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`4,5$.(492-%94%.49-4)(*$*$-%4%-15$529/2%+2,52$')2-< =/]%`,$./1,$-%(9*1.(*$-<

49 I" #$-%74,5$.(492-%94%.49-4)(*$*$->%3$,0$9%29%-1%+2,52$'()(*$*<%`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98 CAPITULO 4. ANALISIS ECONOMICO ESTIMACIÓN DE RESERVAS. Como ya se clasifico en la sección el yacimiento se lo dividió en 4 bloques. En los tres primeros bloques los valores estimados se los ha considerado hasta una profundidad media de 20 metros con una potencia de 80 cm. También se considera un cuarto bloque con una potencia de 120 cm. Bloque Distancia Profundidad Potencia M³ Tonelaje (m.) (m.) (m.)

99 98 El calculo del tonelaje se lo hizo con una densidad promedio de 5 (T/m³ ). Haciendo una hipótesis de productividad de explotación se considero un 50 % que es lo que consta en la tabla para las reservas a la vista. Para realizar el calculo se partió de la siguiente formula: T = d (T / m³) * V (m³) [ T ] O que es lo mismo: T = d ( T / m³ ) * D (m)*pot. (m)* Prof. (m ) [ T ] Reservas totales a la vista Toneladas es decir que el yacimiento aportaría con sacos de 50 Kg. A un costo promedio actual de $ 10 cada saco utilizado en la industria petrolera ($ 200 c/ Ton.). Lo que nos daría en cifras $ para esta hipótesis, con los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación nos da las bases necesarias para recomendar la utilización de la barita en la industria petrolera.

100 DEMANDA NACIONAL. Los datos de la demanda nacional de Barita desde los años Noviembre de se encuentran en el Anexo # 8, en los mismos se observa que Dowel Schulumberger Corporation C.A. en el área petrolera comercializa aproximadamente el 70 %, el 30% restante es comercializado por Summa-Pet, Oil Energy, Baker Hughes, Flupesa etc. 4.3 DESCRIPCIÓN BREVE SOBRE EL PROCESO DE EXTRACCIÓN DEL PRODUCTO COMERCIAL. Como ya se describió anteriormente en el Capitulo 2 el acceso al yacimiento ( m sobre el nivel del mar ) desde la población de Copal ( 800 m sobre el nivel del mar ) es a través de un camino de herradura. Para optimizar tiempo se ha diseñado la construcción de un teleférico con capacidad máxima de carga de 0.5 tonelada por viaje desde la mina hasta el sector de la Punta foto # 1 para luego ser trasladado el material y ser molido técnicamente en los molinos de la compañía Bento Bar ubicada en el sector del Descanso en la provincia del Azuay.

101 Análisis de Costos y Precios. La explotación del yacimiento se la ha pensado hacer en tres frentes cada una con dos voladuras por día de 20 Ton-metr. es decir 120 Ton.- metr./día, asumiendo cada mes laborable en 25 días tendremos: Ton.-metr./mes Ton.-metr./año Duración aproximada de la mina : 15 años aproximadamente de acuerdo al calculo de reservas Capital de Inversión. Maquinas de Canteras: Tractor DCR USD. Tractor DCR USD. Compresor USD. Generador Eléctrico USD. Volqueta USD. Camiones con Chasis de Plataforma(2) USD.

102 101 Montacarga USD. Camioneta 4x USD. Vehículo 4x4 (2) USD. Martillos y Barrenos USD. Planta Procesadora Instalada USD. Subtotal USD. Depreciación Anual 15% USD Otras Inversiones. Complemento de estudios de Exploración USD. y Explotación Preparación de Frentes de Explotación USD. Infraestructura USD. Construcción del Puente USD. Construcción de Vía de Acceso a la Mina USD. Compra de Terrenos USD. Instalación de Laboratorio USD. de control de Calidad

103 102 Instalación de Oficinas USD. Mina, Cuenca, Guayaquil y Quito. Inversiones en Muebles y Equipos USD. de Oficina. Suministros y Lubricantes USD. Reparación y Mantenimiento USD. Seguros de Maquinaria USD. Energía Eléctrica (Transformador) USD. Gastos de Ventas USD. Publicidad y Propaganda 50 USD. Pagos y Regalías 100 USD. Mantenimiento de Vehículos USD. Atención Medica USD. Otros USD. Personal USD. Subtotal USD. Capital de inversión USD. Total USD.

104 Balance Estimativo anual. Gastos Operacionales USD. IVA USD. Depreciación del Equipo USD. Utilidades Laborales USD. Total Gastos Generales USD. Utilidad Bruta USD. ( T. * 200 USD c/t) Gastos Generales USD. Utilidad Neta (65%) USD. Pago de Inversión 50% Anual.

105 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.- CONCLUSIONES.-! Los bloques estudiados presentan un material de barita muy homogéneo con leves diferencias, poca oxidación por efecto de escasa meteorización y fracturamiento muy puro que lo afianzamos con su peso especifico (Anexo # 7)! La densidad promedio que se obtuvo del yacimiento es gr./cm³! Se obtuvo su peso especifico promedio de (se recuerda que este análisis no forma parte de las especificaciones API).

106 ! Los análisis de Densidad, Metales alcalino-terreos solubles en agua, Residuo mayor de 75 micras y Partículas menores de 6 micras en el diámetro esférico equivalente, cumplen con los parámetros establecidos por el instituto americano del petróleo API.! Reservas totales a la vista Toneladas con un equivalente a sacos de 50 Kg. Con una hipótesis de productividad del 50 %.! Con esta cantidad de reservas se tiene asegurada la explotación técnica del yacimiento por 15 años aproximadamente, dando como resultado una utilidad bruta de USD. anual menos los gastos generales USD. lo que nos da una utilidad bruta USD. si se considera pagar la inversión el 50 % por año la inversión se recupera en dos años.

107 ! Se puede observar claramente que la Barita comercializada en el país es importada en un 90 % según los gráficos mostrados en el anexo # 8.en los últimos 4 años.! Los análisis comparativos con una Barita que se comercializa se observo una densidad alta pero no cumplió con los otros requerimientos! Estos resultados obtenidos en esta investigación nos dan las bases necesarias para recomendar la utilización de este mineral en la industria petrolera. La cantidad de barita utilizada en las operaciones de perforación dependen de las condiciones del pozo (profundidad total, tipo de formación que se atraviesa, si se atraviesa una zona de gas, etc.).

108 RECOMENDACIONES.- " Se debe tener mucho cuidado en la pulverización del mineral por que puede causar desgaste en el equipo de perforación por que la baritina solo es soluble en ácido sulfúrico " Sobre esta apreciación tenemos que los análisis de residuo mayor de 75 micras y del diámetro esférico equivalente son parámetros que se basan específicamente de la pulverización del material. " La explotación técnica y razonable de este yacimiento contribuirá con el desarrollo de la economía del sector y nacional. Se hace un énfasis en la explotación técnica por lo difícil del acceso al yacimiento.

109 " Se recomienda hacer un estudio Geológico más detallado en las zonas adyacentes por que hay indicios de otros yacimientos minerales en el sector. " Se recomienda hacer un estudio minucioso de los aditivos usados en la perforación de pozos para establecer si cumplen las normas internacionales.

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