SPANISH I GRAMMAR TOPICS

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1 SPANISH I GRAMMAR TOPICS Indefinite articles Masculine un- a unos- some Feminine una- a unas- some Definite articles Masculine el- the los- the Feminine la- the las- the How do you know if a noun is masculine or feminine? MOST nouns that end in O are masculine MOST nouns that end in A are feminine The definite and indefinite articles also help you determine whether a noun is masculine singular (MS), feminine singular (FS), masculine plural (MP) or feminine plural (FP). What is noun adjective agreement? In Spanish, the noun always has to agree with, not only the article, but the adjective as well. Es un (ms) libro (ms) blanco (ms). Son unos (mp) libros (mp) blancos (mp). Remember that in Spanish the adjective comes after the noun. The subject pronouns Yo- I Tú- You (informal) Él- He Ella- She Usted (Ud.)- You (formal) Nosotros/Nosotras- We Ellos- They (mp) Ellas- They (fp) Ustedes (Uds.)- All of you What is an infinitive? An infinitive in Spanish ends in an ar (hablar), er (comer), or ir (vivir) 1

2 How do you conjugate REGULAR ar, er, and ir verbs in the PRESENT TENSE? 1. Drop the ar, er, or ir from the INFINITIVE 2. Add the appropriate present tense endings. PRESENT TENSE ENDINGS Yo Tú Él/Ella/Ud. Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/Uds. -AR -o -as -a -amos -an -ER -o -es -e -emos -en -IR -o -es -e -imos -en 3. When you have two verbs next to each other, depending on what you are trying to say, the 2 nd may be left in the infinitive form Examples: Yo necesito estudiar= I need to study. Cuando yo estudio, yo saco buenas notas= When I study, I get good grades How do you conjugate some IRREGULAR verbs in the PRESENT TENSE? Review the following conjugations DECIR- to say SER- to be IR- to go DAR- to ESTAR- to TENER- to VER- to see/ or to tell give be have to watch digo soy voy doy estoy tengo veo dices eres vas das estás tienes ves dice es va da está tiene ve decimos somos vamos damos estamos tenemos vemos dicen son van dan están tienen ven Tener que + infinitive= to have to Yo tengo que- I have to Tú tienes que- You have to Él tiene que- He has to Ella tiene que- She has to Usted (Ud.) tiene que- You (formal) have to Nosotros tenemos que- We have to Ellos/Ellas tienen que- They have to Ustedes (Uds.) tienen que- All of you have to Ir a + infinitive= to be going to Yo voy a- I m going to Tú vas a- You re going to Él va a- He is going to Ella va a- She is going to Usted (Ud.) va a- You (formal) are going to Nosotros vamos a- We are going to Ellos/Ellas van a- They are going to Ustedes van a- All of you are going to 2

3 The possessive adjectives mi, mis= my tu, tus= your su, sus= his, her, their, your (formal), all of your Mi libro- My book Mis libros- My books nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras= our (ms) (fs) (mp) (fp) Nuestra madre- Our mother Nuestro padre- Our father The contractions al and del 1. Whenever you have the words a (to) and el (the) next to each other, they combine to form al. Example: Yo voy a el mercado. becomes Yo voy al mercado. 2. Whenever you have the words de (of, from, about) and el (the) next to each other, they combine to form del. Example: Es el libro de el muchacho. becomes Es el libro del muchacho. The personal a The preposition a is used before a direct object that refers to a specific person or persons. It has no equivalent in English. A direct object receives the action in a sentence. Examples: Yo miro la television= I watch the televisión (televisión is the direct object and is not a person, that is why you do not need an a ) Yo miro a la profesora= I watch the teacher (teacher is the direct object and IS a person, that is why you DO NEED the personal a ) How do you conjugate stem-changing verbs in the present tense? 1. Drop the ar, er, or ir 2. Do the appropriate stem-change (see below) everywhere EXCEPT the Nosotros form. 3. Add the appropriate present tense endings (see page 2) e > ie verbs o > ue verbs u > ue verbs empezar/comenzar- to begin querer- to want perder- to lose preferir- to prefer volver- to return from somewhere devolver- to return someone or something poder- to be able to dormir- to sleep jugar- to play 3

4 The verbs GUSTAR (to be pleasing to), INTERESAR (to interest) and ABURRIR (to bore) Review the following information: me gusta/ me gustan= pleases me (I like) me interesa/ me interesan= Interests me me aburre/ me aburren= Bores me te gusta/ te gustan= pleases you (You like) te interesa/ te interesan= Interests you te aburre/ te aburren= Bores you Notice that there are only 2 forms for each verb, a singular form and a plural form. Example: Me gusta la escuela. (We use the singular form because the word escuela is singular) Me gustan las clases. (We use the plural form because the word clases is plural) When do you use SER as opposed to ESTAR? HOW YOU FEEL AND WHERE YOU ARE ALWAYS TAKE THE VERBS ESTAR! SER- to be ESTAR- to be Yo soy- I am estoy- I am Tú eres- You are estás-you are Él/Ella/Ud. es- He is, She is, You formal are está- He is, She is, You formal are Nosotros somos- We are estamos- We are Ellos/Ellas/Uds. son- They are, All of you are están- They are, All of you are Irregular YO forms in the PRESENT TENSE Hago, I do Pongo, I put Traigo, I bring Salgo, I leave Vengo*, I come Conozco, I know and Yo sé, that means I know *Venir is conjugated just like Tener, so it is completely irregular 4

5 How to form the Present Progressive The present progressive is easy indeed, There are only 2 things you really need. A conjugation of ESTAR & just one more thing, Remember that -ANDO & -IENDO both mean -ING 1. Choose the appropriate conjugation/form of ESTAR (TO BE) Yo Tú Él/Ella Usted (Ud.) Nosotros Ellos/Ellas Ustedes (Uds.) estoy- I am estás- You (informal) are está- He/She is You (formal) are está- You (formal) are estamos- We are están- They are están- All of you are 2. Form the present participle form (the ing form) of the verb. For AR verbs, drop the AR and add ando For ER and IR verbs, drop the ER or IR and add iendo Note the following: LEER leyendo & TRAER trayendo Examples: HABLAR- to speak I am speaking You (informal) are speaking Estoy hablando Estás hablando Rules for conjugating reflexive (-arse, -ersi, -irse) verbs in the PRESENT TENSE To describe what you do to yourself there's something else you need It is called a reflexive pronoun and this is what I mean, Yo gets me, Tú gets te, Nosotros uses nos, All the rest must use se, that's all you need at most:) Examples: Yo (levantarse)= me levanto Tú (afeitarse)= te afeitas Nosotros (acostarse)= nos acostamos 5

6 Los complementos directos (The direct object pronouns) The direct object is the word in the sentence that receives the action of the verb. The direct object can either be a noun (She invited Juan) or a pronoun (She invited him). In Spanish, the direct object pronouns are: me- me te- you nos- us Masculine lo- it, him los- them Feminine la- it, her las- them Remember that in Spanish the direct object pronouns always go BEFORE THE VERB. When you are asked to replace a direct object with the appropriate direct object pronoun, you must first decide whether the word you are replacing is masculine or feminine and whether it is singular or plural. Example: Rewrite the following sentence using the appropriate direct object pronoun. Yo compré los anteojos de sol. (I bought the sunglasses) The direct object of this sentence is the sunglasses because it directly receives the action of the verb. In order to rewrite this sentence with a direct object pronoun, you must first determine whether the word is masculine or feminine and whether it is singular or plural. Since it has the article los in front of it, we can determine that this word is masculine plural. According to the chart above, we have to replace it with the direct object pronoun los. The correct answer for this sentence would be Yo los compré. (I bought them). Past Tense (PRETERITE) endings for regular AR verbs Drop the AR and add the following endings: Yo -é Tú -aste Él/Ella/Usted -ó Nosotros -amos Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -aron Remember that in the YO form verbs that end in CAR, -GAR or ZAR have a spelling change! -CAR use -qué in the YO form -GAR use gué in the YO form -ZAR use cé in the YO form 6

7 Past tense (PRETERITE) of IR (to go) & SER (to be) Yo Tú Él/Ella/Usted Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron Los complementos indirectos (The indirect object pronouns) The indirect object is the word in the sentence that is affected by the action of the verb. The indirect object can either be a noun (She gave the invitation to Juan) or a pronoun (She gave the invitation to him). In Spanish, the indirect object pronouns are: me, a mí-to me te, a ti- to you le, a él- to him le, a ella- to her le, a Ud.- to you (formal) nos, a nosotros- to us les, a ellos/a ellas- to them les, a Uds.- to all of you Remember that in Spanish the indirect object pronouns always go BEFORE THE VERB. Examples: Yo di la tarea a la profesora. Yo LE di la tarea. We use LE because of a la profesora A mí dieron un regalo. A mí ME dieron un regalo. We use ME because of a mí Past tense (PRETERITE) endings for Regular ER & -IR verbs Yo. í Tú. iste Él/Ella/Ud/..ió Nosotros.imos Ellos/Ellas/Uds/.ieron 7

8 Past tense (PRETERITE) of irregular verbs HACER: to do, to make QUERER: to want VENIR: to come Yo hice quise vine Tú hiciste quisiste viniste Él/Ella/Ud. hizo quiso vino Nosotros hicimos quisimos vinimos Ellos/Ellas/Uds. hicieron quisieron vinieron ESTAR: to be ANDAR: to go around Yo estuve anduve Tú estuviste anduviste Él/Ella/Ud. estuvo anduvo Nosotros estuvimos anduvimos Ellos/Ellas/Uds. estuvieron anduvieron PODER: to be able to PONER: to put, to SABER: to know place Yo pude puse supe Tú pudiste pusiste supiste Él/Ella/Ud. pudo puso supo Nosotros pudimos pusimos supimos Ellos/Ellas/Uds. pudieron pusieron supieron TENER: to have DECIR: to say, to tell Yo tuve dije Tú tuviste dijiste Él/Ella/Ud. tuvo dijo Nosotros tuvimos dijimos Ellos/Ellas/Uds. tuvieron dijeron 8