Spanish 3 Final Exam. Grammar Review

Transcripción

1 Spanish 3 Final Exam Grammar Review

2 Regular Verbs in the preterit Pronouns Ar endings Er endings Ir endings Yo é í í Tú aste iste iste Él, ella, Ud. ó ió ió Nosotros amos imos imos Ellos, ellas, aron ieron ieron Uds.

3 Also Remember There are 3 groups of ar spelling changes for the yo form (only the yo form changes) 1. gar changes to gué 2. car changes to qué 3. zar changes to cé Stem changing -ar and -er verbs do not change in the preterit. -ir stem-changing verbs only change in the él, ella, Ud. and ellos, ellas, Uds forms in the preterit

4 Irregular Verbs in the Preterit Ir Ser Ver Dar fui fui vi di fuiste fuiste viste diste fue fue vio dio fuimos fuimos vimos dimos fueron fueron vieron dieron

5 The u group Estar Poder Tener Poner estuve pude tuve puse estuviste pudiste tuviste pusiste estuvo pudo tuvo puso estuvimos pudimos tuvimos pusimos estuvieron pudieron tuvieron pusieron

6 The i group Hacer Querer Venir Decir hice quise vine dije hiciste quisiste viniste dijiste hizo quiso vino dijo hicimos quisimos vinimos dijimos hicieron quisieron vinieron dijeron

7 Imperfect of Regular Verbs Subject Pronouns -ar Endings Hablar -er/-ir Ending s Comer Yo aba hablaba ía comía Tú abas hablabas ías comías Él, ella, Ud. aba hablaba ía comía Nosotros Ellos, ellas, Uds. ábamos aban hablábamo s hablaban íamos ían comíamos comían

8 Imperfect of Irregular Verbs Ver Ir Ser veía iba era veías ibas eras veía iba era veíamos íbamos éramos veían iban eran

9 Preterit vs. Imperfect Preterit: Action tense Well-defined action or event which happened at a specific point in time. Describe isolated actions Specific actions and events Una vez, el sábado, un día, esta mañana, anoche Imperfect: background / Setting tense Ongoing or continuous actions or events Describe people, places, or situations in the past Describe repeated past actions Describes circumstances and conditions (time, weather, location, age, physical appearance, mental or emotional state, attitudes, beliefs) What people were doing when something else occurred Trigger words Siempre, Los sábados, todos los días, a menudo, usualmente, normalmente, cada, Generalmente

10 Reflexive Verbs A New Usage In chapter 2 we learned that reflexive verbs mean that the subject is performing the action on him or herself. Reflexive verbs can also be used to mean that people do something to each other. Gabriela and Liliana fight with each other: Gabriela y Liliana se pelean. Cesar and I hug each other: Cesár y yo nos abrazamos.

11 The uses of Ser and Estar Ser Estar

12 Possessive Adjectives Possessive Adjectives that come before a noun Since su and sus have many meanings, for clarity or emphasis we can use a prepositional phrase. Instead of using sus libros to mean her books, you can say los libros de ella Mi Your His/Her/ Their Our (m) Our (f) Singular mi tu su nuestro nuestra Plural mis tus sus nuestros nuestras Possessive Adjectives that come after a noun Let s examine the difference: Ése es mi televisor = That is my TV Ése televisor es mío=that TV is mine Mi Your His/Her/Their Our Singular (m) mío tuyo suyo nuestro Singular (f) mía tuya suya nuestra Plural (m) míos tuyos suyos nuestros Plural (f) mías tuyas suyas nuestras

13 Possessive Pronouns A possessive pronoun takes the place of a noun and a possessive adjective The possessive pronouns agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace. The are generally used with the appropriate definite article. When possessive pronouns are used after the verb ser, we usually omit the definite article. Singular Singular Plural (m) (m) (f) Plural (f) Mine el mío los míos la mía las mías Your el tuyo los tuyos la tuya las tuyas His/Her el suyo los suyos la suya las suyas Our el nuestro los nuestros la nuestra las nuestras Their/ All of your el suyo los suyos la suya las suyas

14 The Present Progressive Tense In Spanish, to stress that someone is in the process of doing something, you can use the present progressive tense. You form the present progressive by using the correct form of the verb estar, followed by the present participle. To form the present participle: For ar verbs: remove the ar and add ando For er and ir verbs: remove er or ir and add iendo Verbs that change stem in the preterit also change stem in the present participle: o -> u e -> i Dormir = Durmiendo Pedir = Pidiendo

15 Negative constructions Algún and Ningún are always written with an accent Affirmative words usually come before the main verb of the sentence. In questions, it may come after the verb. Negative words may come before or after the verb. If they come after, we must use no before the verb. Unlike English, double and triple negatives are allowed in Spanish. Affirmative Negative alguien Someone nadie No one algo Something nada Nothing algún / alguna Some ningún, None (pronoun) ninguna (pronoun) alguno / alguna Some Adj. ninguno, ninguna None adj. siempre Always nunca Never también Also tampoco Neither

16 Affirmative tú commands When you tell someone to do something, you are giving a command. In Spanish, the tú commands are easy to form, if you follow these guidelines Affirmative tú commands are the same as he/she form in present tense Certain verbs have irregular forms such as Decir - Di_ Poner - _Pon Tener -_Ten_ Hacer - Haz Salir - Sal_ Ser - _Sé Ir- Ve_ Object pronouns (direct, indirect & Reflexive) are attached to the end When you do this you must also add an accent

17 Negative tú commands When you command someone NOT to do something, you use the negative tú commands. To form the negative tú command, start with the yo form of the verb in the present tense and remove the o. Then add an es for ar verbs or add an as for er and ir verbs Object pronouns can only go in between the No and the command. Some verbs have spelling changes similar to those from the preterite - car changes to ques Tocar = No toques! - gar changes to gues Jugar = No juegues! -zar changes to ces empezar = No empieces! Certain verbs have irregular forms such as Dar - des Estar - _estes Ser - seas Ir- vayas

18 The Future Tense Regular verbs in the future tense start with the infinitive of the verb. Regular ar, er, and ir verbs all use the same endings: Endings Estudiar Comer Sacudir Yo é estudiaré comeré sacudiré Tú ás estudiarás comerás sacudirás Él, Ella, Ud. á Estudiará comerá sacudirá Nosotros emos Estudiaremos comeremos sacudiremos án Estudiarán comerán sacudirán Ellos, Ellas, Uds. Notice all forms have accents except nosotros Irregular stems Tener = Tendr Poder = Podr Saber = Sabr Hacer = Har Irregular stems use the same endings as the regular verbs.