Gramática del Semestre 1 El alfabeto Letra Nombre A A B Be C Ce CH che D De E E F Efe G Ge H hache I I J jota K Ka L ele LL Elle M Eme N Ene Ñ Eñe O O P Pe Q cu R Ere RR Erre S ese T te U u V uve W uve doble X equis Y ye Z zeta Los números 1-20 Uno Dos Tres Cuatro Cinco Seis
Siete Ocho Nueve Diez Once Doce Trece Catorce Quince Dieciseis Diecisiete Dieciocho Diecinueve Veinte Los saludos y las despididas Hi! Hola. Buenos días. Buenas tardes. Buenas noches. Hello/Hi. Good morning/day. Good afternoon. Good night. How are things? Cómo te va? Qué pasa? Que pasó? Cómo estás? Cómo está? Qué tal? Cómo te llamas? Me llamo Te presento a How s it going? What s up? What s happening? How are you? (friend) How are you? (formal) How are things? (general way of saying it) What is your name? (literally How do you call yourself?) My name is (literally I call myself ) I d like you to meet Answers Goodbye regular O.K. adiós goodbye
asi asi so, so chao bye mal bad Hasta luego. See you later. muy mal very bad Hasta pronto. See you soon. bien well Nos vemos. See you. muy bien very well Hasta la vista. See you next time. terrífico terrific Hasta mañana. See you tomorrow. super bien really great fantástico fantastic mucho a lot nada nothing nada mucho not much más o menos more or less Pronombres Yo is I Tú is you Él, he, Ella, she Usted is you Nosotros, we Vosotros, y all informal Ellos, they Ellas, they (all girls) Verbos regulares: Conjugation - AR Yo Tú - O - AS Nosotros -AMOS Vosotros - ÁIS Él/Ella/Usted -A Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes - AN -ER Yo - O Nosotros -EMOS
Tú - ES Vosotros - ÉIS Él/Ella/Usted -E Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes - EN -IR Yo Tú - O - ES Nosotros -IMOS Vosotros - ÍS Él/Ella/Usted -E Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes - EN Los verbos AR Hablar: to talk Nadar: to swim Cantar: to sing Bailar: to dance Viajar: to travel Ayudar: to help Comprar: to buy Escuchar: to listen Trabajar: to work Desear: to desire Mirar: to watch Necesitar: to need ER Comer: to eat Correr: to run Beber: to drink
Aprender: to learn Comprender: to understand, to comprehend Vender: to sell Leer: to read Romper: to break IR Escribir: to write Vivir: to live Abrir: to open Asistir: to attend Recibir: to receive Compartir: to share Ser y Estar SER STOOPID Ser, Time(date), Origin, Occupation, Possession, Identification Ser means TO BE!. (I am, he is, she is, we are, you are, they are, it is, etc ) soy eres es somos sois son **ES: singular subject **SON: plural subject Estar MEANS. TO BE! el oso es los oso son ELF Estar Location Feelings
ESTOY ESTÁS ESTÁ ESTAMOS ESTÁIS ESTÁN **ESTÁ: singular subject **ESTÁN: plural subject el oso está los oso están Gustar/ Encantar: **Remember the formula!! + + + a IDO Gustar Object There are always these 4 PARTS! A mí ME A tí TE A nosotros NOS A él/ A ella LE A ellos/ a ellas LES A vosotros OS Singular objects use GUSTA. Plural objects use GUSTAN. TELLING TIME We use ser to tell time. :01-29 = we use mas :31-:50 = we use menos :30 = media :15 = cuarto
It is OR FOR 1 O CLOCK Son las.. Es la una 8:30 Son las ocho y media. *the hour stays the same! 9:48 Son las diez menos doce. *you go UP an hour! Tener= to have tengo tienes tiene tenemos teneis tienen Yo tengo un perro. I have a dog. Remember, tener is a BOOT VERB!!! It is DIFFERENT than regular conjugations. Please draw a boot around the chart. Tener+que Tener+que+verb means to have to do something Yo tengo que correr. I have to eat. **Notice we do NOT conjugate the second verb, after que! Tener expressions We know that the verb TENER means to have. In Spanish, we use tener expressions to say certain phrases. Tener calor TO BE HOT/ TO HAVE HEAT
Tener frío Tener hambre Tener sed Tener suerte Tener miedo (de) Tener prisa Tener éxito Tener celos (de) Tener cuidado (de) Tener razón Tener ganas (de) Tener sueño Tener dolor (de) Tener años TO BE COLD/ TO HAVE COLD TO BE HUNGRY/ TO HAVE HUNGER TO BE THIRSTY/TO HAVE THIRST TO BE LUCKY/TO HAVE LUCK TO BE SCARED/TO HAVE FEAR TO BE IN A HURRY/TO HAVE HURRY TO BE SUCCESSFUL/TO HAVE SUCCESS TO BE JEALOUS/TO HAVE JEALOUSY TO BE CAREFUL/TO HAVE CAUTION TO BE RIGHT/TO HAVE REASON TO FEEL LIKE DOING TO BE TIRED/TO HAVE TIREDNESS TO BE HURT/TO HAVE PAIN TO BE YEARS OLD Adjectives Adjectives work backwards from English en español. El oso triste. Los gatos gordos The sad bear. The fat cats.
Remeber that they should match: 1. masculine/feminine 2. singular/plural They need to match through the whole sentence! Prepositions: 1. Lejos de far from 2. Al lado de next to 3. Detrás de behind 4. Frente a across from 5. En la esquina in the corner 6. Cerca de near 7. Al final de at the end of 8. Delante de in front of 9. Entre between 10. En in/on 11. Arriba de above 12. Dentro de inside of 13. Encima de on top of 14. A la derecha to the right of 15. A la izquierda to the left of 16. Bajo de below 17. Acá/Aquí here 18. Allá/Allí there Ir Remember that the verb ir means to go. Yo voy a la piscina. I go to the pool. We use a after ir to say to go TO a place. Tú vas al parque. You go to the park. A+el = el
Ir voy vas va vamos vais van Boot verbs and irregular verbs We still conjugate verbs with the regular -AR, -ER, and -IR endings for the present tense. AR -o -amos -as -áis -a -an ER -o -emos -es -éis -e -en IR -o -imos -es -ís -e -en BUT! Now we have to change the stem of the verb for some of them. These are irregulares, also known as BOOT VERBS or STEM-CHANGERS. To find the stem, take off the -AR, -ER or -IR Tener -er = Ten TEN is our stem. With tener, we know it is a boot verb, and in some cases the stem changes.
él, tener ten tiene Tener is an E IE stem-changer. **THE END CONJUGATION REMAINS THE SAME!! There are many of these: E IE querer: to want cerrar: to close entender: to understand comenzar: to start empezar: to start perder: to lose preferir: to prefer pensar: to think sentir: to feel recomendar: to recommend E I repetir: to repeat seguir: to follow pedir: to ask (for) reír(se): to laugh conseguir: to get decir: to say despedir: to say goodbye sonreír: to smile O UE dormir: to sleep almorzar: to eat lunch poder: to be able to volver: to return (to a place) demostrar: to demonstrate costar: to cost contar: to tell (something, like a story or fact) OR to count recordar: to remember llover: to rain encontrar: to find mover: to move morir: to die mostrar: to show volar: to fly
*especial* Jugar (to play) juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan Yo! Boot Verbs E IE querer: to want cerrar: to close entender: to understand comenzar: to start empezar: to start perder: to lose preferir: to prefer pensar: to think sentir: to feel recomendar: to recommend E I repetir: to repeat seguir: to follow pedir: to ask (for) reír(se): to laugh conseguir: to get decir: to say despedir: to say goodbye sonreír: to smile O UE dormir: to sleep almorzar: to eat lunch poder: to be able to volver: to return (to a place) demonstrar: to demonstrate costar: to cost contar: to tell (something, like a story or fact) OR to count recordar: to remember llover: to rain encontrar: to find mover: to move morir: to die mostrar: to show
volar: to fly Interrogativos Qué? Quién? Cuándo? Dónde? what who when where A dónde? to where Cuál? Cuánto(s)? Cómo? Por qué? Para qué? which how many how why for what