Group Adjectives ending in -O will have four endings to choose from:

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1 ANSWERS TO STUDY GUIDE pg. 88 Descriptive adjectives Adjectives in Spanish follow three very important rules: Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify Descriptive adjectives are placed after the noun BUT quantitative, possessive and demonstrative adjectives precede the noun like in English Please Note: This concept of agreement is a hard one to grasp for English speaking people, but a very important lesson to learn. The noun dictates the gender and number of the adjective and, for this reason, it is logical and much easier to place the adjective behind the noun, after the noun has been identified and written in the sentence. Group Adjectives ending in -O will have four endings to choose from: I Singular Plural Example Masc. -O -OS guapo - guapos Fem. -A -AS guapa - guapas Group II Adjectives ending in -E or -consonant will have only two endings to choose from: Singular Plural Example Masc./Fem. -E. -ES interesante, interesantes cons -ES azul - azules Group Adjectives of nationality will mix the above two group endings: III Singular Plural Masc. -O, ÉS, cons. OS, ESES, ES Fem. -A, ESA, cons.+a -AS, ESAS, cons.+as Eamples: argentino, argentinos, argentina, argentines francés, franceses, francesa, francesas español, españoles, española, españolas Please note the following differences: La Argentina (noun, fem/sing, name of the country = Argentina) Ex. Mary is from Argentina = María es de Argentina. argentino, argentinos, argentina, argentines (adjective, from Argentina, = argentine) Ex Mary is argentine = María es argentina. El argentino, los argentinos, la argentina, las argentinas (nouns = the Argentine man, the Argentines, the Argentine woman, the Argentine women)

2 Ex. The Argentines are handsome people = Los argentinos son guapos. The Argentine women are beautiful = Las argentinas son guapas. El argentino (noun, masc/sing, name of the language = the argentine language) Ex. The argentine language is a form of Spanish. El argentino es una forma de español. Descriptive (or Qualitative) Adjectives follow the noun: (agradable, optimista, guapo, blanco, argentino, español, inteligente ) As mentioned above, the noun dictates the gender and number of the adjective and, for this reason, it is logical and much easier to place the adjective behind the noun, after the noun has been identified and written in the sentence. Ex. El libro blanco y interesante - Los libros blancos y interesantes La muchacha agradable y buena - Las muchachas agradables y buenas El profesor español es de España - Los profesores españoles son de España pg. 93, Possessive adjectives Possession in Spanish may be expressed with the possessive adjective but remember: Possessive Adjectives, like all adjectives in Spanish, agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. They agree with the noun possessed not the possessor! As far as placement is concerned, the possessive adjective will be placed in front of the noun. English Possessive Spanish Possessive Adjectives (Invariable!) Adjectives Sing. Plu. form Sing.I my mi mis II your tu tus III his, her, its, Your Sir/Mam su sus Plu. I our nuestro/a nuestros/as II your vuestro/a vuestros/as III Their, Your L&G su sus Following are some examples: Ex. My professor, my professors = Mi professor, mis profesores Your pen, your pens = Tu bolígrafo, tus bolígrafos Our chair, our chairs = Nuestra silla, nuestras sillas His book, his books = Su libro, sus libros Their book, their books = Su libro, sus libros (de ellos, ellas) Her book, her books = Su libro, sus libros (de ella) As you might have noticed, when using su, sus there may be many different translations. Ex. Su libro may mean his book, her book, Your book Sir, their book (all males), their book (all females), their book (mixed group) or Your book ladies and gentlemen. How are we going to know the difference? Usually context will help, or we will need to clarify by adding of her = de ella, of you Sir = de Usted etc. Ex. Your house, Sir, is very beautiful! = Su casa de Usted es muy bonita! Or, La casa de Usted es muy bonita!

3 pg. 96, Present tense of -ER and -IR verbs As regular ar verbs have the characteristic A vowel, ER verbs will have a characteristic E vowel, and -IR verbs will alternate the -E and the -I vowels. Compare the following Indicative Mood, Present Tense endings for verbs in AR, -ER & -IR verbs: -AR -ER -IR Sing. I yo -o -o -o II tú -as -es -es III él, ella, Usted -a -e -e Plu. I nosotros /as -amos -emos -imos II vosotros /as -áis -éis -ís III ellos, ellas, Utsedes -an -en -en And now, here are the model AR, ER & -IR verbs conjugated at the Indicative Mood, Present Tense: Hablar Comer Vivir -AR -ER -IR Sing. I yo Habl-o Com-o Viv-o II tú Habl-as Com-es Viv-es III él, ella, Usted Habl-a Com-e Viv-e Plu. I nosotros /as Habl-amos Com-emos Viv-imos II vosotros /as Habl-áis Com-éis Viv-ís III ellos, ellas, Ustedes Habl-an Com-en Viv-en Common -ER verbs conjugated as comer areaprender, asistir, beber, comer, comprender, correr, creer, deber, leer, tener, Common -IR verbs conjugated as vivir are: abrir, compartir, decidir, describir, escribir, recibir, venir, vivir. pg. 100, Present tense of Tener & Venir; tener expressions Two very important irregular verb to know are Tener = To have, to possess and Venir= to come Notice the conjugation and memorize it: the irregularity is in the stem of the verb NOT the endings! Indicative, Present tense Tener Venir Sing. I yo tengo vengo II tú tienes vienes III él, ella, Ud. tiene viene Plu. I nosotros tenemos venimos II vosotros tenéis venís III ellos, ellas, Uds tienen vienen Tener expresses possession as the verb to have does in English. Ex. Mary has a book = María tiene un libro Ex. Mary has many books = María tiene muchos libros Ex. Mary comes to the class = María viene a la clase

4 Formulas and Idiomatic Expressions: In Spanish, we also have some particular constructions with the infinitive that will yield some interesting results. I like to call these forms formulas as they can t be literally translated but they have equivalents in English, even if at times more wordy. Just memorize the formula, memorize an example or two, and then use them in sentences you make up. Once you get accustomed to hearing them in a sentence, you will be more at ease using them. Do not try to translate them literally they will not make any sense. Just like idiomatic expressions, they have lost their literal meaning to acquire a new one. One example I like to give my students is: Don t pull my leg! For a foreigner who has learned formal Standard English, this sentence has the literal meaning of Physically pulling someone s leg. But, as a native English speaking person, you are aware of its idiomatic meaning of Don t kid around! Now, only experience can give you this insider s information. Idiomatic expressions are regional, therefore, not readily understood by everyone The Spanish language has idiomatic expressions too, and you will learn them little by little with experience. Tener+Que+ Infinitive Now, here is our first formula Tener (conjugated) + que + infinitive = to have to, must (obligation) English To have to + infinitive verb + object Ex. I have to study Spanish today Mary has to read the book Spanish Tener + que + infinitive verb + object Ex. Tengo que estudiar español hoy María tiene que leer el libro Tener ganas de + infinitive Here is our second formula: Tener (conjugated) + ganas de + infinitive = to feel like doing something English To feel like + gerund of verb + object Ex. I feel like studying Spanish today Mary feels like reading the book Spanish Tener ganas de + infinitive verb + object Ex. Tengo ganas de estudiar español hoy María tiene ganas de leer el libro Idiomatic Expressions with Tener In Spanish the verb Tener is also used in various idiomatic expressions that are used very frequently. These Tener expressions and their equivalent meaning in English must be memorized. Remember, these are idioms! Note: While in English we use the verb to be + an adjective (ex. to be cold) in Spanish we use the verb to have + a noun (ex. to have cold = tener frío). Therefore, in English we will use an adverb to modify the adjective (ex. to be very cold), while in Spanish we will use an adjective to modify the noun (ex. tener mucho frío). Following is a list of the idiomatic expressions with TENER: Tener (mucho) frío = to be (very) cold Tener (mucho) calor = to be (very) hot Tener (mucha) hambre = to be (very) hungry Tener (mucha) sed = to be (very) thirsty Tener (mucho) sueño = to be (very) sleepy Tener (mucho) miedo = to be (very) afraid

5 Tener (mucha) prisa = to be in a (great) hurry (No) tener razón = to be right (wrong) Tener # años = to be # years old Ex. Mary is hot and John is cold.= María tiene calor y Juan tiene frío. Let s eat! I am hungry. = Vamos a comer! Tengo hambre.