Conocimiento de la lengua

Transcripción

1 Unidad Didáctica II: Past times Conocimiento de la lengua En esta sección vamos a estudiar los siguientes aspectos gramaticales y léxicos: Past simple, Past continuous y sus diferencias. Present perfect simple y Present perfect continuous. Diferencias con el Past simple. For, since, just, still, already, yet. Past perfect simple y Past perfect continuous. Used to. Formación de palabras: sustantivos compuestos. Contenidos léxicos - áreas temáticas: la vivienda y forma de vida. Todo ello nos ayudará a conseguir los siguientes objetivos: Narrar acontecimientos y hechos pasados. Localizar y secuenciar en el tiempo. Vincular acciones pasadas con el presente. Formular preguntas ante respuestas dadas. Expresar hábitos y costumbres en el pasado. Dar información sobre nuestra vivienda y estilo de vida. En el transcurso de la unidad didáctica, leeremos y escucharemos los comentarios de nuestro profesor-guía Mark Wilson que nos introducirá los diversos aspectos a estudiar. Past simple "Last weekend my wife and I were in London, we spent the whole weekend there with our friends Alan and Brenda. On Saturday morning my wife went shopping to the city centre and bought dresses and a pair of jeans. I visited the British Museum and then some music shops. On Sunday morning Alan and I went to see a football match. Brenda and my wife took the tube in order to go to the street market in Portobello. It was an interesting weekend. Alan and Brenda promised to go to Bath and spend a weekend with us." Mark visited the British Museum in London last Saturday. Previous: Cuáles son las formas verbales del past simple que emplea Mark? Estudia todo el subapartado Past simple y sus subsubapartados y

2 contesta a esta pregunta: / / / / / / / En los siguientes subsubapartados veremos el past simple de los siguientes verbos: To be. Verbos regulares. Verbos irregulares. Past simple de to be Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences): Forma afirmativa (Affirmative form) I was You were He / She / It was Traducción (Translation) Yo era / estaba / fui / estuve Tú eras / estabas / fuiste / estuviste Él / Ella / Ello era / estaba / fue / estuvo We were Nosotros/as éramos / estábamos / fuimos / estuvimos You were Vosotros/as erais / estabais / fuisteis / estuvisteis They were Ellos/as eran / estaban / fueron / estuvieron Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences): Forma plena (Full form) I was not You were not He / She / It was not We were not You were not They were not Forma breve (Short form) I wasn't You weren't He / She / It wasn't We weren't You weren't They weren't Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Preguntas (Questions) Was I? Were you? Was he / she / it? Were we? Were you?

3 Were they? Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Yes, I was Yes, you were Yes, he / she / it was Yes, we were Yes, you were Yes, they were Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) No, I wasn't No, you weren't No, he / she / it wasn't No, we weren't No, you weren't No, they weren't Usos: El verbo to be en pasado indica acontecimientos y hechos pasados. Echa un vistazo a los siguientes ejemplos Además, el verbo to be en pasado mantiene los mismos usos que ya se trataron en la unidad didáctica nº 1. Para saludos y para hablar de la salud de alguien Para expresar la edad Para indicar las horas Para indicar altura, medida, etc. En las expresiones de uso corriente ya vistas en la Unidad nº 1 y en otras como las siguientes: To be about to = estar a punto de To be sleepy = tener sueño To be in a hurry = tener prisa We were in Madrid yesterday. Estuvimos en Madrid ayer. Alice wasn't in Bath last year. Alice no estuvo en Bath el año pasado. "Was he the winner of the race?" " Fue él el ganador de la carrera?" My sister was fine yesterday Mi hermana estaba bien ayer. Mark was thirty when he released his first album Mark tenía treinta años cuando publicó su primer disco. It was twelve o'clock when the match started Eran las doce en punto cuando empezó el partido. Alan was 1.89 m when he was twelve Alan medía 1.89 m cuando tenía doce años. I was tired and sleepy last night. Estaba cansado y tenía sueño anoche. "Be careful with that machine." "Ten cuidado con esa máquina." To be careful = tener cuidado

4 Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones con la forma correcta del past simple del verbo to be: His brother in London last night. " his cousins still at home at eleven?" "Yes, they." No, his sisters / French; they Italian. " he a student?" "Yes, he. " No, it / cold in Boston last weekend, it very warm. My brother and Charles winners of the tournament. "How tall the you when you joined the team?" "I 2.05 m." "Where you yesterday?" "We company. in Madrid." I had a coke and a glass of water because I very thirsty. Those women the lawyers of the Past simple de los verbos regulares Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) I You He / She / It We You They Verbo (Verb) played played played played played played Ejemplos I played tennis before dinner. Jugué al tenis antes de cenar. He cleaned the house last Sunday. Él limpió la casa el domingo pasado.

5 Previous: Echa un vistazo a la tabla y a los ejemplos y completa la regla sobre la formación del past simple de los verbos regulares: Para formar el past simple de los verbos regulares de añade al verbo en infinitive sin "to". Veamos ahora las reglas ortográficas para la formación del past simple de los verbos regulares: La mayoría de los verbos añade "ed" a la forma de infinitivo: Los verbos que terminan en "e" añaden sólo una "d" al infinitivo: Los verbos que terminan en consonante + -y, cambian la "y" por "i" y añaden "ed": Sin embargo, los verbos que terminan envocal + -y, añaden "ed": Los verbos de una sola sílaba terminados en vocal más consonante, duplican la última consonante y añaden "ed": Los verbos de dos sílabas cuya última sílaba lleva la carga de voz al pronunciarla duplican la última consonante y añaden "ed": Si el verbo termina en "l", duplica la "l" y añade "ed", en inglés británico: finish = finished. clean = cleaned. Live = lived. Change = changed. study = studied. try = tried. play = played enjoy = enjoyed. stop = stopped plan = planned. prefer = preferred admit = admitted. travel = travelled Recurso How to pronounce the ending "-ed"? Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I did not play didn't play You did not play didn't play He / She / It did not play didn't play We did not play didn't play You did not play didn't play They did not play didn't play

6 Ejemplos We did not dance yesterday. Nosotros no bailamos ayer. I didn't study English last night. Yo no estudié inglés anoche. Previous: Ahora estudia la tabla y los ejemplos y completa la siguiente regla sobre la estructura de las oraciones negativas en past simple: Sujeto + el verbo auxiliar en negativa / + el verbo en infinitivo sin "to". Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Verbo auxiliar (Auxiliary verb) Sujeto (Subject) Verbo en infinitivo sin to Did I play? Did you play? Did he / she / it play? Did we play? Did you play? Did they play? Ejemplos "Did you tidy your room yesterday?" " Ordenaste tu habitación ayer?" "Did Emma walk her dog?" " Paseó Emma a su perro?" Previous: Finalmente completa la siguiente regla relativa a la estructura de las oraciones interrogativas en past simple: El verbo auxiliar + el + el verbo en infinitivo sin "to". Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Yes, I did Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) No, I didn't

7 Yes, you did Yes, he / she / it did Yes, we did Yes, you did Yes, they did No, you didn't No, he / she / it didn't No, we didn't No, you didn't No, they didn't Ejemplos "Did you study English?" "Yes, I did." " Estudiaste inglés?" "Sí." "Did he see Mark?" "No, he didn't." " Vio a Mark?" "No, no lo vio." Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones afirmativas o negativas con el verbo entre paréntesis en past simple: His sister (study) English from five to half past six She / (not / call) me yesterday. We (stop) working at four o'clock last Friday. They / (not / watch) TV last night Sheila (type) a lot of letters last week. Escribe una pregunta en past simple para cada respuesta preguntando por lo que está en negrita y utilizando las palabras entre paréntesis: Mark worked in London. Where No, I didn't walk the dog. She travelled to Rome by train. How (she / travel) They called him at six o'clock. What time (they / call) He changed his money in the bank. Where money? (he / change)? (Mark / work) the dog? (you / walk) to Rome? him? his Past simple de los verbos irregulares Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences):

8 Sujeto (Subject) I You He / She / It We You They Verbo (Verb) went went went went went went Ejemplos I went to the cinema yesterday afternoon. Fui al cine ayer por la tarde. She took the bus at nine. Ella cogió el autobús a las nueve. Previous: Echa un vistazo a la tabla y a los ejemplos y completa la regla sobre la formación del past simple de los verbos irregulares eligiendo las opciones dadas en cursiva y en negrita: Los verbos irregulares forman el past simple con la forma -ed / su forma propia de past simple. Recurso: Lista de verbos irregulares Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I did not go didn't go You did not go didn't go He / She / It did not go didn't go We did not go didn't go You did not go didn't go They did not go didn't go Ejemplos We did not go to London yesterday. No fuimos a Londres ayer. I didn't catch the bus last month. Yo no cogí el autobús el mes pasado.

9 Previous: Ahora estudia la tabla y los ejemplos y completa la siguiente regla sobre la estructura de las oraciones negativas en past simple con los verbos irregulares eligiendo una de las dos opciones que se te dan en cursiva y en negrita: Sujeto + el auxiliar en negativa did not / didn't + el verbo en past simple / el verbo en infinitivo sin "to" Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Verbo auxiliar (Auxiliary verb) Sujeto (Subject) Verbo en infinitivo sin to Did I go? Did you go? Did he / she / it go? Did we go? Did you go? Did they go? Ejemplos "Did you sing with Alan yesterday?" " Cantaste con Alan ayer?" "Did Emma write a letter to Sam?" " Escribió Emma una carta a Sam?" Previous: Finalmente completa la siguiente regla sobre la estructura de las oraciones interrogativas en past simple con los verbos irregulares completando la siguiente regla con sujeto / did: El verbo auxiliar + el + el verbo en infinitive sin "to". Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Yes, I did Yes, you did Yes, he / she / it did Yes, we did Yes, you did Yes, they did Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) No, I didn't No, you didn't No, he / she / it didn't No, we didn't No, you didn't No, they didn't

10 Ejemplos "Did you study yesterday?" "Yes, I did." " Estudiaste ayer?" "Sí." "Did he break the glass?" "No, he didn't." " Rompió él el vaso?" "No." Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones afirmativas o negativas con el verbo entre paréntesis en past simple: My aunt He His parents (come) back home at nine. (not / lend) me his dictionary (win) the tennis match yesterday. You / (not / bring) me anything The workers (build) that wall last year. Word bank: built, came, did not bring, did not lend / didn't lend, didn't bring, won Escribe una pregunta en past simple para cada respuesta. My shirt cost $ 25 How much?(your shirt / cost) We left at six o'clock. What time? (you / leave) He saw Alan in the park. Who in the park? (he / see) I caught the bus at six o'clock What time the bus? (you / catch) Yes, she spoke Italian yesterday. Italian yesterday? (she / speak) Usos del Past simple El past simple se utiliza para hablar de: Hechos o acciones concluidas en el pasado. We spent a week in Ibiza. Pasamos una semana en Ibiza.

11 I finished school last month. Terminé el colegio el mes pasado. Acciones que ocurrieron en un momento definido del pasado. Nota:Las expresiones de tiempo utilizadas son yesterday (ayer), last week / month / year (la semana / el mes / el año pasado), two days ago (hace dos días), in 1996 (en 1996), etc. Observa: la colocación de la palabra ago en two days ago (hace dos días). Ago se coloca detrás de la expresión de tiempo. Otros ejemplos serían los siguientes: I bought a car seven years ago. Compré un coche hace siete años. Alice visited me three months ago. Alice me visitó hace tres meses. Acciones que ocurrían repetidamente en el pasado. Estados en el pasado. I went to Rome every weekend. Iba a Roma cada fin de semana. She was very shy when she was young. Ella era muy tímida cuando era joven. She saw the spider and then she ran home. Ella vio la araña y luego corrió a casa. Para contar una sucesión de hechos y acciones terminadas que sucedieron una tras otra. Nota: Las expresiones de tiempo utilizadas son when (cuando), then (luego, después), etc. "What were you doing at nine o'clock yesterday? Were you watching TV? Go on " Past continuous "Yesterday when I left my house, it was raining. Then while we were driving to work, we saw an accident. It was clear that the accident had happened because of the wet road. En este texto Mark utiliza el past continuous para expresar acciones que estaban teniendo lugar en un momento específico del pasado. Previous: Qué formas de past continuous utiliza Mark? Estudia el subapartado Past continuous y contesta a esta pregunta antes de hacer la autoevaluación:

12 / Veamos a continuación su forma y usos: Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences): Forma afirmativa (Affirmative form) I was playing You were playing He / She / It was playing We were playing You were playing They were playing Traducción (Translation) Yo estaba / estuve jugando. Tú estabas / estuviste jugando Él / Ella / Ello estaba / estuvo jugando Nosotros/as estábamos / estuvimos jugando Vosotros/as estabais / estuvisteis jugando Ellos/as estaban / estuvieron jugando Ejemplo I was playing tennis at ten. Yo estaba jugando al tenis a las diez. Previous: Completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones afirmativas en past continuous eligiendo las opciones dadas en cursiva y en negrita: Sujeto + verbo to be en presente / pasado + verbo en - ing. Nota Hay que tener en cuenta la ortografía de la forma de -ing que puedes ver en la Unidad 1. Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences): Forma plena (Full form) I was not playing You were not playing He / She / It was not playing We were not playing You were not playing They were not playing Forma breve (Short form) I wasn't playing You weren't playing He / She / It wasn't playing We weren't playing You weren't playing They weren't playing

13 Ejemplo He was not swimming at nine. Él no estaba nadando a las nueve. Previous: Ahora completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones negativas en past continuous: Sujeto + el past simple del verbo to be en + verbo en - ing. Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Preguntas (Questions) Was I playing? Were you playing? Was he / she / it playing? Were we playing? Were you playing? Were they playing? Ejemplo "Was Eric playing the guitar?" " Estaba Eric tocando la guitarra?" Previous: Finalmente, completa la regla relativa a la estructura de las oraciones interrogativas del past continuous: Verbo to be en past simple + + verbo en - ing. Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Yes, I was Yes, you were Yes, he / she / it was Yes, we were Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) No, I wasn't No, you weren't No, he / she / it wasn't No, we weren't

14 Yes, you were Yes, they were No, you weren't No, they weren't Ejemplo "Was Sam eating?" "Yes, he was." " Estaba Sam comiendo?" "Sí." Usos: El past continuous se utiliza: Para expresar que una acción estaba ocurriendo en un momento específico del pasado: At nine I was writing a letter to Alice. A las nueve yo estaba escribiendo una carta a Alice. Nota: Las expresiones de tiempo usadas son: last night / week / year (la pasada noche / la semana pasada / el año pasado), at seven o'clock (a las siete en punto), etc. She was walking down the street when I saw her. Ella iba andando por la calle cuando yo la vi. Para referirnos a una acción incompleta que estaba ocurriendo cuando pasó otra cosa; o para referirnos a una acción larga que estaba sucediendo cuando fue interrumpida por otra acción corta: Para expresar que dos o más acciones estaban sucediendo simultáneamente en el pasado: While I was working, he brought me some water. Mientras yo estaba trabajando, él me trajo algo de agua Nota: En cuanto alas expresiones de tiempo utilizadas, when (cuando) suele usarse con la acción corta que iría en pasado simple y as, while (mientras) se utilizan para la acción larga que llevaría el verbo en past continuous. While Tom was buying the bread, Pam was parking the car. Mientras Tom estaba comprando el pan, Pam estaba aparcando el coche. Nota: Esta oración también se podría traducir por: "Mientras Tom compraba el pan, Pam aparcaba el coche." Nota: En este caso se usan las expresiones de tiempo as y while (mientras). Para hacer descripciones y para referirnos al ambiente a la hora de contar una historia en el pasado: It was raining outside. Estaba lloviendo fuera.

15 Para referirnos a acciones pasadas repetidas y monótonas, mostrando que nos producen desagrado. En este caso se usa el adverbio de frecuencia always: She was always making strange noises. Siempre estaba haciendo ruidos extraños. Recuerda: Hay que tener en cuenta que hay una serie de verbos que no suelen ir en los tiempos continuos. Son los stative verbs que puedes ver en la Unidad 1. Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones afirmativas o negativas con el verbo entre paréntesis en past continuous: His sisters (run) in the park. They / (not / study) in the library. Katie (read) a book in the living room. I / (not / prepare) lunch at seven. Alfred (walk) along the river last night. Completa la pregunta adecuada en past continuous para cada respuesta: I was living in Berlin for a month. Where you living for a month? They were repairing the bike yesterday. What were repairing yesterday? Sheila was having a rest because she was tired. Why Sheila having a rest? My sister was visiting Mark yesterday. Who was visiting yesterday? Yes, he was cleaning his flat last night. night? he cleaning his flat last "Do you know the differences between the past simple and the past continuous? Go on " Diferencias entre el past simple y el past continuous

16 Previous: Estudia los subapartados Past simple y Past continuous y completa la siguiente tabla con estos usos: En la narración de historias para descripciones y para describir el ambiente. Acción concluida en el pasado. Acción pasada larga y no concluida que estaba teniendo lugar. Past simple Ejemplo: I finished work at six Acción corta y concluida en el pasado que interrumpe otra más larga que se estaba desarrollando. Ejemplo: While I was walking past the shop, I saw the thief. En la narración de historias para narrar la sucesión de hechos terminados, y para las acciones. Ejemplo: When I heard the crash, I ran to the street. Past continuous Acción que estaba ocurriendo en un momento específico del pasado. Ejemplo: He was working at seven. Ejemplo: While I was walking past the shop, I saw the thief. Ejemplo: It was not a sunny day and it raining. Autoevaluación: Completa estas oraciones con el verbo entre paréntesis en past simple o en past continuous: He (fall) asleep while he (read) the newspaper. The postman (prepare) lunch. The boys to snow. (ring) as my sister (play) tennis when it (start) Mark (dream) when they (break) into the house. While we (find) a ring. (swim) in the river, Sheila When my wife (be) there, she (stay) in a cheap hotel.

17 Lewis (scream) when he (see) the accident. While I (begin) to dance. We (phone) us. Yesterday I (have) a flat tyre. (try) that shirt on, my son (tidy) our room when our mum (drive) to Bath, when I Let's take a look at other verb tenses. Go on Present perfect "Alice and I lived in London for ten years. We had a big house near the Royal Albert Hall. Then we were tired of our busy life in London, you know the traffic, the noise, etc. Luckily Alice got a job in Bath and we decided to move here. We have been living in this wonderful city for twenty years now. We bought the house where we live in 1988, that's a long time ago. And, you know, we have just paid off the mortgage. Great news, of course." Alice and Mark lived near the Royal Albert Hall of London. En este texto Mark utiliza una forma del present perfect simple y otra del present perfect continuous. Previous: Cuáles son estas formas? Estudia el subapartado Present perfect y sus subsubapartados y contesta a esta pregunta:

18 / Veamos a continuación el present perfect simple. Present perfect simple Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I have played 've played You have played 've played He / She / It has played 's played We have played 've played You have played 've played They have played 've played Ejemplo Ejemplo 1: He has gone to Rome. Él se ha ido a Roma. Ejemplo 2: He has gone to Rome. Él se ha ido a Roma (y continúa allí). He has been to Rome. Él ha estado en Roma (y ya ha vuelto). Nota: Hay que tener en cuenta que go tiene dos participios de pasado: gone y been. En este sentido, se debe conocer la diferencia entre gone to y been to. Previous: Completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones afirmativas en present perfect simple: Sujeto + para todas las personas menos para la 3ª persona del singular donde se usa + el participio de pasado del verbo correspondiente. El participio de pasado (past participle) de los verbos regulares se forma añadiendo -ed al infinitivo, de la misma manera que se forma el past simple. En los verbos irregulares el past participle es la forma de la 3ª columna. Ver Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences):

19 Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I have not played haven't played You have not played haven't played He / She / It has not played hasn't played We have not played haven't played You have not played haven't played They have not played haven't played Ejemplo She hasn't swum in this river. Ella no ha nadado en este río. Previous: Ahora completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones negativas en present perfect simple: Sujeto + verbo have / has en del verbo correspondiente. + el participio de pasado Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Preguntas (Questions) Have I played? Have you played? Has he / she / it played? Have we played? Have you played? Have they played? Ejemplo "Have you read the book?" " Has leído el libro?" Previous: Finalmente, completa la regla relativa a la estructura de las oraciones interrogativas en present perfect simple: Verbo have / has + correspondiente. + participio de pasado del verbo

20 Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Yes, I have Yes, you have Yes, he / she / it has Yes, we have Yes, you have Yes, they have Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) No, I haven't No, you haven't No, he / she / it hasn't No, we haven't No, you haven't No, they haven't Ejemplo "Have you eaten?" "Yes, I have." " Has comido?" "Sí, he comido." Usos: El present perfect simple se utiliza: Para referirse a acciones finalizadas en el pasado que son relevantes en el presente: He's passed his exams, so he's going to Oxford university. Él ha aprobado sus exámenes, así que irá a la universidad de Oxford. Para hablar de estados, acontecimientos o acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y que continúan en el tiempo presente: I have waited for you for two hours. Llevo esperándote dos horas. I've known a lot of people. He conocido a mucha gente. Nota: Se utilizan, además, las siguientes expresiones de tiempo: ever (alguna vez), never (nunca), recently (recientemente), lately (últimamente). Para describir experiencias del pasado sin especificar el momento exacto en el que se produjeron: "Have you ever eaten raw fish?" " Alguna vez has comido pescado crudo?" They have recently seen Mark. Ellos han visto a Mark recientemente. Otras expresiones usadas con el present perfect son for, since, already, yet, just y still. Estas expresiones las veremos en un subsubapartado posterior. En la expresión It's the first/second/third time (that), etc: It's the first time (that) I've flown. Es la primera vez que vuelo

21 Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones afirmativas con el verbo entre paréntesis en present perfect simple: They / (know) each other for eight years. I / (buy) a new car. Michael (ride) on a horse twice before. That director (make) three films since He / (work) in the factory for seven years. Completa estas oraciones negativas con el verbo entre paréntesis en present perfect simple: The lawyers / (not / phone) us today. That shop / (not / open) this afternoon. Sheila / (not / drive) her car yet. I / (not / eat) today. Sheila / (not / take) the bus this week. Elige una pregunta adecuada en present perfect simple para cada respuesta: "Yes, she has sold her flat." "I've repaired a bike today." "Sam has stopped working because he's tired." "They've bought a flat in Madrid." "The doctor has lived in London for six years."

22 "Let's take a look at some time expressions which are used with the present perfect. Go on" For, since, already, yet, just, still Estas palabras se suelen emplear con el present perfect. Veamos sus usos y algunos ejemplos: For: indica la duración de la acción. Since: significa "desde". Indica cuándo comenzó la acción. Already: significa "ya". Indica que la acción ya se ha realizado. Se usa sobre todo con las oraciones afirmativas, colocándose entre have/has y el participio de pasado. Yet: se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas. Va colocado al final de la oración. En una oración negativa significa "todavía" y en una oración interrogativa "ya". Observa estos ejemplos: Just: Indica que la acción acaba de realizarse. Se usa con las oraciones afirmativas y se coloca entre have/has y el participio de pasado. Still: Se puede usar delante de las oraciones negativas con el present perfect para dar énfasis a la oración: She has lived here for two years. Vive aquí desde hace dos años. I haven't seen her since No la he visto desde We have already sold our flat. Ya hemos vendido nuestro piso. They haven't started yet. Todavía no han empezado. "Have you phoned Jim yet?" " Ya has llamado a Jim?" I have just finished my homework. Acabo de terminar mis deberes. You still haven't eaten today! Todavía no has comido hoy! Autoevaluación Elige la opción adecuada: "Now we are going to study the differences between the present perfect simple and the past simple. Go on "

23 Diferencias entre el present perfect simple y el past simple Previous: Estudia el subsubapartado Present perfect simple y el subapartado Past simple y completa la siguiente tabla con estos usos: Para referirnos a acciones desarrolladas en un período de tiempo ya terminado. Estados o acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que continúan en el presente. Cuando no especificamos el momento o la época en la que algo ocurrió. Present perfect simple Past simple - Estados o acciones que han concluido. Ejemplo: I've lived here since Se usa este tiempo para referirnos a acciones desarrolladas en un período de tiempo no terminado. Ejemplo: He worked in Rome last winter. Ejemplo: It snowed last week. Ejemplo: It hasn't snowed this week. Ejemplo: I've already bought a house. - Cuando especificamos el momento o la época en la que algo ocurrió. Ejemplo: We finished our homework yesterday at seven o'clock. Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones con el verbo entre paréntesis en present perfect simple o en past simple. She / (be) here since eight o'clock. They (go) to the cinema last night. Last year I / (not / study) in London. Marta Last week he Steve and Brenda (live) in that city since she was a baby. (take) his exams. (work) in the same office since I / (not / visit) Bath every summer since Her brothers (write) two essays yesterday. I think they / (tidy) their room because it's not dirty.

24 Present perfect continuous Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I have been playing 've been playing You have been playing 've been playing He / She / It has been playing 's been playing We have been playing 've been playing You have been playing 've been playing They have been playing 've been playing Ejemplo I've been playing tennis for two hours. Llevo jugando al tenis dos horas. Previous: Completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones afirmativas en present perfect continuous: Sujeto + para todas las personas menos para la 3ª persona del singular donde se usa has + + la forma de -ing del verbo correspondiente. Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences): Sujeto Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I have not been playing haven't been playing You have not been playing haven't been playing He / She / It has not been playing hasn't been playing We have not been playing haven't been playing You have not been playing haven't been playing They have not been playing haven't been playing Ejemplo She hasn't been working for two hours. Ella no ha estado trabajando durante dos horas.

25 Previous: Ahora completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones negativas en present perfect continuous: Sujeto + verbo have/has en verbo correspondiente. + been + la forma de -ing del Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Preguntas (Questions) Have I been playing? Have you been playing? Has he / she / it been playing? Have we been playing? Have you been playing? Have they been playing? Ejemplo "Have you been playing cards?" " Has estado jugando a las cartas?" Previous: Finalmente, completa la regla relativa a la estructura de las oraciones interrogativas en present perfect continuous: Verbo have / has + correspondiente. + been + la forma de -ing del verbo Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Yes, I have Yes, you have Yes, he / she / it has Yes, we have Yes, you have Yes, they have Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) No, I haven't No, you haven't No, he / she / it hasn't No, we haven't No, you haven't No, they haven't

26 Ejemplo "Have you been eating?" "Yes, I have." " Has estado comiendo?" "Sí, he estado comiendo." Usos: El present perfect continuous se utiliza: Para referirse a una actividad que empezó en el pasado y que continúa en el presente. Se resalta la duración de la actividad. Se suele emplear con las preposiciones for o since. Puede traducirse por llevar gerundio. Para referirse a una acción que empezó en el pasado y puede haber acabado recientemente: Para hablar de acciones pasadas que acaban de terminar, cuyo resultado es obvio: She's tired. She's been running for thirty minutes. Ella está cansada. Lleva corriendo treinta minutos. The girls have been swimming all afternoon. Las niñas han estado nadando toda la mañana. It smells bad because I've been frying. Huele mal porque he estado friendo. Nota: Se usan expresiones de tiempo como all morning / afternoon / day (todo la mañana, tarde, día). Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones con el verbo entre paréntesis en present perfect continuous: Mark (paint) the room for two weeks. My hair is untidy because I / Peter (swim) all morning. (play) for two hours. His socks are dirty. He / (ride) his old bicycle. The grass is wet because it / (rain) all afternoon. Completa estas oraciones negativas con el verbo entre paréntesis en present perfect continuous: Martin / (not / stay) in a hotel for two weeks. I'm afraid Dave / (not / bake) cakes. We

27 / (not / think) of taking some days off. I / (not / drive) all day. They / (not / travel) all this week. Elige una pregunta adecuada en present perfect continuous para cada respuesta teniendo en cuenta lo que está en negrita: "Yes, I've been working in London." "She's been trying to phone Mark all day." "We've painting the room because it was dirty." "She's been living in Bath for eight years." "The dancer has been dancing at the disco this morning." Diferencias entre el present perfect simple y el present perfect continuous Previous: Estudia los subsubapartados Present perfect simple y Present perfect continuous y completa la siguiente tabla con estos usos: Para actividades realizadas en un período de tiempo, resaltando la actividad en sí más que si se ha terminado o no. Cuando se responde a preguntas con how much o how many, refiriéndonos a acciones terminadas. Cuando se responde a preguntas con how long, refiriéndonos a acciones aún en continuidad. Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous Para indicar que se ha concluido una actividad, interesándonos básicamente en el resultado de dicha actividad y no en la actividad en sí. Ejemplos: The room was dirty and now it's clean. He has cleaned the room. I've cooked the dinner, we can eat now. [Para actividades realizadas en un per de tiempo, resaltando la actividad en s que si se ha terminado o no.] Ejemplos: They've been touring I've been cooking and it smells bad.

28 [Cuando se responde a preguntas con how much o how many, refiriéndonos a acciones terminadas.] Ejemplos: She's learning German but she hasn't learnt very much yet. He's written two essays. [Cuando se responde a preguntas con long, refiriéndonos a acciones a continuidad.] Ejemplos: He's been writing essays days. They've been living in Rome Recuerda los stative verbs, que vimos en la unidad didáctica nº 1, no se utilizan por lo general en los tiempos continuos. Recurso Puedes estudiar más sobre el subsubapartado Diferencias entre el present perfect simple y el present perfect continuous acudiendo a: Ejercicios resueltos (Ejercicio 10) Tarea 1 (Ejercicio 18) Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones con el verbo entre paréntesis en present perfect simple o en present perfect continuous. They / (own) their house since Mr Clyde (cook) all afternoon. We / (read) three books this week. My daughters weekend. That man Alison (listen) to rock music all the (teach) French for two years. (make) several soap operas this year. I / (visit) my best friend in hospital twice this week. Her sister / (not / eat) anything today. Your friends (clean) the flat all day. She / (swim) since

29 last Monday. "Let's study another verb tense." Past perfect "Last Sunday my friend Alan and I went to Stamford Bridge to see a football match: Chelsea vs Arsenal. He had bought the tickets some days before. We had been waiting for that moment for several months until it finally arrived. It was a wonderful match with great players such as Lampard and Fábregas." Alan and Mark went to see a football match last Sunday En este texto Mark utiliza una forma del past perfect simple y una del past perfect continuous. Previous: Cuáles son estas formas? Estudia el subapartado Past perfect y sus subsubapartados y contesta a esta pregunta: / Veamos ahora estos dos tiempos verbales en los dos siguientes subsubapartados: Past perfect simple

30 Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences): Ejemplo We had gone to bed when he came back home. Nosotros nos habíamos ido a la cama cuando él volvió a casa. Previous: Completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones afirmativas en past perfect simple: Sujeto + + el participio de pasado del verbo correspondiente. Recuerda El participio de pasado (past participle) de los verbos regulares se forma añadiendo -ed al infinitivo, de la misma manera que se forma el past simple. En los verbos irregulares el participio de pasado es la forma de la 3ª columna de los verbos Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I had not played hadn't played You had not played hadn't played He / She / It had not played hadn't played We had not played hadn't played You had not played hadn't played They had not played hadn't played Ejemplo He hadn't had dinner when his wife arrived. Él no había cenado cuando su mujer llegó. Previous: Ahora completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones negativas en past perfect simple:

31 Sujeto + had not o correspondiente. + el participio de pasado del verbo Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Pregunta (Question) Had I played? Had you played? Had he / she / it played? Had we played? Had you played? Had they played? Ejemplo "Had Mark written the note?" " Había Mark escrito la nota?" Previous: Finalmente, completa la regla relativa a la estructura de las oraciones interrogativas en past perfect simple: Verbo had + correspondiente. + participio de pasado del verbo Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Yes, I had Yes, you had Yes, he / she / it had Yes, we had Yes, you had Yes, they had Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) No, I hadn't No, you hadn't No, he / she / it hadn't No, we hadn't No, you hadn't No, they hadn't Ejemplo "Had she had a cup of tea?" "Yes, she had." " Había ella tomado una taza de té?" "Sí." Usos:

32 El past perfect se utiliza: Para hablar de una acción pasada finalizada antes que otra, también en el pasado. Con until, till (hasta), before (antes), as soon as (tan pronto como), after (antes de) se usa el past perfect para resaltar que una acción pasada estaba totalmente finalizada antes de comenzar otra: Con el adverbio just para indicar acciones que acaban de ocurrir. Just se coloca entre had y el past participle: Con la expresión it was the first/second/third time (that) : The shop had closed when we arrived. La tienda había cerrado cuando nosotros llegamos. He didn't go to work until the radio programme had finished. Él no fue al trabajo hasta que el programa de radio hubo terminado. When I left, it had just stopped snowing. Cuando salí, acababa de dejar de nevar. It was the third time (that) I had seen him. Fue la tercera vez que lo había visto. Nota: La acción pasada que ocurre antes que la otra acción va en past perfect; la acción pasada que ocurre después va en past simple. Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones con el verbo entre paréntesis en past perfect simple o past simple: Before I (be) 30 years old, I / (buy) my house. The shop / (not / open) when Marlon (arrive) They / (visit) the city when the tour guide Her sons That woman Susan (start) (close) (meet) them. (sit) down at the table. (tidy) their room when the football match (find) the museum when it (eat) all the sandwiches when her wife I (feel) sick because I / (drink) a lot of cold water. His friends / (not / leave) by the time the postman (come) It (start) to rain when I (finish) my homework. He (become) very tired because he /

33 (run) several kilometres. Past perfect continuous Forma: Oraciones afirmativas (Affirmative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I had been playing 'd been playing You had been playing 'd been playing He / She / It had been playing 'd been playing We had been playing 'd been playing You had been playing 'd been playing They had been playing 'd been playing Ejemplo They had been waiting for two hours when he finally phoned. Llevaban esperando dos horas cuando finalmente llamó. Previous: Completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones afirmativas en past perfect continuous: Sujeto + + been + el verbo correspondiente en -ing. Oraciones negativas (Negative sentences): Sujeto (Subject) Forma plena (Full form) Forma breve (Short form) I had not been playing hadn't been playing You had not been playing hadn't been playing He / She / It had not been playing hadn't been playing We had not been playing hadn't been playing You had not been playing hadn't been playing They had not been playing hadn't been playing Ejemplo

34 She wasn't tired because she hadn't been working for eight hours. Ella no estaba cansada porque no había estado trabajando durante ocho horas. Previous: Ahora completa la regla sobre la formación de las oraciones negativas en past perfect continuous: Sujeto + verbo had not o correspondiente en -ing. + been + el verbo Oraciones interrogativas (Interrogative sentences): Preguntas (Questions) Had I been playing? Had I been playing? Had I been playing? Had I been playing? Had I been playing? Had I been playing? Ejemplo "Had the phone been ringing?" " Había estado sonando el teléfono?" Previous: Finalmente, completa la regla relativa a la estructura de las oraciones interrogativas en past perfect continuous: Verbo had + + been + el verbo correspondiente en -ing. Respuestas breves (Short Answers): Respuesta afirmativa (Affirmative answer) Respuesta negativa (Negative answer) Yes, I had No, I hadn't Yes, you had No, you hadn't Yes, he / she / it had No, he / she / it hadn't Yes, we had No, we hadn't Yes, you had No, you hadn't Yes, they had No, they hadn't

35 Ejemplo "Had the phone been ringing?" "Yes, it had." " Había estado sonando el teléfono?" "Sí." Usos: El past perfect continuous se utiliza: Para hablar de una acción prolongada que sucedió antes que otra acción que también ocurrió en el pasado. Se usa para subrayar la duración de la acción, por lo que suelen emplearse expresiones de tiempo como for hours, days, weeks, etc (durante horas, días, semanas, etc), since (desde), all morning, afternoon, etc (toda la mañana, tarde, etc), etc: We had been looking for a job for weeks when we finally found one. Llevábamos semanas buscando un trabajo cuando finalmente encontramos uno. She had been swimming for ten minutes when he arrived. Ella había estado nadando durante diez minutos cuando él llegó. Nota: en este caso, when es la conjunción temporal. Junto con el past simple. Por ello, las dos acciones suelen estar unidas por una conjunción temporal (when "cuando", before "antes", until "hasta"), causal (because "porque") y concesiva (although "aunque"): I went to bed early because I had been studying all afternoon. Me fui a la cama temprano porque había estado estudiando toda la tarde. Nota: en este caso, because es la conjunción causal. He didn't win the match although he had been training for a long time. Él no ganó el partido aunque había estado entrenándose durante mucho tiempo. Nota: en este caso, although es la conjunción concesiva. Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones con el verbo entre paréntesis en past simple o en past perfect continuous. Mark (be) really tired because he / That girl for a long time. (work) all day. (start) the fire because he / (play) with matches

36 I / (read) all afternoon when the light (go) off. Her eyes (be) red because she / (cry) all day. Your hands / (not / be) dirty although you / (mend) my bike. "Let's see how to rephrase sentences by using another verb tense. Go on " Rephrasing sentences "One of the exercises that the English teachers often practise with their students is this one: They give them a sentence or two sentences and the beginning of a second one and they have to complete this sentence in such a way that it means the same as the one or ones given. This exercise makes them think about the different grammar structures that they have studied. Let's see some examples." Se puede expresar lo mismo de manera diferente usando los tiempos verbales estudiados en los anteriores subapartados y subsubapartados y diversas expresiones de tiempo. Veamos los siguientes casos: Past simple con ago u otra expresión de tiempo = Present perfect simple y continuous con since/for. Estudia estos ejemplos: He knew his wife ten years ago.= He has known his wife for ten years. It started to rain at six. It's ten and it's still raining. = It has been raining for fourhours. It's + período de tiempo + since + sujeto + (last) + past simple. Observa: Steve hasn't seen Alan for two months. = It's two months since Steve saw Alan. He last came here six days ago. = It's six days

37 since he last came here. It's / This is the first/second/thirdtime (that) + sujeto + present perfect. Echa un vistazo a estos ejemplos: I have never flown before. = This is the first time I have flown. Mark has tried Indian food twice. = It's the second time Mark has tried Indian food. It's the second time Mark has tried Indian food Por otra parte, el past simple y el past perfect se suelen utilizar juntos en la misma oración generalmente con las expresiones siguientes: after = después de, as soon as = en cuanto, because = porque, before = antes de, by the time = para cuando, until = hasta y when = cuando. Estudia estos ejemplos: Ejemplos The concert started. Then we arrived. = When we arrived, the concert had started. Carl ate too quickly. Then he felt sick. = Carl felt sick because he had eaten too quickly. Autoevaluación Elige la opción adecuada que signifique lo mismo que la/s oración/es primera/s: The last time I visited my uncle was two weeks ago. That player hasn't won a match for three months. Bruce has performed in Moscow twice. First Sandra finished her homework. Then she read the newspaper. Mark hasn't bought a new guitar for two years.

38 "Can you express habits in the past? Let's learn how to do it. Go on..." Used to "When I lived in London, I used to go to the city centre on Saturday mornings. I loved going to the music shops of Oxford Street and look for old records and CDs. I used to get up early and walk along the crowded streets of the capital. My life was very exciting there. Bath is different, it's not as huge as London but it's also attractive." Previous: Mark ha utilizado la forma verbal que veremos a continuación. Estudia el subapartado y completa la siguiente regla eligiendo las opciones que se te dan en cursiva y en negrita: Used to va seguido de infinitivo / gerundio: Mark used to go to Oxford Street when he lived in London Veamos a continuación los usos y la estructura de used to:

39 Usos: used to se usa para expresar hábitos o rutinas en el pasado que ya no se producen en el presente. Observa este ejemplo: Además se utiliza para indicar estados en el pasado. Observa: Mark used to buy CDs in that shop. Mark compraba / solía comprar CDs en esa tienda. She used to have short hair. Ella tenía / solía tener el pelo corto. Estructura: La estructura de used to es la siguiente: Ejemplos Ejemplo 1: Affirmative sentences sujeto + used to + infinitivo We used to go to London every Sunday. Íbamos / Solíamos ir a Londres cada domingo. Ejemplo 2: Sheila didn't use to read before sleeping. Sheila no leía / no solía leer antes de dormir. Ejemplo 3: Negative sentences Questions sujeto + did not (didn't) use to + infinitivo did + sujeto + use to + infinitive "Did she use to cook curry on Saturdays?" " Cocinaba ella / Solía ella cocinar curry los sábados?" Nota: Para hablar de una costumbre en el pasado se puede usar también would + infinitivo. Ejemplo: We would go to London every Sunday. Íbamos / Solíamos ir a Londres cada domingo. Autoevaluación Completa estas oraciones eligiendo la forma correcta de used to más las palabras que se te dan entre paréntesis: Sam (go) shopping on Saturdays. No, he / (not / play) chess at the weekends. " (he / study) German in his free time?" Steve / (not / write) postcards when he was on holidays. I (take) the bus every morning. We / (not / have) dinner at home.

40 " (Martin / wash) his car on Saturdays?" They (watch) TV after dinner. " (you / stay) out late at the weekends?" It / (not / rain) in Seville. "This is the end of the grammar part. Now we are going to learn some words which will help you in your written and oral messages." Formación de palabras: Sustantivos compuestos "Yesterday my students and I visited the teen courts of Bristol. After the visit, we went to the bus stop where we had to wait for our bus. When the bus arrived, we went back to our school to go on with the lessons." Mark and his students had to wait for the bus at a bus stop Previous: Mark nos ha dado dos ejemplos de dos sustantivos compuestos: bus stop (parada de autobús) y teen courts (tribunales gestionados por jóvenes).teniendo en cuenta estos dos nombres compuestos completa las siguientes reglas eligiendo la opción correcta de las que se te dan en cursiva y en negrita: El primer / segundo nombre de un nombre compuesto aporta la información sobre la finalidad, tipo, localización del primer / segundo nombre. Cuando los nombres en plural

41 aparecen en la primera parte del nombre compuesto mantienen / pierden la -s final. Veamos diferentes tipos de sustantivos compuestos: Sustantivo+sustantivo: English Spanish English Spanish alarm clock alarma headmaster director bus stop parada de autobús housewife ama de casa credit card tarjeta de crédito shop window escaparate Ejemplos I have lost my credit card. He perdido mi tarjeta de crédito. That woman is a housewife. Esa mujer es ama de casa. Sustantivo + -ing: English Spanish English Spanish air-conditioning climatización ice-skating patinaje sobre hielo bird-watching ornitología motor racing automobilismo horse-riding equitación water skiing esquí acuático Ejemplos I am very keen on bird-watching. Yo soy muy aficionado a la ornitología. Horse-riding is an expensive sport. La equitación es un deporte caro. -ing + sustantivo: English Spanish English Spanish dining room comedor shopping list lista de la compra drinking water agua potable swimming pool piscina meeting point punto de encuentro waiting room sala de espera Ejemplos

42 "Where is the dining room?" " Dónde está el comedor?" We'll meet at the meeting point. Nos encontraremos en el punto de encuentro. Autoevaluación Une las palabras de ambas columnas para formar compound nouns: a) meeting b) credit c) head d) bus e) drinking f) shopping g) motor h) water i) waiting j) alarm Contenidos léxicos-áreas temáticas: la vivienda y forma de vida "Last Monday my students and I talked about the houses where they live and the lifestyle they have. All of them said that they liked their houses and that their lifestyle was a bit busy. Then I told them about my cousin John, who lives in a little village in Canada. He hates the city and doesn't want to leave his quiet house and his rural life. I told them that sometimes I'd like to have a more "rural" lifestyle."