LOS VERBOS JUICY. An overview of stem-changing and irregular verbs in the preterite past tense
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- Manuel Iglesias Navarrete
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Transcripción
1 LOS VERBOS JUICY An overview of stem-changing and irregular verbs in the preterite past tense
2 THE PRETERITE PAST TENSE IN SPANISH IS MADE UP OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF VERBS: 1. Verbs that have regular past tense endings 2. Verbs that have regular past tense endings but get a spelling change 3. Verbs are irregular in their spelling and their endings
3 REVIEW OF REGULAR PRETERITE VERBS: -ar verb endings: yo -é nosotros/as amos tú -aste vosotros/as asteis ud/él/ella -ó uds/ellos/as aron -er/ir verb endings: yo -í nosotros/as imos tú -iste vosotros/as isteis ud/él/ella -ió uds/ellos/as ieron
4 CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN THE PRETERITE. 1) Ayer, nosotros (correr) en el parque. 2) Ellos (mirar) una película anteayer. 3) Una vez yo (viajar) a Miami. 4) Nosotros (pasar) tres días en Costa Rica. 5) (recibir) tú un regalo? 6) Yo (vender) mi coche el año pasado. 7) Marta (escribir) una carta. 8) Miguel (comprar) la leche y el pan. 9) Tú (hablar) con Marisol esta mañana. 10) Ustedes (beber) todo el jugo ayer.
5 CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN THE PRETERITE. 1) Ayer, nosotros corrimos en el parque. 2) Ellos miraron una película anteayer. 3) Una vez yo viajé a Miami. 4) Nosotros pasamos tres días en Costa Rica. 5) Recibiste tú un regalo? 6) Yo vendí mi coche el año pasado. 7) Marta escribió una carta. 8) Miguel compró la leche y el pan. 9) Tú hablaste con Marisol esta mañana. 10) Ustedes bebieron todo el jugo ayer.
6 CATEGORIZING PRETERITE VERBS WITH IRREGULARITIES USING THE ACRONYM JUICY
7 THE J STEMS When conjugated, the following verbs get j s as part of their stems: Infinitive Stem English meaning decir dij- to say, tell traer traj- to bring traducir traduj- to translate conducir conduj- to drive producir produj- to produce yo e tú iste ud./él/ella o Endings: nosotros/as imos vosotros/as isteis uds./ellos/as - eron
8 THE U STEMS When conjugated, the following verbs get u s as part of their stems: Infinitive Stem English meaning tener tuv- to have estar estuv- to be andar anduv- to walk poder pud- to be able to poner pus- to put, place, set saber sup - to know caber cup - to fit haber hub - to be *haber in the present tense is hay (there is/ there are). In the past tense, we most often use hubo (there was / there were). The other forms are not as important to know. Endings: yo e nosotros/as imos tú iste vosotros/as isteis ud./él/ella o uds./ellos/as - ieron
9 THE I STEMS When conjugated, the following verbs get i s as part of their stems: Infinitive Stem English meaning querer quis- to want venir vin- to come hacer hic-/hiz- to do, make yo e tú iste ud./él/ella o Endings: nosotros/as imos vosotros/as isteis uds./ellos/as ieron Examples: quise quisimos hice hicimos quisiste quisisteis hiciste hicisteis quiso quisieron hizo hicieron
10 LOSCAMBIOS VERBS WITH SPELLING CHANGES There are 3 groups of verbs that get regular preterite endings but have spelling changes: I. -Car/-Gar/-Zar (Verbs that end with car, -gar, or zar and have a spelling change in the yo form only) II. I to Y Verbs (Verbs that have an I to y spelling change in the 3 rd person forms.) III. Sandal Verbs (Not unlike present tense boot verbs, these get a spelling change in the 3 rd person forms.)
11 LOS VERBOS CAR/GAR/ZAR Verbs that end in car, -gar, or zar get a spelling change in the preterite yo form only. A. -Car Verbs: The c changes to qu Example: sacar yo saqué nosotros sacamos tú sacaste vosotros sacasteis ella sacó ellos sacaron Why? In order to keep a hard "c" sound, the "c" much become "qu" in the yo form.
12 EXAMPLES OF CAR VERBS: atacar (to attack) buscar (to look/search for) chocar (to crash) colocar (to put) complicar (to complicate) explicar (to explain) justificar (to justify) pescar (to fish) practicar (to practice) sacar (to take out, to take (a photo)) secar (to dry) tocar (to touch, to play an instrument) yo ataqué yo busqué yo choqué yo coloqué yo compliqué yo expliqué yo justifiqué yo pesqué yo practiqué yo saqué yo sequé yo toqué
13 -CAR/GAR/ZAR VERBS CONTINUED B. -Gar Verbs: Get a gué Example: pagar yo pagué tú pagaste Ud. pagó nosotros pagamos vosotros pagasteis Uds. Pagaron Why? In order to keep a hard "g" sound, the "g" must become "gu" in the yo form.
14 EXAMPLES OF GAR VERBS: agregar (to add) apagar (to turn off) cargar (to load) castigar (to punish) colgar (to hang) entregar (to turn in, deliver) investigar (to investigate) llegar (to arrive) jugar (to play) negar (to deny) pagar (to pay) pegar (to glue, to hit) yo agregué yo apagué yo cargué yo castigué yo colgué yo entregué yo investigué yo llegué yo jugué yo negué yo pagué yo pegué
15 -CAR/GAR/ZAR VERBS CONTINUED C. -Zar Verbs: The z changes to c Example: comenzar yo comencé nosotros comenzamos tú comenzaste vosotros comenzasteis él comenzó ellas comenzaron Why? The letter z never immediately precedes the letter "e" in Spanish. Replacing the letter "z" with a "c" retains the soft sound.
16 EXAMPLES OF ZAR VERBS: abrazar (to hug) alcanzar (to reach) almorzar (to eat lunch) comenzar (to commence, begin) cruzar (to cross) empezar (to begin) gozar (to enjoy) lanzar (to throw) organizar (to organize) realizar (to fulfill, realize) tranquilizar (to calm) tropezar (to trip) utilizar (to use, utilize) yo abracé yo alcancé yo almorcé yo comencé yo crucé yo empecé yo gocé yo lancé yo organicé yo realicé yo tranquilicé yo tropecé yo utilicé
17 LOS VERBOS CAR/GAR/ZAR Verbs that end in car, -gar, or zar get a spelling change in the preterite yo form only. RIMA: -CAR needs a "QU" and for -GAR add a "U", -ZAR goes to "C" and it's only for me.
18 I TO Y VERBS These verbs get spelling changes in the 3 rd person forms only. They have regular preterite endings but the i s change to y s. These are also called hanging vowel verbs because they end in a vowel when the infinitive ending is dropped. (Ex: caer ca, leer le, oír o) When the I is between two vowels, it becomes shy an turns into a Y. Examples: caer oír caí caímos oí oímos caíste caísteis oíste oísteis caió cayó caieron cayeron oió oyó oieron oyeron *Notice that these verbs all have accents on the I inthe yo, tú, nosotros, and vosotros forms. Other i to y verbs include: creer, leer, poseer -uir verbs (construir, distribuir, incluir)
19 SANDAL VERBS (STEM-CHANGING VERBS) Remember boot verbs in the present tense? These are similar because they have a stem change in the preterite tense. Notice that the stem change only occurs in the 3 rd person forms. Instead of a boot, we have a flat sandal! Examples: pedir dormir pedí pedimos dormí dormimos pediste pedisteis dormiste dormisteis pidió pidieron durmió durmieron Other sandal verbs include: (e-i) pedir, servir, preferir, vestirse, competir, seguir, conseguir, despedirse, divertirse, repetir, sentirse, vestirse (o-u) dormir, morir
20 Y AND THE OTHER IRREGULARS These verbs follow their own set of rules! No accents! The Twins: Identical in the preterite ir (to go) and ser (to be) fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron How do you tell them apart? Context!
21 Y THE OTHER IRREGULARS CONTINUED The Cousins: You can tell they re related but they are not identical. dar (to give) ver (to see) di dimos vi vimos diste disteis viste visteis dio dieron vio vieron *Dar inherited ver s er preterite endings. *Neither dar nor ver have accents.
22 CANCION! Tener es tuve, estar estuve. Ir es fui y también ser. Poner es puse, poder es pude. Traje es para traer. Hacer, hice; haber, hube. Saber, supe; querer, quise. Decir, dije; venir, vine Ver vi, dar di; no acentos To the tune of La cucaracha
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