show) you the cellar. 17. If I (not practise), I won t pass my exam. 18. If we had gone earlier, we (have) better weather. 19. If Matthew (phone) her, Emma wouldn t have been so annoyed. 20. If Andrew (not work) all the time, he wouldn t be so boring. 21. If you press this switch, the compute (come) on. 22. I d get fat If I (eat) cake. 23. If the children go near Nick s dog, it (bite) them. 24. The team would have won if Jones (play) better. 25. If Bell hadn t invented the telephone, somebody else (do) it. 26. If she (come) later again she ll lose her job. 27. If we won the lottery, we (give) you half the money. 28. Oil (float), if you pour it on water. 29. If you eat less you (not get) fat. 30. If Jane practised more she (be) the best in the school. 31. If the storm becomes worse we (have to go) home. 8

9 REPORTED SPEECH Statements 1. The journalist told, A man threw a bomb at the Prime Minister yesterday 2. Sarah told me, I won t pass my exam tomorrow 3. I said, He hasn t got much sense of humour 4. I went to New York last summer 5. I m looking for a better job 6. My sister doesn t live in England 7. I ll come with you tomorrow, she replied. 8. We have a lift but very often it doesn t work, they said. 9. I don t like classical music 10. I will phone you later 11. I ll see you in the morning, Helen 12. I can resist everything except temptation (Oscar Wilde) Questions 13. I told the clerk, Can I pay by cheque? 14. Peter said to the collector, When does the last train leave? 15. The teacher told, How many books does he want? 16. My girlfriend said to me, Do they like me? 17. Where do you work? 18. Are you on holiday in England? 19. When did you arrive here? 20. Do you like English food? 21. Will you have time to play regularly?, he went on. 22. How long have you lived in London? 23. Did you have a good journey? 24. Does this car belong to you? 25. Who did you go to the cinema with? 26. Are you doing anything this weekend? 27. My parents asked me, What time did you get home last night? 28. Helen asked me, Did you see the film yesterday? Commands & Requests 29. She said, Peter, close the door, please 30. She said, Would you like to drink a coke, John? 31. He told me, You should show the doctor that knee 32. I could post this letter for you 33. Don t switch off the TV 34. You should take more exercise 35. Please fill up this form 36. I won t drive too fast 37. Stop your car immediately 38. Don t go with this bad-looking boy from England! 39. Don t forget to post my letter, Sue, please 40. Peter, you mustn t open that letter because it is not yours. 9