En el gimnasio: Lección 15: El bienestar el entrenador hacer ejercicio hacer gimnasia hacer ejercicios aeróbicos hacer ejercicio de estiramiento levantar pesas caminar correr sudar la cinta caminadora la clase de ejercicios aeróbicos calentarse to warm up entrenarse to train / practice estar en buena forma to be in good shape mantenerse en forma to stay in shape ponerse en forma to get in shape el músculo muscle El bienestar: ser activo/a comer una dieta equilibrada el masaje aliviar el estrés aliviar la tensión Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 1
estar a dieta to be on a diet llevar una vida sana to lead a healthy lifestyle adelgazar La nutrición: las calorías la grasa el colesterol el sodio los carbohidratos la fibra la proteína la vitamina el azúcar la cafeína caffeine descafeinado/a decaffeinated el mineral mineral la merienda afternoon snack consumir to consume la bebida alcohólica el/la nutricionista Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 2
Problemas de salud: ser sedentario/a el/la teleadicto/a fumar las drogas aumentar de peso / engordar to gain weight sufrir muchas presiones to be under a lot of pressure el/la drogadicto/a drug addict Más vocabulario: disfrutar de to enjoy tratar de to try (to do something) débil weak en exceso in excess apurarse darse prisa fuerte flexible tranquilo calm/quiet El pretérito perfecto de indicativo (Present Perfect Indicative) You already learned to use past participles as adjectives: La mesa está puesta. The table is set. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 3
In this unit you will learn to use the present perfect indicative a compound tense formed by combining a helping verb (HABER) with the past participle of another verb to express what someone has done. For example: Marta ha bajado 5 libras. Marta has lost 5 pounds. Forming the Present Perfect To form the present perfect, combine the appropriate form of the helping verb HABER with the past participle of another verb. HABER Yo he Nosotros hemos Tú has Vosotros habéis Past Participle Él Ellos (-ado/-ido) Ella ha Ellas han Ud. Uds. Julia y yo hemos corrido en tres maratones. Julia and I have run in three marathons. Atención! When used to form the perfect tenses, past participles do NOT change forms masculine/feminine & singular/plural like they do when used as adjectives. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 4
o When using the present perfect, the helping verb (HABER) and the past participle cannot be separated! Any negative words or pronouns must be placed directly before the form of HABER. Examples: Nunca he fumado cigarillo. I have never smoked a cigarette. Te has estirado ya? Have you stretched already? El pretérito pluscuamperfecto de indicativo (Past Perfect Indicative) The past perfect is used to express what someone had done or what had happened before another past action/event The past perfect is formed much like the present perfect by combining a form of the helping verb HABER with the past participle of another verb o So what distinguishes the past perfect from the present perfect? The past perfect uses forms of HABER in the imperfect tense! HABER Yo había Nosotros habíamos Tú habías Vosotros habíais Past Participle Él Ella había Ellos Ellas habían (-ado/-ido) Ud. Uds. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 5
Examples: La tienda de muebles ya había cerrado cuando llegué. The furniture store had already closed when I arrived. Antes de ir a Costa Rica, nunca habíamos visitado un bosque tropical. Before going to Costa Rica we had never visited a tropical forest. Atención! As seen in the examples above, the past perfect is often accompanied by ya (already) or antes de (before) to convey when and/or in what order the actions occurred. El pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo (Present Perfect Subjunctive) The present perfect subjunctive is used to express what has happened. o So what s the difference between the present perfect indicative and the present perfect subjunctive? The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same situations as the present subjunctive (...remember WEIRDO!), but when the action is seen as having already occurred. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 6
Forming the Present Perfect Subjunctive The present perfect subjunctive is formed using the same formula as the present perfect and past perfect (HABER + past participle) however, the helping verb HABER is conjugated into its subjunctive forms as seen below. HABER Yo haya Nosotros hayamos Tú hayas Vosotros hayáis Él Ella haya Ellos Ellas hayan Ud. Uds. Past Participle (-ado/-ido) Examples: Es bueno que hayas dejado de consumir bebidas alcohólicas. It s good that you have stopped consuming alcoholic beverages. Me alegro de que el tratamiento haya aliviado los síntomas de la condición. I m happy that the treatment has alleviated the symptoms of the condition. Dudo que haya seguido la dieta recomendada por el nutricionista. I doubt that he has followed the diet recommended by the nutritionist. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 7