Competitividad y Política Industrial: Análisis del caso de los Clusters Industriales en China Implicaciones para importantes países de América Latina

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1 Competitividad y Política Industrial: Análisis del caso de los Clusters Industriales en China Implicaciones para importantes países de América Latina Primer Seminario Internacional China América Latina y el Caribe: condiciones y retos del siglo XXI Clemente Hernández Rodríguez, PhD. Director de la Cátedra Investigación Asia-Pacífico

Primer Seminario Internacional China América Latina y el Caribe: condiciones y

CLUSTERS Oriented to the Same Market or Field Geographical Proximity Infrastructure Human Resources Technology Purchases Internal External Marketing Operation Logistics Logistics and Sales Service

2 CLUSTERS Oriented to the Same Market or Field Geographical Proximity Infrastructure Human Resources Technology Purchases Internal External Marketing Operation Logistics Logistics and Sales Service Active Channels for Communication Margin Companies have a connection in any way in the value chain Generate Wealth Creation Generete Wealth Creation Participants: - Firms - Educational Institutions - Financial Institutions - Suppliers - Specialized HR (pool) - Government Relationships: - Cooperation - Competition - Complementation - Interdependence Business: - Similar - Related -Complementary Promote: - Innovation - Technology - Competitiviness - Knowlege Spills Support Infraestructure

Creation Participants: - Firms - Educational Institutions - Financial Institutions - Suppliers - Specialized HR (pool) - Government Relationships: - Cooperation -

3 Common Elements in the Advantage Knowlegde Spillover Agglomeration Economies Increase Productivity and Efficiency Positive Impact on the Operation Economic Impact Social Impact Best Practices are Rapidly Transmitted Economies of Scale Vaue Chain Development Faster Benchmarking Increase Value Added Investment Attraction Increase Employment Academic Research (marketed) Joint Marketing Local Suppliers Development Specialized Assets Faster Benchmarking New Enterprise Attraction Increase Cooperation and Coordination Access to Information Pool of Trained Workers More Levels in the Value Chain Access to Resources Better Business Environment Economic Growth (development) New Roles in Public and Private Sector Innovation Technology Transfer Quick Release of New Products Easy to Experimentation Forum for Dialogue Resources Alignment Outsourcing Reduction of Transportation Time and Cost between Stages Increase Domestic and International Sales Nearby Complementary Products Increase Regional/ National Competitivenes Improve Competitiveness of SMEs Intensify Industrial Cooperation Reduction of Production Cost Reduction Of Inventory Cots Greater Market Reach Improve Competitive Position Increase the Number of Companies Access to Capital Increase Exportations Improve Economic Performance Common Oportunities Guide to Economic and Social Policies Make the Region More Attractive Political Stability Competitive Advantage

Suppliers Development Specialized Assets Faster Benchmarking New Enterprise Attraction Increase Cooperation and Coordination Access to Information Pool of Trained Workers More Levels in the Value

4 Impactos (dimensiones) Economías de Aglomeración, Derrama de Conocimiento, Aumentos en Productividad y eficiencia, Impacto Positivo en la operación, Impacto Económico, Impacto Sociopolítico, y Competitividad

y eficiencia, Impacto Positivo en la operación,

5 Urumqi -Petrochemical -Coal -Metallurgy Industrial Clusters in China Harbin -Industrial Equipment -Pharmaceutical -Petrochemical Changchun -Optomechanics -Automotive -Auto Parts Beijing -Automotive -IT -Biomedical Taiyuan -Steel -Coal -Metallurgy Jinan -Steel -Chemical Engineering -Apples Zhengzhou -Steel -Wheat -Corn Hefei -Automotive -Industrial Equipment -Household Appliances Shanghai -Biotechnologi -Metallurgy -Petrochemical Taipei -Biotechnology -Metallurgy -Petrochemical Chengdu -Petrochemical -Biomedical -Metallurgy and Construction Materials Chongqing -Motorcycle -Instrumentation -Weapons Production Guiyang -Aluminum -Solar Cells -International Scientific Industrial Base Kunming -Automotive -Industrial Equipment -IT Xian -Automotive -Aviation -IT Changsha -Automotive -Tobacco -Industrial Equipment

-Biotechnologi -Metallurgy -Petrochemical Taipei -Biotechnology -Metallurgy -Petrochemical Chengdu -Petrochemical -Biomedical -Metallurgy and Construction Materials Chongqing -Motorcycle

6 Mapa de Clústers en Brasil

7 Mapa de Clústers en Chile Mining (Cu) Wine Aquaculture - Fishing Agrifood

8 Mapa de Clústers en México

9 Mapa de Clústers en Perú

11 Latin America Versus China Peaks Competitiveness Growth 100 Brazil Social Impact Knowledge Spillovers Chile 25 Mexico 0 Peru Economic Impact Agglomeration Economies China Positive Impact of the Operation Productivity Growth

25 Mexico 0 Peru Economic Impact Agglomeration Economies

12 Agglomeration Economies Knowledge Spillovers Brazil Chile China Mexico Peru Brazil Chile China Mexico Peru Population Index of Cities with Highest Concentration of People (2010) Secondary Sector Value (2010) Average Power Consumption (Electricity, Petroleum, Natural Gas) (2010) Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEINDEX 2009) Number of Patents Created in the Year Innovation Capacity Public Expenditure on Education as Percentage of Total Government Spending Social Knowledge Indicator KAM Productivity Growth Brazil Chile China Mexico Peru Productivity Levels in 2008 (GDP per Hour worked) (1990=100) Positive Impact of the Operation Brazil Chile China Mexico Peru Ranking on Ease of Doing Business (2009) Number of Days to Start a Business (days) (2008) Economic Incentive Regime (2009)

Created in the Year Innovation Capacity Public Expenditure on Education as Percentage of Total Government Spending Social Knowledge Indicator KAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Productivity Growth

13 Economic Impact SocioPolitical Impact Brazil Chile China Mexico Peru Foreing Direct Investment Coming into the Country (2008) GDP Growth 2008 (%) Exports 2007 (% of GDP) High Technology Exports 2007 (% 10 of GDP) 0 Brazil Chile China Mexico Peru Employment Rate (% of employed labor force) (2008) Human Development Index 2009 Percentage of GDP Dedicated to Education (2009) Political Instability Index (2009/10) Competitiveness Growth Brazil Chile China Mexico Peru Global Competitiveness Index (2009)

Mexico Peru Employment Rate (% of employed labor force) (2008) Human Development Index 2009 Percentage of GDP Dedicated to Education (2009)

14 Características de desarrollo de clústers industriales en China 1. La mayoría de las empresas en la industria de clústers son propiedad privada de PyMES. 2. Distribución desigual de los clústers industriales en China. 3. Algunas industrias tienen más posibilidades que otras. 4. Alto grado de división del trabajo y especialización. 5. La clave de la empresa configura el desarrollo del clúster industrial. 6. Establecimiento de mercados de cambio en o cerca de los clústers industriales. 7. Clústers industriales por ciclos de vida.

Distribución desigual de los clústers industriales en China. 3. Algunas industrias tienen más posibilidades que otras. 4.

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