Estilo Indirecto. 1º) Tengo que reconocer en qué estilo está la frase y a qué estilo tengo que pasarla.

Transcripción

1 El ejercicio consiste en contar lo que ha dicho otra persona. Por convención se usa el pasado. Para ello hay que usar la LÓGICA, pero ayuda mucho aprenderse los cambios de tiempos verbales y de otras palabras y expresiones. 1º) Tengo que reconocer en qué estilo está la frase y a qué estilo tengo que pasarla. El se reconoce por las comillas Jacobo: Tengo que trabajar Jacob: I have to work El, en lugar de comillas, tiene un reporting verb Jacobo dijo que tenía que trabajar Jacob said that he had to work Cambios de tiempos verbales [en general hay un salto hacia un pasado anterior ]: (ojo, que son en los dos sentidos, según cambiemos de estilo directo a indirecto [es lo habitual] o de indirecto a directo ) RECUERDA que un tiempo verbal puede ser: Simple: un sólo verbo pero necesita auxiliar para negación (don't, doesn't) e interrogación (do, does) Compuesto: Perfecto: indica una acción que se ha completado incluye el verbo have como auxiliar (have, has, had, haven't, hasn't, hadn't) [= haber, no tener en este caso] se completa con el participio (-ado, -ido = 3ª columna de la lista de verbos irregulares o -ed ) del verbo léxico [el que dá significado] Contínuo: indica una acción que se está realizando incluye el verbo be como auxiliar (am, is, are, was, were, am not, isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't) [= estar, no ser en este caso] se completa con el gerundio (-ando, -endo = -ing ) del verbo léxico [el que dá significado] Perfecto Contínuo: una combinación de los dos anteriores, con dos auxiliares indica una acción que se ha estado realizando incluye el verbo have como auxiliar (have, has, had, haven't, hasn't, hadn't) [= haber, no tener en este caso] incluye el participio del otro auxiliar: (sido, estado = been, que no cambia nunca) se completa con el gerundio (-ando, -endo = -ing ) del verbo léxico [el que dá significado] Ejemplo Español Ejemplo Inglés Tiempo verbal Tiempo verbal Ejemplo Español Ejemplo Inglés Trabaja He works Presente simple <> Pasado simple Trabajaba / Trabajó He worked Trabajaba / Trabajó He worked Pasado simple <> Pretérito pluscuamperfecto Había trabajado He had worked

2 Está He is working Presente <> Pasado Estaba He was working Estaba He was working Pasado <> Pretérito pluscuamperfecto Había estado He had been working Ha trabajado He has worked Presente perfecto <> Pretérito perfecto Había trabajado He had worked Ha estado He has been working Presente perfecto <> Pretérito perfecto Había estado He had been working Había trabajado He had worked Pretérito perfecto = Pretérito perfecto Había trabajado He had worked Había estado He had been working Pretérito perfecto Trabajará He will work Futuro simple (will) <> = Pretérito perfecto Condicional simple (would) Había estado Trabajaría He had been working He would work Estará He will be working Futuro <> Condicional Estaría He would be working Habrá trabajado He will have worked Futuro perfecto <> Condicional perfecto Habría trabajado He would have worked Habrá estado He will have been working Futuro perfecto <> Condicional perfecto Habría estado He would have been working Debe trabajar He must work Must = Must Debía trabajar He must work Debería trabajar He should work Should = Should Debería trabajar He should work Puede/Sabe trabajar He can work Can <> Could Podía/Sabía/ trabajar He could work Puede que trabaje He may work May <> Might Podía ser que trabajase He might work Tiene que trabajar He has to work Have to / has to <> Had to Tenía que trabajar He had to work Va a trabajar He is going to work Be going to (presente) <> Be going to (pasado) Iba a trabajar He was going to work Cambios de otras palabras y expresiones: Inglés Español Inglés Español now ahora / ya <> then entonces / luego today hoy <> that day ese día tonight esta noche <> that night esa noche yesterday ayer <> the previous day / the day before el día anterior / el día antes last week la semana pasada <> the previous week / the week before la semana anterior / la semana previa

3 a month ago hace un mes <> tomorrow mañana <> next week la semana que viene / la próxima semana the previous month / the month before the following day / the day after / the next day el mes anterior / el mes previo el día siguiente / al día siguiente / el día después <> the following week / the week after la semana siguiente / posterior here aquí <> there allí / ahí this este/a/o <> that ese/a/o these estos/as <> those esos/esas OJO! Los pronombres personales (sujeto y objeto) y los adjetivos posesivos y pronombres posesivos se cambian según la lógica! mis llaves (my keys) puede convertirse en sus llaves de él (his keys) o sus llaves de ella (her keys), dependiendo de quién lo haya dicho. 2º) Tengo que reconocer qué tipo de frase es: 2.1) AFIRMACIONES / NEGACIONES: reporting verb = said / told. Suele ser said. Si hay que añadir Objeto Indirecto, son estructuras distintas: said + to + Oi ; told + Oi. Jacobo: Tengo que trabajar Jacob: I have to work Jacobo dijo que tenía que trabajar Jacob said that he had to work 2.2) PREGUNTAS: OJO! Dejan de ser una pregunta y por eso no hay ni inversión, ni auxiliar para preguntar, ni signo de interrogación ) si se responden con sí o no : reporting verb = asked + if / asked + whether Jacobo: Tienes que trabajar? Jacob: Do you have to work? Jacobo me preguntó si tenía que trabajar Jacob asked me if I had to work / Jacob asked me whether I had to work 2.2.2) si incluyen una wh- word : reporting verb = asked + wh- word

4 Jacobo: Cuándo tienes que trabajar? Jacob: When do you have to work? Jacobo me preguntó cuándo tenía que trabajar Jacob asked me when I had to work 2.3) ÓRDENES: reporting verb = told / ordered. Suele ser told. Estructura: S + told + Oi + To INFinitive. [Podemos usar asked si es una orden educada (incluye por favor ), pero sin if, con la misma estructura de órdenes, y significa pedir ] Jacobo: Trabaja Jacob: Work Jacobo me mandó trabajar / Jacobo me dijo que trabajase Jacob told me to work 2.4) SUGERENCIAS: reporting verb = suggested / recommended )...+ V ing: indica que quien hizo la sugerencia se incluía en ella Jacobo: Vamos a trabajar Jacob: Let's work Jacobo sugirió que trabajásemos Jacob suggested working / Jacob recommended working 2.4.2)...that + S + V: quien hizo la sugerencia no se incluía en ella Jacobo: Deberías trabajar Jacob: You should work Jacobo sugirió que trabajase Jacob suggested that I work(ed) / Jacob recommended that I work(ed) 3º) Transformamos la frase de acuerdo con la estructura y los cambios lógicos.

5 Reporting Verbs: [avanzado] Say, tell y ask solamente introducen el mensaje. El resto de verbos añaden significado extra: la intención del hablante o el modo de hablar que empleó. say = decir tell = decir, contar ask = preguntar suggest = sugerir recommend = recomendar admit = admitir agree = estar de acuerdo answer = responder, contestar apologise = pedir perdón, disculparse boast = jactarse de, alardear de claim = quejarse de complain = quejarse de declare = declarar deny = negar exclaimed = exclamar explain = explicar inform = informar insist = insistir mention = mencionar offer = ofrecer(se) promise = prometer refuse = rechazar remind = recordar reply = responder, contestar state = declarar, manifestar enquire, inquire = preguntar request = requerir want to know = querer saber wonder = preguntarse demand = exigir order = ordenar, pedir shout = gritar warn = advertir beg = rogar, suplicar advise = aconsejar invite = invitar Sacadas de selectividad: 1. The doctor said: Don't take another pill until tomorrow. 2. He said he couldn't remember what had happened the night before. 3. Mary said to Ellen: Don't ever marry again. 4. Did you do your homework?, the teacher asked me.

6 5. The journalist asked: Will global warming create more storms?. 6. Gihan exclaimed: We have had too many prohibitions. 7. The director said: everybody knows someone who has been touched by drugs. 8. The Professor said: I will finish my lecture before the bell rings. 9. The UFO enthusiast explained: I've never known anything like it. 10. The butcher exclaimed: You can't get these pies anywhere else in the universe!. 11. I'll pay for the operation, he said. 12. The spokeman said: I can't understand why billiards has been prohibited. 13. I am very sorry for what I have done, he said.

7 14. Some teenagers said: we chose this place because it is quiet and comfortable. 15. Prince Kretzulesco said: I have been considering leaving Germany next year. 16. Mary said: I will not take part in sports because there is not a private shower. 17. She asked how much they had paid for that new computer. 18. BBC News reported: The government will release all the UFO files that have been secret over the last 50 years. 19. All my life I ve had a temper and I got into fights at school and university, Mary said. 20. Steve, be careful with that knife, Linda said. 21. She asked him: Did you go to the museum yesterday? 22. Experts advised us: Don t open any s from unknown senders.

8 23. She told him: Stay with me after the operation. 24. Did they fly to Norway yesterday? Susan asked me. 25. Can Africa be saved?, the journalist asked. 26. The doctor said to the old lady: I will not operate on you.' 27. The journalist asked: Do you think scientists will decipher the mental map? 28. Don't put sticky things in your pockets, said his mother. 29. Will hurricane Katrina be a warning for politicians?, asked the scientist. 30. She told me: I will lend you my doll next week. 31. The doctor asked: Do you ever feel this pain in your stomach before meals?

9 32. Michael asked her: Where did you find these trainers? 33. Michael wondered: Why do I do this every day? 34. Buy me the paper if you re going out, Alice asked her brother. 35. My aunt said: Single men should drive slowly if they want to live longer 36. He said: We are here today to reach consensus 37. In 2001 the councillor said: The city will launch a radical traffic plan next February 38. She said: Don t smoke if you want to save money. 39. Last week Julia said: We will meet our new instructor tomorrow 40. She said: We ll go and get some food.

10 41. You should buy these shoes because they fit you perfectly, she advised me. 42. The doctor asked: Is there anything in your past that you regret? 43. The teacher told us not to mock our classmates 44. Betty asked me: When did you arrive? 45. The man asked me: How can I get to the airport? 46. He asked: Do you often play rugby? 47. Nada asked: Don't they have any compassion?