Gramática Para Empezar

Transcripción

1 Para Empezar p.3 Verbos irregulares (in the present tense, 1st person singular) Conocer Saber Obedecer Salir Ofrecer Traer Parecer Ver Dar Caer Hacer Seguir Sigo (sigues, sigue, seguimos, siguen) Poner Verbs that are irregular in all persons: Ser Ir Decir Estar Oír Tener *********************************************************************************** p.5 Presente de los verbos con cambios de raíz The stem change occurs in all forms except nosotros and vosotros_. Perder ( ) Poder ( ) Pedir ( ) Other stem changing verbs are.. e ie o ue e i Reír (río, ríes, ríe, reímos, ríen)

2 Para Empezar p.7 Los verbos reflexivos You use reflexive verbs to say that people. The two parts of a reflexive verb are the and the. The reflexive pronouns are. Except for, the reflexive pronouns are the same as the indirect object pronouns. They usually come the verb, but they may be attached to the infinitive. Remember that you use the with parts of the body or articles of clothing. Some reflexive verbs are: *********************************************************************************** p.11 Verbos que se conjugan como gustar The verbs,,,, and doler always use indirect object pronouns The indirect object pronouns are They follow the construction + + Example: Me gusta el fútbol. (I like soccer.) In the example, the indirect object pronoun tells us who likes soccer I do! The verb gustar agrees with the thing that is liked. Soccer is singular so you use gusta. If it said Me gustan los deportes. you would use gustan because deportes is plural. If what you like is an action, such as Me gusta correr., you will use the singular form. To clarify who the indirect object pronoun refers to you can begin the sentence with a prepositional phrase (a mí, a ti, a Juan, a nosotros, a ellos, a Juan y a mí) Example: A Juan le gusta el fútbol. (If you don t put the prepositional phrase it wouldn t be clear who le was referring to.) Examples with the other verbs: Nos encanta jugar videojuegos. A Sara le importa su familia. A mí me interesan otras culturas A Felipe le duele la cabeza. (We love to play videogames.) ( ) ( ) ( )

3 Para Empezar p.12 Adjetivos posesivos Possessive adjectives always agree in gender and with the nouns they describe. They are placed. The possessive adjective our is the only one that also agrees in gender (nuestro gato, nuestra maestra, nuestros hermanos, nuestras clases) The possessive adjectives in all of their forms are Singular Plural My Your (informal) His, her, your (formal) Our and and Their, yours (plural) Since su and sus can refer to different people you can use the prepositional phrase + for or. Example: Sus pantalones son elegantes. ( ) Los pantalones de ella? ( ) No, el amigo de usted. ( )

4 Capítulo 1: A ver si recuerdas p.17 El pretérito de los verbos Use the preterite to talk about actions that happened in the. The preterite verb endings are: -AR -ER and -IR The preterite forms of the irregular verbs hacer, dar, and ver are: Hacer Dar Ver ********************************************************************************** P.19 El pretérito de los verbos ir y ser y de los verbos que terminan en car, -gar, zar ir / ser Verbs ending in,, have a spelling change in the of the preterite. -car (c qu) -gar (g gu) -zar (z c) buscar investigar almorzar chocar (con) navegar comenzar practicar jugar cruzar sacar llegar empezar tropezar

5 Capítulo 1: A primera vista 1 p.30 El pretérito de los verbos con el cambio ortográfico i y Verbs ending in, such as destruir and construir have a spelling change in the preterite. The becomes a in the. The accents go where they normally go in the preterite, the first and third person singular. (*Note that seguir does not follow this pattern.) Destruir Construir Leer, creer, oír, and caerse also follow the i y pattern, but the accents are different. In addition to the usual accents, they also have accents on the letter i in the tú and nosotros forms. Therefore, the only form without an accent is the third person plural. Leer Creer Oír Caerse ******************************************************************************* p.31 El pretérito de los verbos irregulares Tener Andar Estar Poder Poner Saber Venir Decir Traer

6 Capítulo 1: A primera vista 1 p.33 El pretérito de los verbos con los cambios e i, o u en la raíz Stem changing verbs in the present tense also have a in the preterite tense. The changes are and take place in the only. AR AND ER VERBS NEVER STEM CHANGE IN THE PRETERITE! Pedir Sentir Dormir Divertirse Preferir Sugerir Vestirse Morir Seguir Servir Preferir Repetir Mentir Reír (irregular) Perder Reí Reímos Reíste Rió Rieron Acostarse Jugar Empezar

7 Capítulo 1: A primera vista 2 p.42 El imperfecto Use the imperfect tense to talk about actions that in the past. In English you often say or to express this idea. The expressions,,,,, usually indicate that the imperfect will be used. The regular verb endings are: -AR -ER / -IR There are only 3 irregular verbs! There aren t any stem changing verbs! Ir Ser Ver Haber is only used in the third person singular. The present tense is hay and means there is or there are. The imperfect tense is and means. ********************************************************************************** p.44 Usos del imperfecto Use the imperfect to describe something that. Also use the imperfect to describe all of the following in the past Example: Tenía 16 años. Example: Los atletas estaban en el gimnasio. Example: Hacía calor. Example: Los atletas eran altos. Example: Era el 5 de noviembre Example: Eran las dos de la tarde. No era la una. Example: El estadio estaba lleno. Also use it to talk about a past action that was or that. Example: Los atletas se entrenaban en el gimnasio.

8 Capítulo 2: A ver si recuerdas p.65 Concordancia y comparación de adjetivos Adjetivos Adjectives agree in and with. Masculine adjectives usually end in and feminine adjectives usually en in. Ex: un chico alt una chica alt Adjectives ending in or may be either feminine or masculine. Ex: un dibujo interesant una pintura interesant Adjectives that end in may be either masculine or feminine. Ex: un dibujo realist una pintura realist To form the feminine form of adjectives that end in, add to the end. Ex: un niño trabajador una niña trabajador If an adjective describes a combination of masculine and feminine nouns, the ending is used. Ex: Ese cuadro y esa estatua no son fe. Comparaciones Comparisons of similarity use + + Ex: Josefina es tan cómica como Lili. Comparisons of difference use + + Ex: Josefina es más cómica que Lili. Irregular comparisons of difference are: Better than Older than Worse than Younger than

9 Capítulo 2: A ver si recuerdas p.67 Comparación de sustantivos y el superlativo. Comparaciones To make a comparison or differentiation between two nouns, use + + Ex: Hoy hay menos gente que ayer en el teatro. To make a comparison between two similar nouns, use: + + Ex. Hoy hay tantas personas como ayer en el teatro. ( tanto agrees in gender and number with the noun that follows it) El superlativo The superlative is to say that something is or. To express a superlative comparison use: Ex: Felipe es el estudiante más trabajador. When mejor and peor are used as superlatives, use: + + Ex: Felipe es el mejor estudiante. The preposition is used after the adjective to specify when the superlative comparison occurs. Ex: Felipe es el mejor estudiante de la clase.

10 p.78 Pretérito vs. imperfecto Gramática Capítulo 2: A primera vista 1 Expressions that usually indicate the use of the preterite or the imperfect: Preterite-,, Imperfect-,, Use the preterite to tell about past actions that and are. These may be things that happened only 1 time or things that happened a specific number of times. Example: Abracé a mi mamá ayer. (it can be assumed that it was 1 time) Abracé a mi mamá cinco veces ayer. (specific number of times) to give a in the past. Example: Cuando llegamos, la profesora sacó sus pinceles y empezó a pintar. Use the imperfect to tell about in the past. These are things that happened multiple times, but we don t have an exact number. Example: Cuando era niña, abrazaba a mi mamá todos los días. To give such as. Example: Eran las dos de la tarde. Example: Estábamos en el parque. Example: Hacía buen tiempo. Example: Estábamos muy contentos. Example: Éramos jóvenes. Example: Carlos llevaba una camiseta roja. Example: Yo me relajaba y no pensaba en nada. when or more actions are in the past. Example: Mientras los niños pintaban, el profesor observaba las pinturas. Use the preterite and the imperfect together when an ( ) another that is in the past ( ). Example: Yo estudiaba cuando mi papá llegó a casa. Mi papa llegó a casa cuando yo estudiaba. *Note that you can flip the clauses and still have the same meaning. You must understand which event was already in progress (imperfect) and which event interrupted it (preterite) rather than thinking that one tense always goes before the other.

11 Capítulo 2: A primera vista 1 p.81 estar + participle Many in Spanish are actually. To form the past participle you add to the root of and to the root of. Example: Decorar, Conocer, Preferer Irregular past participles: Abrir Decir Escribir Romper Ver Volver Poner Resolver Hacer Morir The past participle is frequently used with to describe conditions that are the result of a previous action. Conjugate estar in the present tense to say that something is... and in the imperfect tense to say that something was.... The past participle in and. Examples: Las paredes estaban pintad. Las ventanas estaban cerrad. (The painter is seated) (The walls ) (The homework is done) ( )

12 Capítulo 2: A primera vista 2 p.90 Ser y estar Ser and estar both mean. They are used in different situations and have different meanings. Use ser to indicate or describe the following: Example: Mi tía es simpática. Example: Ella es de Madrid. Example: Ella es española. Example: Ella es escritora. Example: El concierto es el viernes. Example: El concierto es en el teatro. Example: La guitarra es de Elisa. Use estar to indicate or describe the following: Example: El teatro está cerrado a esta hora. Example: Los actores están muy nerviosos. Example: El teatro está en la Avenida de las Rosas. Example: Estamos comprando boletos. (see review below) Progressive tense Use a conujugated form of the verb estar + the present participle. The present participle is the stem of the verb with ando or iendo added to it. This tense is used to indicate that an action is or was in progress. An action currently in progress uses the present tense of estar and is called the present progressive. Example: Yo estoy cantando. (I am singing.) An action that was in progress uses the imperfect tense of estar and is called the past progressive. Example: Yo estaba cantando. (I was singing.) Some adjectives have different meanings depending on whether they are used with ser or estar. Ana es bonita. Ana está bonita. () () El cómico es aburrido. () El cómico está aburrido. () El cantante es rico. El postre está rico. Renaldo es listo. Renaldo está listo. (_) (_) (He s intelligent.) (He s ready.)

13 Capítulo 2: A primera vista 2 p.92 Verbos con distinto sentido en el pretérito y en el imperfecto (Fill in the different English meanings of each verb in the blanks provided and translate each Spanish sentence into English in the space below it.) Saber Imperfect Sabías que el concierto empezaba tarde? Preterite Sí, supe ayer que empezaba tarde. Conocer Pedro conocía muy bien a esa actriz. Luis la conoció el año pasado. Querer Luis quería comprar las entradas hoy. Yo quise comprarlas, pero me enfermé. No querer No querían ver esa obra de teatro. No quisieron ver esa obra de teatro. Poder Ella podía aprender la letra de la canción. Ella pudo aprender la letra de esa canción.

14 Capítulo 3: A ver si recuerdas... p.113 Pronombres de complemento directo Direct object pronouns tell or. They are used to in order to. When the direct object is a or, you use the before it. Direct Object Pronouns Example: Probaste el pescado? Sí, lo probé (translation:_) (translation:_) Direct object pronouns usually go. If there is a before the verb, the pronoun goes. Example: (Antonio ate the grapes.) (He ate them at breakfast.) (I didn t eat them.) If the verb is followed by an or a ( ), the direct object pronoun may go or be. *If you attach the direct object pronoun to the end of a participle you must add an accent on the iéndo or the ándo. You don t need to add accents to infinitives. Example: Vas a comer el helado? (Are you going to eat the ice cream?) (I m eating it now.) (I m eating it now.) (I don t want to eat it.) (I don t want to eat it.) (I m not going to eat it.) (use ir + a + infinitive) (I m not going to eat it.)

15 Capítulo 3: A ver si recuerdas... p.115 Pronombres de complemento indirecto Indirect object pronouns indicate. The indirect object is usually receiving something. Example: La maestra nos dio un examen. (The teacher gave us an exam.) *The exam is for us. We are receiving it. Note that the verb dio agrees with who is performing the action, not who is receiving it. Indirect Object Pronouns Sometimes you can use to to whom the indirect object pronouns and refer. Example: El médico le dio una inyección a ella. ( ) Quién les trajo las medicinas a ustedes? ( ) Ella le trajo la radiografía al doctor. ( ) *Note that this addition clarifies the sentence, but it is not required in order to have a gramatically correct sentence. However, the use of the indirect object pronoun IS REQUIRED even if the sentence is clarified at the end. The placement of the indirect object pronoun is the same as that of the direct object pronoun. Refer to the previous page in your notes for that information. Example: (They have to give an x-ray to my dog) (They have to give an x-ray to my dog) (I m giving them the medicines.) (I m giving them the medicines.) Remember that the indirect object pronouns are used with verbs like,,, importar, and interesar. Example: Me duele el brazo ( ) A los niños no les gustan las inyecciones. ( )

16 Capítulo 3: A primera vista 1 p.125 Mandatos afirmativos con tú To, use the tú command form. To give an affirmative command in the tú form, use the (a.k.a. third person singular). This rule also applies to stem changing verbs. Caminar Jugar Comer Volver Abrir Pedir Irregular verbs you have to memorize! Decir Tener Salir Mantener Hacer Venir Ser Poner Ir Ser Sé reflexive, direct, and indirect object to the of affirmative commands. an. Start at the end of the word and count 3 vowels back. That s where the accent usually goes. Example: esas vitaminas! (Take these vitamins!) (Take them now!) (Sit here!)

17 Capítulo 3: A primera vista 1 p.126 Mandatos negativos con tú To form negative tú commands with regular verbs, and add the new ending. AR verbs end in. ER and IR verbs end in. Hablar Comer Abrir --> + = --> + = --> + = The same rule applies to verbs with an irregular present tense yo form. This includes stem changing verbs. Salir salgo --> salg + as = No salgas Ofrecer --> + = Escoger --> + = Tener --> + = Dormir duermo --> duerm + as = No duermas Perder --> + = Volver --> + = Pedir --> + = Irregular negative tú commands Dar Estar Ir Ser,, verbs have spelling changes in the negative tú commands in order to keep the original sound. Sacar (c qu) = Llegar (g gu)= Cruzar(z c)= *Some -car, -gar, -zar verbs also have stem changes. Jugar No juegues. Empezar No empieces Almorzar No almuerces. Reflexive and object pronouns go after no and before the verb. Examples: (Don t get up.) (Don t eat it.)

18 Capítulo 3: A primera vista 1 p.127 Mandatos afirmativos y negativos con Ud. Y Uds. Use to give commands to someone you are more formal with. Use to give commands to more than one person at the same time. To form a command with,. To form a command with,. Negative tú command Ud. command Uds. command No hables. No traigas la receta. No vayas al consultorio. No vengas a mi casa. To form Ud. And Uds. Commands just. Example: frutas, pero muchos dulces. reflexive, direct, and indirect object to the. an to show that the stress remains in the same place. That s usually 3 vowels back from the end of the verb. If there aren t 3 vowels, don t put an accent In commands, put the pronoun. Example: Tomen esas pastillas! los dientes! Pídanle fruta. (Take these pills!) (Take them now!) (Brush your teeth!) (Don t ask for candy.) ( )

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